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Canale P, Campolo J, Borghini A, Andreassi MG. Long Telomeric Repeat-Containing RNA (TERRA): Biological Functions and Challenges in Vascular Aging and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3211. [PMID: 38137431 PMCID: PMC10740775 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction is implicated in vascular aging and shorter leucocyte telomeres are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Another pathophysiological mechanism that explains the causal relationship between telomere shortening and atherosclerosis development focuses on the clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), which represents a new and independent risk factor in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Since telomere attrition has a central role in driving vascular senescence, understanding telomere biology is essential to modulate the deleterious consequences of vascular aging and its cardiovascular disease-related manifestations. Emerging evidence indicates that a class of long noncoding RNAs transcribed at telomeres, known as TERRA for "TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA", actively participates in the mechanisms regulating telomere maintenance and chromosome end protection. However, the multiple biological functions of TERRA remain to be largely elucidated. In particular, the role of TERRA in vascular biology is surprisingly unknown. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of TERRA and its roles in telomere biology. Additionally, we outline the pieces of evidence that exist regarding the relationship between TERRA dysregulation and disease. Finally, we speculate on how a comprehensive understanding of TERRA transcription in the cardiovascular system may provide valuable insights into telomere-associated vascular aging, offering great potential for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Canale
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (A.B.)
- Health Science Interdisciplinary Center, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jonica Campolo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20142 Milano, Italy;
| | - Andrea Borghini
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.C.); (A.B.)
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2
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Sutterlüty H, Bargl M, Holzmann K. Quantifying telomere transcripts as tool to improve risk assessment for genetic instability and genotoxicity. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 891:503690. [PMID: 37770147 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Telomere repeat-containing RNAs (TERRA) are transcribed from telomeres as long non-coding RNAs and are part of the telomere structure with protective function. The genetic stability of cells requires telomeric repeats at the ends of chromosomes. Maintenance of telomere length (TL) is essential for proliferative capacity and chromosomal integrity. In contrast, telomere shortening is a recognized risk factor for carcinogenesis and a biomarker of aging due to the cumulative effects of environmental exposures and life experiences such as trauma or stress. In this context, telomere repeats are lost due to cell proliferation, but are also susceptible to stress factors including reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducing oxidative base damage. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of genomic DNA is an established method to analyze TL as a tool to detect genotoxic events. That same qPCR method can be applied to RNA converted into cDNA to quantify TERRA as a useful tool to perform high-throughput screenings. This short review summarizes relevant qPCR studies using both TL and TERRA quantification, provides an overall view of the molecular mechanisms of telomere protection against ROS by TERRA, and summarizes the presented studies comparing the results at DNA and RNA levels, which indicate that fluctuations at transcript level might reflect a short-term response. Therefore, we conclude that performing both of these measurements together will improve genotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig Sutterlüty
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Bargl
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Center for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Roshani M, Molavizadeh D, Sadeghi S, Jafari A, Dashti F, Mirazimi SMA, Ahmadi Asouri S, Rajabi A, Hamblin MR, Anoushirvani AA, Mirzaei H. Emerging roles of miR-145 in gastrointestinal cancers: A new paradigm. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115264. [PMID: 37619484 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas are a group of cancers affecting the GI tract and digestive organs, such as the gastric, liver, bile ducts, pancreas, small intestine, esophagus, colon, and rectum. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which are involved in regulating the expression of multiple target genes; mainly at the post-transcriptional level, via complementary binding to their 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR). Increasing evidence has shown that miRNAs have critical roles in modulating of various physiological and pathological cellular processes and regulating the occurrence and development of human malignancies. Among them, miR-145 is recognized for its anti-oncogenic properties in various cancers, including GI cancers. MiR-145 has been implicated in diverse biological processes of cancers through the regulation of target genes or signaling, including, proliferation, differentiation, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. In this review, we have summarized the role of miR-145 in selected GI cancers and also its downstream molecules and cellular processes targets, which could lead to a better understanding of the miR-145 in these cancers. In conclusion, we reveal the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of miR-145 in GI cancer, and hope to provide new ideas for its application as a biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for the treatment of these cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Roshani
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Danial Molavizadeh
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sara Sadeghi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Sahar Ahmadi Asouri
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for BasicSciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Ali Arash Anoushirvani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Internal Medicine, Firoozgar Hospital, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kroupa M, Tomasova K, Kavec M, Skrobanek P, Buchler T, Kumar R, Vodickova L, Vodicka P. TElomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA): Physiological functions and relevance in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913314. [PMID: 35982970 PMCID: PMC9380590 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are complex protective structures located at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes. Their purpose is to prevent genomic instability. Research progress in telomere biology during the past decades has identified a network of telomeric transcripts of which the best-studied is TElomeric Repeat-containing RNA (TERRA). TERRA was shown to be important not only for the preservation of telomere homeostasis and genomic stability but also for the expression of hundreds of genes across the human genome. These findings added a new level of complexity to telomere biology. Herein we provide insights on the telomere transcriptome, its relevance for proper telomere function, and its implications in human pathology. We also discuss possible clinical opportunities of exosomal telomere transcripts detection as a biomarker in cancer precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kroupa
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michal Kroupa, ; Pavel Vodicka,
| | - Kristyna Tomasova
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
| | - Miriam Kavec
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Skrobanek
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Buchler
- Department of Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ludmila Vodickova
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Pavel Vodicka
- Department of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czechia
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Michal Kroupa, ; Pavel Vodicka,
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Expression of Cellular and Extracellular TERRA, TERC and TERT in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116183. [PMID: 35682861 PMCID: PMC9181112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs are transcribed from telomeres and the telomeric repeat-containing RNAs (TERRA) are implicated in telomere homeostasis and in cancer. In this study, we aimed to assess in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) the cellular and extracellular expression of TERRA, the telomerase RNA subunit (TERC) and the telomerase catalytic subunit (TERT). We determined by qPCR the expression level of TERRA 1_2_10_13q, TERRA 15q, TERRA XpYp, TERC and of TERT mRNA in HCC tissues and in the plasma of HCC patients. Further, we profiled the same transcripts in the HCC cell lines, HA22T/VGH and SKHep1C3, and in the extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from their secretomes. We found that the expression of TERRA and TERT mRNA was significantly deregulated in HCC, being TERRA downregulated and TERT mRNA upregulated in HCC tissues vs. the peritumoral (PT) ones, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses revealed a significant ability in discriminating HCC from PT tissue. Further, the determinations of circulating TERRA and TERC showed higher amounts of these transcripts in the plasma of HCC patients vs. controls and ROC analyses gave significant results. The expression characterization of the cultured HCC cells showed their ability to produce and secrete TERRA and TERC into the EVs; the ability to produce TERT mRNA that was not detectable in the EVs; and the ability to respond to sorafenib treatment increasing TERRA expression. Our results highlight that: (i) both cellular and extracellular expressions of TERRA and TERC are dysregulated in HCC as well as the cellular expression of TERT mRNA and (ii) the combined detection of TERRA and TERC in plasma may represent a promising approach for non-invasive diagnostic molecular indicators of HCC.
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Rocca R, Scionti F, Nadai M, Moraca F, Maruca A, Costa G, Catalano R, Juli G, Di Martino MT, Ortuso F, Alcaro S, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P, Richter SN, Artese A. Chromene Derivatives as Selective TERRA G-Quadruplex RNA Binders with Antiproliferative Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050548. [PMID: 35631373 PMCID: PMC9147070 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian cells, telomerase transcribes telomeres in large G-rich non-coding RNA, known as telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), which folds into noncanonical nucleic acid secondary structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s). Since TERRA G4 has been shown to be involved in telomere length and translation regulation, it could provide valuable insight into fundamental biological processes, such as cancer growth, and TERRA G4 binders could represent an innovative strategy for cancer treatment. In this work, the three best candidates identified in our previous virtual screening campaign on bimolecular DNA/RNA G4s were investigated on the monomolecular Tel DNA and TERRA G4s by means of molecular modelling simulations and in vitro and in cell analysis. The results obtained in this work highlighted the stabilizing power of all the three candidates on TERRA G4. In particular, the two compounds characterized by a chromene scaffold were selective TERRA G4 binders, while the compound with a naphthyridine core acted as a dual Tel/TERRA G4-binder. A biophysical investigation by circular dichroism confirmed the relative stabilization efficiency of the compounds towards TERRA and Tel G4s. The TERRA G4 stabilizing hits showed good antiproliferative activity against colorectal and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Lead optimization to increase TERRA G4 stabilization may provide new powerful tools against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rocca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (G.J.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.); (P.T.)
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Matteo Nadai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | - Federica Moraca
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Annalisa Maruca
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giosuè Costa
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaella Catalano
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giada Juli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (G.J.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Di Martino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (G.J.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Francesco Ortuso
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Alcaro
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pierosandro Tagliaferri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (G.J.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Tassone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (R.R.); (G.J.); (M.T.D.M.); (P.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Sara N. Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.N.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Anna Artese
- Net4science Srl, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (G.C.); (R.C.); (F.O.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Campus “Salvatore Venuta”, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.N.R.); (A.A.)
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Li J, Bulin Baila, Xu TX, Song J, Su Rina, Wu J, Wang T. Effects of hsa-mir-145-5p on the Regulation of msln Expression in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2022; 2022:5587084. [PMID: 35340746 PMCID: PMC8941573 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5587084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers in the world, and its incidence is increasing all over the world including China. In recent years, research data show that some miRNAs are differentially expressed in cancer tissues, and their expression is closely contributed with the prognosis of CRC. Microarray technology was used, and 179 miRNAs were screened out with significantly altered expression in CRC tissues compared with adjacent tissues. The expression of mir-145-5p in tumor tissues was 3.48 times lower than that in normal tissues. Using bioinformatics technology and network resource prediction, we found that mir-145-5p had a potential target gene relationship with msln gene. Then, qRT-PCR was used to validate the expression level of mir-145-5p and msln mRNA in CRC and paracancerous tissues. The results showed that msln mRNA was higher than in normal tissues, while mir-145-5p was lower, with statistically significant difference (P < 0.01, n = 3). Furthermore, the expression of msln protein in CRC and normal colorectal tissues was detected by protein mass spectrometry (MRM) (n = 3) and immunohistochemistry in a total case of 30 colorectal cancer tissues and normal tissues. Result showed that the positive expression of msln in CRC was higher than that in normal colorectal tissues, 1.38e-6 and 1.89e-6, respectively (P < 0.01, n = 3). Furthermore, in 48 h RTCA real-time monitoring experiment, mir-145-5p showed inhibitory effect on the proliferation of colo320 cells stimulated by msln. This study demonstrated that msln is a target gene of mir-145-5p in CRC. Besides, mir-145-5p negatively regulates the proliferation of CRC colo320 cells through downregulating msln gene expression in CRC colo320 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Li
- PLA Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Bulin Baila
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, No. 83 Daxuedong Road, Hohhot 010065, China
| | - Tian Xiang Xu
- Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 20 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010017, China
| | - Jiang Song
- Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 20 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010017, China
| | - Su Rina
- Abdominal Tumor Surgery, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 20 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010017, China
| | - Ji Wu
- PLA Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu, China
| | - Tegexibaiyin Wang
- Pharmacy Laboratory, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, No. 83 Daxuedong Road, Hohhot 010065, China
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Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020852. [PMID: 35055034 PMCID: PMC8776048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Less than half of cases are diagnosed when the cancer is locally advanced. CRC is a heterogenous disease associated with a number of genetic or somatic mutations. Diagnostic markers are used for risk stratification and early detection, which might prolong overall survival. Nowadays, the widespread use of semi-invasive endoscopic methods and feacal blood tests characterised by suboptimal accuracy of diagnostic results has led to the detection of cases at later stages. New molecular noninvasive tests based on the detection of CRC alterations seem to be more sensitive and specific then the current methods. Therefore, research aiming at identifying molecular markers, such as DNA, RNA and proteins, would improve survival rates and contribute to the development of personalized medicine. The identification of “ideal” diagnostic biomarkers, having high sensitivity and specificity, being safe, cheap and easy to measure, remains a challenge. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in novel diagnostic biomarkers for tumor tissue, blood and stool samples in CRC patients.
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Cui M, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Han S, Wang R, Ding D, Fang X. IL-8, MSPa, MIF, FGF-9, ANG-2 and AgRP collection were identified for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on the support vector machine model. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:781-791. [PMID: 33779485 PMCID: PMC8098075 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1903208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer, and the early detection of CRC is essential to improve the survival rate of patients. To identify diagnostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC) by screening differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in CRC. The DEPs were initially obtained from 12 CRC samples and 12 healthy control samples, and verification analysis was performed in another 34 CRC samples and 34 normal controls. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment with DEPs was analyzed by the R package clusterProfiler (Version 3.2.11), and the DEP-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was created from the STRING database. Additionally, Support Vector Machine (SVM) model prediction and survival analyses were conducted on the key DEPs. Preliminary screening and functional analysis showed that the DEPs mainly overrepresented in pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1, Ras, and MAPK signaling pathways. The key DEPs, including AgRP, ANG-2, Dtk, EOT3, FGF-4, FGF-9, HCC-4, IL-16, IL-8, MIF, MSPa, TECK, TPO, TRAIL R3, and VEGF-D, were used to construct a custom chip. The drug-gene interaction network suggested that TPO was a key drug target. ROC curve showed the SVM diagnostic model with the DEPs IL-8, MSPa, MIF, FGF-9, ANG-2, and AgRP had better diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.933. Survival analysis showed the expression of FGF9, TPO, TRAIL R3, Dtk, TECK and FGF4 were associated with prognosis. This study revealed the important serum proteins in the pathogenesis of CRC, which might serve as useful and noninvasive predictors for the diagnosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Hematology Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zuocong Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jilin Province People’s Hospital, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Anorectal Surgery, Siping Central People’s Hospital, Jilin University, Siping, Jilin Province, China
| | - Songyun Han
- Emergency Department, Tonghua Central Hospital, Jilin University, Tonghua, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dayong Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuedong Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Fernandes SG, Dsouza R, Pandya G, Kirtonia A, Tergaonkar V, Lee SY, Garg M, Khattar E. Role of Telomeres and Telomeric Proteins in Human Malignancies and Their Therapeutic Potential. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1901. [PMID: 32674474 PMCID: PMC7409176 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are the ends of linear chromosomes comprised of repetitive nucleotide sequences in humans. Telomeres preserve chromosomal stability and genomic integrity. Telomere length shortens with every cell division in somatic cells, eventually resulting in replicative senescence once telomere length becomes critically short. Telomere shortening can be overcome by telomerase enzyme activity that is undetectable in somatic cells, while being active in germline cells, stem cells, and immune cells. Telomeres are bound by a shelterin complex that regulates telomere lengthening as well as protects them from being identified as DNA damage sites. Telomeres are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, and generate a long noncoding RNA called telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), which plays a key role in regulating subtelomeric gene expression. Replicative immortality and genome instability are hallmarks of cancer and to attain them cancer cells exploit telomere maintenance and telomere protection mechanisms. Thus, understanding the role of telomeres and their associated proteins in cancer initiation, progression and treatment is very important. The present review highlights the critical role of various telomeric components with recently established functions in cancer. Further, current strategies to target various telomeric components including human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) as a therapeutic approach in human malignancies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina George Fernandes
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056, India; (S.G.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Rebecca Dsouza
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056, India; (S.G.F.); (R.D.)
| | - Gouri Pandya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (G.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Anuradha Kirtonia
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (G.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (V.T.); (S.Y.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Sook Y. Lee
- Laboratory of NF-κB Signaling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Singapore; (V.T.); (S.Y.L.)
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (G.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed to be University), Vile Parle West, Mumbai 400056, India; (S.G.F.); (R.D.)
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