Exophthalmometry values in the Hong Kong Chinese adult population from a population-based study

Prediction of exophthalmos by body mass index for craniofacial reconstruction: consequences for cold cases

It is inconvenient for a forensic practitioner to gather population-specific data before performing a facial reconstruction. The inconvenience may defeat the point of creating the reconstruction. The objective of this study was to evaluate a non-population-dependent method of determining exophthalmos. The protrusion of the eyeball is known to vary with the contents of the orbital cavity based on bony orbital resorption or increased or decreased fat contents, as well as according to relative eyeball size. Of use are available statistics on body mass index, and this is discussed within the context of eyeball protrusion. A weak positive correlation (0.3263) between the body mass index of the country where the study originated, and the degree of exophthalmos was found. The results suggest that eyeball protrusion rates can be established according to body mass index, and this framework may be more useful considering conventional police practices.

Hertel Exophthalmometry Values in a Greek Adult Outpatient Clinic-Based Population: Association With Demographic Factors and Systemic Disease

PURPOSE

To investigate correlations of exophthalmometry values (EVs) with age, gender, and the presence of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional, clinic-based study, consecutive adult Greek patients presenting for evaluation at the outpatient general clinic on a scheduled appointment basis at a tertiary care referral center were submitted to Hertel exophthalmometry in both eyes by the same observer. Subjects with signs of history or orbital pathology, including thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, were excluded. Demographics, as well as a detailed systemic history report, were recorded. Mixed effect linear regression analysis was performed to account for the correlation between the eyes of the same participant.

RESULTS

A total of 800 eyes (400 subjects) were included, 194 males and 206 females, with a mean age of 67.82 ± 12 years (range: 18-92 years). The mean exophthalmometry value was 15.7 ± 2.6 mm (range: 11-21 mm). Every one year of increase in age is associated with a decrease in EVs by 0.03 mm (95% CI -0.04, -0.02/p-value<0.001). Female gender was associated with lower EVs by 0.33mm (95% CI-0.56, -0.1/p-value=0.005). Patients with diabetes mellitus had higher EVs by 0.47 mm (95% CI 0.25, 0.70/p-value<0.001) compared to patients without diabetes, and patients with arterial hypertension had lower EVs by 0.26 mm (95% CI -0.5, -0.02/p-value=0.034) compared to patients without hypertension. No association was found between dyslipidemia and systemic history of thyroid dysfunction.  Conclusions: A negative correlation of EVs was noted with increasing age, female gender, as well as history of arterial hypertension and a positive correlation with diabetes mellitus.

Determination of exophthalmometry values in the North Indian population

Purpose

To determine exophthalmometry values (EV) in the north Indian population and to find its correlation with the age, gender, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), locality, and base value of the population.

Methods

A total of 1000 eligible participants with 504 females and 496 males with age >5 years were included in this observational cross-sectional study. Age, gender, and locality of the subjects were noted. Hertel's exophthalmometry was performed on all subjects. The exophthalmometry values and base values were recorded. Height and weight were measured for all participants. BMI was calculated using the parameters.

Results

The overall mean exophthalmometry value (mm) was 14.94 ± 2.43 mm with a range between 8 and 22 mm. There was no significant difference in EV between the two eyes. Males recorded a significantly higher mean EV of 15.4 ± 2.51 mm as compared to females with a value of 14.49 ± 2.27 mm. Base value of Hertel's exophthalmometer had a mean value 100.78 ± 5.63 mm and a range of 84-120 mm. Age, height, weight, BMI, and locality of the subjects were found to have a significant effect on the exophthalmometry as well as the base value of the population. A significant correlation was also seen between exophthalmometry values and base values of the population.

Conclusion

Our study provided the normal exophthalmometric range for the north Indian population and also demonstrated the relationship of age, gender, height, weight, BMI, locality, and base value with the exophthalmometric values.