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Pope E, Cartmell C, Haltli B, Ahmadi A, Kerr RG. Microencapsulation and in situ incubation methodology for the cultivation of marine bacteria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958660. [PMID: 36071955 PMCID: PMC9441948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental microorganisms are important sources of biotechnology innovations; however, the discovery process is hampered by the inability to culture the overwhelming majority of microbes. To drive the discovery of new biotechnology products from previously unculturable microbes, several methods such as modification of media composition, incubation conditions, single-cell isolation, and in situ incubation, have been employed to improve microbial recovery from environmental samples. To improve microbial recovery, we examined the effect of microencapsulation followed by in situ incubation on the abundance, viability, and diversity of bacteria recovered from marine sediment. Bacteria from marine sediment samples were resuspended or encapsulated in agarose and half of each sample was directly plated on agar and the other half inserted into modified Slyde-A-Lyzer™ dialysis cassettes. The cassettes were incubated in their natural environment (in situ) for a week, after which they were retrieved, and the contents plated. Colony counts indicated that bacterial abundance increased during in situ incubation and that cell density was significantly higher in cassettes containing non-encapsulated sediment bacteria. Assessment of viability indicated that a higher proportion of cells in encapsulated samples were viable at the end of the incubation period, suggesting that agarose encapsulation promoted higher cell viability during in situ incubation. One hundred and 46 isolates were purified from the study (32–38 from each treatment) to assess the effect of the four treatments on cultivable bacterial diversity. In total, 58 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified using a 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity threshold. The results indicated that encapsulation recovered greater bacterial diversity from the sediment than simple resuspension (41 vs. 31 OTUs, respectively). While the cultivable bacterial diversity decreased by 43%–48% after in situ incubation, difficult-to-culture (Verrucomicrobia) and obligate marine (Pseudoalteromonas) taxa were only recovered after in situ incubation. These results suggest that agarose encapsulation coupled with in situ incubation in commercially available, low-cost, diffusion chambers facilitates the cultivation and improved recovery of bacteria from marine sediments. This study provides another tool that microbiologists can use to access microbial dark matter for environmental, biotechnology bioprospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Pope
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Christopher Cartmell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Bradley Haltli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Nautilus Biosciences Croda, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Russell G. Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- Nautilus Biosciences Croda, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
- *Correspondence: Russell G. Kerr,
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Schmoll S, Romanek K, Zorn G, Eiglmeier H, Eyer F. Anticholinergic syndrome after atropine overdose in a supposedly homeopathic solution: a case report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2021; 60:252-254. [PMID: 33988064 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2021.1918704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 53-year-old male with no pre-existing conditions and no permanent medication presented to our emergency department with an anticholinergic syndrome including confusion, anxiety, ataxia and dysarthria after ingestion of a homeopathic solution containing Atropa belladonna extract supposedly in a D4 dilution. METHODS Atropine sulphate was quantitatively analysed in serum and the homeopathic preparation via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Analysis revealed concentrations of approximately 3 mg/mL atropine sulphate in the homeopathic solution and a serum level of 5.7 ng/mL (±1.4) in the patient's blood proving a 600-fold overdose of atropine due to a production error of the homeopathic dilution. The patient was observed and recovered without further intervention. CONCLUSION Rare but possibly dangerous manufacturing errors should be considered when faced with symptoms occurring after ingestion of homeopathic or holistic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schmoll
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Romanek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel Zorn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Eiglmeier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Eyer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Clinical Toxicology and Poison Control Centre Munich, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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DiPietro MA, Mondie C. Toxicity of herbal medications suggested as treatment for COVID-19: A narrative review. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2021; 2:e12411. [PMID: 33817690 PMCID: PMC8011616 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the absence of a definitive cure, herbal medications are gaining increasing popularity in the general public for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although many herbal preparations are safe and can be used without complication, serious toxicities do occur. This article focuses on the major characteristics and toxicities of herbal preparations that have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19. METHODS A review was performed focusing on herbal preparations that have gained popularity as potential treatments for COVID-19. Some of these preparations have been directly recommended by government agencies, whereas others have gained popularity through various other news sources. RESULTS The herbal preparations covered in this paper include the cardiac glycoside oleandrin, plants of the Datura genus, and herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese Medicine including plants of the Aconitum genus, bitter apricot seeds, ephedra, and licorice root. CONCLUSION Although herbal preparations have been reported to aid in the treatment of COVID-19 with success, few clinical trials have been performed to evaluate their efficacy and instead rely mainly on in vitro studies and anecdotal reports. Furthermore, many of the herbal preparations suggested carry significant toxicities, and frontline healthcare workers should be aware of the common symptoms and toxidromes that result from these poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. DiPietro
- Department of Emergency MedicineNewark Beth Israel Medical CenterNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Christopher Mondie
- Department of Emergency MedicineNewark Beth Israel Medical CenterNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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Karade D, Vijayasarathi D, Kadoo N, Vyas R, Ingle PK, Karthikeyan M. Design of Novel Drug-like Molecules Using Informatics Rich Secondary Metabolites Analysis of Indian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 23:1113-1131. [PMID: 32504496 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200606211342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several medicinal plants are being used in Indian medicine systems from ancient times. However, in most cases, the specific molecules or the active ingredients responsible for the medicinal or therapeutic properties are not yet known. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to report a computational protocol as well as a tool for generating novel potential drug candidates from the bioactive molecules of Indian medicinal and aromatic plants through the chemoinformatics approach. METHODS We built a database of the Indian medicinal and aromatic plants coupled with associated information (plant families, plant parts used for the medicinal purpose, structural information, therapeutic properties, etc.) We also developed a Java-based chemoinformatics open-source tool called DoMINE (Database of Medicinally Important Natural products from plantaE) for the generation of virtual library and screening of novel molecules from known medicinal plant molecules. We employed chemoinformatics approaches to in-silico screened metabolites from 104 Indian medicinal and aromatic plants and designed novel drug-like bioactive molecules. For this purpose, 1665 ring containing molecules were identified by text mining of literature related to the medicinal plant species, which were later used to extract 209 molecular scaffolds. Different scaffolds were further used to build a focused virtual library. Virtual screening was performed with cluster analysis to predict drug-like and lead-like molecules from these plant molecules in the context of drug discovery. The predicted drug-like and lead-like molecules were evaluated using chemoinformatics approaches and statistical parameters, and only the most significant molecules were proposed as the candidate molecules to develop new drugs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The supra network of molecules and scaffolds identifies the relationship between the plant molecules and drugs. Cluster analysis of virtual library molecules showed that novel molecules had more pharmacophoric properties than toxicophoric and chemophoric properties. We also developed the DoMINE toolkit for the advancement of natural product-based drug discovery through chemoinformatics approaches. This study will be useful in developing new drug molecules from the known medicinal plant molecules. Hence, this work will encourage experimental organic chemists to synthesize these molecules based on the predicted values. These synthesized molecules need to be subjected to biological screening to identify potential molecules for drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Karade
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development (CEPD) Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Durairaj Vijayasarathi
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development (CEPD) Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Narendra Kadoo
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Renu Vyas
- Bioengineering Sciences & Research, MIT ADT University, Pune-412201, India; 5Publication and Science Communication, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Ingle
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muthukumarasamy Karthikeyan
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development (CEPD) Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411008, India
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Fatur K, Kreft S. Common anticholinergic solanaceaous plants of temperate Europe - A review of intoxications from the literature (1966–2018). Toxicon 2020; 177:52-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A, Egea-González FJ. Screening of drugs and homeopathic products from Atropa belladonna seed extracts: Tropane alkaloids determination and untargeted analysis. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1579-1589. [PMID: 29808589 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Homeopathic products are still a controversial issue in modern medicine, understood as complementary or alternative medicine (CAM). In this particular case, homeopathic products prepared from Atropa belladonna extracts may present specific problems due to the effects derived from its components. This article applies a simple, rapid, reliable method to the analysis of different homeopathic products obtained from Atropa belladonna; drugs containing high concentration of plant extracts; and Atropa belladonna seeds. The method was based on a simple solid-phase preconcentration method followed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry using Exactive-Orbitrap as an analyser. An in-house database was set and atropine and scopolamine were the compounds detected at highest concentrations in homeopathic products from Atropa belladonna extracts (4.57 and 2.56 μg/kg, respectively), in Belladonna ointment (4007 and 1139 μg/kg, respectively) and Belladonna seeds (338 and 32.1 mg/kg, respectively). Other tropane alkaloids such as tropine, apoatropine, aposcopolamine, tropinone, homatropine, and anisodamine were detected at lower concentrations (0.04-1.36 μg/kg). When untargeted analysis was performed, other tropane alkaloids were identified in the tested samples, such as ecgonine (0.003 μg/kg), benzoylecgonine (0.56 μg/kg), calystegines A (19.6 μg/kg), B (33.1 μg/kg), and C (1.01 μg/kg). Finally other compounds present in the homeopathic products, such as sugars (fructose, glucose, and lactose) or amino acids (valine, ornithine, leucine, and phenylalanine), were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Marín-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Egea-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Agricultural and Food Biotechnology (BITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Almería, Spain
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Ghorani-Azam A, Sepahi S, Riahi-Zanjani B, Alizadeh Ghamsari A, Mohajeri SA, Balali-Mood M. Plant toxins and acute medicinal plant poisoning in children: A systematic literature review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 23:26. [PMID: 29692823 PMCID: PMC5894275 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_629_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many years, medicinal plants and herbal therapy have been widely used in different societies for the treatment of various diseases. Besides their therapeutic potency, some of the medicinal plants have strong toxicity in human, especially in children and elderly. Despite common beliefs that natural products are safe, there have been few reports on their toxicities. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, we aimed to systematically review the literature wherein acute plant poisoning and herbal intoxication have been reported in pediatric patients. After literature search and selection of the appropriate documents, the desired data were extracted and described qualitatively. RESULTS A total of 127 articles with overall 1453 intoxicated cases were collected. The results of this study showed that some medicinal plants can cause acute poisoning and complications such as hepatic and renal failure in children. CONCLUSION The findings of this survey showed that acute plant poisoning can be life?threatening in children, and since a single?ingested dose of toxic plants can cause acute poisoning, parents should be aware of these toxic effects and compare the side effects of self?medication with its potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ghorani-Azam
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Sepahi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bamdad Riahi-Zanjani
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Ahmad Mohajeri
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Balali-Mood
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Du GH, Yuan TY, Du LD, Zhang YX. The Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment and Modulation of Pain. PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND THE MODULATION OF PAIN 2016; 75:325-61. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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