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Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060701. [PMID: 34073372 PMCID: PMC8228245 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained from the prefrontal cortex. These data included odor stimuli and air state, which triggered the hemodynamic response function (HRF), determined from variations in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) levels; photoplethysmography (PPG) of two wavelengths (raw optical red and near-infrared data); and the ratios of data from two optical datasets. We adopted three SVM kernel functions (i.e., linear, quadratic, and cubic) to analyze signals and compare their performance with the HRF and PPG signals. The results revealed that oxyHb yielded the most efficient single-signal data with a quadratic kernel function, and a combination of HRF and PPG signals yielded the most efficient multi-signal data with the cubic function. Our results revealed superior SVM analysis of HRFs for classifying odor and air status using fNIRS data during olfaction in humans. Furthermore, the olfactory stimulation can be accurately classified by using quadratic and cubic kernel functions in SVM, even for an individual participant data set.
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Balconi M, Molteni E. Past and future of near-infrared spectroscopy in studies of emotion and social neuroscience. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Higashimoto Y, Honda N, Yamagata T, Sano A, Nishiyama O, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Kume H, Chiba Y, Fukuda K, Tohda Y. Exertional dyspnoea and cortical oxygenation in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1615-24. [PMID: 26493791 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00541-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the association of perceived dyspnoea intensity with cortical oxygenation and cortical activation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exertional hypoxaemia.Low-intensity exercise was performed at a constant work rate by patients with COPD and exertional hypoxaemia (n=11) or no hypoxaemia (n=16), and in control participants (n=11). Cortical oxyhaemoglobin (oxy-Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (deoxy-Hb) concentrations were measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy. Increased deoxy-Hb is assumed to reflect impaired oxygenation, whereas decreased deoxy-Hb signifies cortical activation.Exercise decreased cortical deoxy-Hb in control and nonhypoxaemic patients. Deoxy-Hb was increased in hypoxaemic patients and oxygen supplementation improved cortical oxygenation. Decreased deoxy-Hb in the pre-motor cortex (PMA) was significantly correlated with exertional dyspnoea in control participants and patients with COPD without hypoxaemia. In contrast, increased cortical deoxy-Hb concentration was correlated with dyspnoea in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia. With the administration of oxygen supplementation, exertional dyspnoea was correlated with decreased deoxy-Hb in the PMA of COPD patients with hypoxaemia.During exercise, cortical oxygenation was impaired in patients with COPD and hypoxaemia compared with control and nonhypoxaemic patients; this difference was ameliorated with oxygen supplementation. Exertional dyspnoea was related to activation of the pre-motor cortex in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higashimoto
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noritsugu Honda
- Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamagata
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Sano
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Osamu Nishiyama
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sano
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kume
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Chiba
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Fukuda
- Dept of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Tohda
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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Val-Laillet D, Aarts E, Weber B, Ferrari M, Quaresima V, Stoeckel L, Alonso-Alonso M, Audette M, Malbert C, Stice E. Neuroimaging and neuromodulation approaches to study eating behavior and prevent and treat eating disorders and obesity. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 8:1-31. [PMID: 26110109 PMCID: PMC4473270 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional, molecular and genetic neuroimaging has highlighted the existence of brain anomalies and neural vulnerability factors related to obesity and eating disorders such as binge eating or anorexia nervosa. In particular, decreased basal metabolism in the prefrontal cortex and striatum as well as dopaminergic alterations have been described in obese subjects, in parallel with increased activation of reward brain areas in response to palatable food cues. Elevated reward region responsivity may trigger food craving and predict future weight gain. This opens the way to prevention studies using functional and molecular neuroimaging to perform early diagnostics and to phenotype subjects at risk by exploring different neurobehavioral dimensions of the food choices and motivation processes. In the first part of this review, advantages and limitations of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), pharmacogenetic fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will be discussed in the context of recent work dealing with eating behavior, with a particular focus on obesity. In the second part of the review, non-invasive strategies to modulate food-related brain processes and functions will be presented. At the leading edge of non-invasive brain-based technologies is real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) neurofeedback, which is a powerful tool to better understand the complexity of human brain-behavior relationships. rtfMRI, alone or when combined with other techniques and tools such as EEG and cognitive therapy, could be used to alter neural plasticity and learned behavior to optimize and/or restore healthy cognition and eating behavior. Other promising non-invasive neuromodulation approaches being explored are repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS). Converging evidence points at the value of these non-invasive neuromodulation strategies to study basic mechanisms underlying eating behavior and to treat its disorders. Both of these approaches will be compared in light of recent work in this field, while addressing technical and practical questions. The third part of this review will be dedicated to invasive neuromodulation strategies, such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) and deep brain stimulation (DBS). In combination with neuroimaging approaches, these techniques are promising experimental tools to unravel the intricate relationships between homeostatic and hedonic brain circuits. Their potential as additional therapeutic tools to combat pharmacorefractory morbid obesity or acute eating disorders will be discussed, in terms of technical challenges, applicability and ethics. In a general discussion, we will put the brain at the core of fundamental research, prevention and therapy in the context of obesity and eating disorders. First, we will discuss the possibility to identify new biological markers of brain functions. Second, we will highlight the potential of neuroimaging and neuromodulation in individualized medicine. Third, we will introduce the ethical questions that are concomitant to the emergence of new neuromodulation therapies.
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Key Words
- 5-HT, serotonin
- ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- AN, anorexia nervosa
- ANT, anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- B N, bulimia nervosa
- BAT, brown adipose tissue
- BED, binge eating disorder
- BMI, body mass index
- BOLD, blood oxygenation level dependent
- BS, bariatric surgery
- Brain
- CBF, cerebral blood flow
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- Cg25, subgenual cingulate cortex
- DA, dopamine
- DAT, dopamine transporter
- DBS, deep brain stimulation
- DBT, deep brain therapy
- DTI, diffusion tensor imaging
- ED, eating disorders
- EEG, electroencephalography
- Eating disorders
- GP, globus pallidus
- HD-tDCS, high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation
- HFD, high-fat diet
- HHb, deoxygenated-hemoglobin
- Human
- LHA, lateral hypothalamus
- MER, microelectrode recording
- MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- Nac, nucleus accumbens
- Neuroimaging
- Neuromodulation
- O2Hb, oxygenated-hemoglobin
- OCD, obsessive–compulsive disorder
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- Obesity
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PET, positron emission tomography
- PFC, prefrontal cortex
- PYY, peptide tyrosine tyrosine
- SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography
- STN, subthalamic nucleus
- TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation
- TRD, treatment-resistant depression
- VBM, voxel-based morphometry
- VN, vagus nerve
- VNS, vagus nerve stimulation
- VS, ventral striatum
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- aCC, anterior cingulate cortex
- dTMS, deep transcranial magnetic stimulation
- daCC, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
- dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
- fMRI, functional magnetic resonance imaging
- fNIRS, functional near-infrared spectroscopy
- lPFC, lateral prefrontal cortex
- pCC, posterior cingulate cortex
- rCBF, regional cerebral blood flow
- rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
- rtfMRI, real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging
- tACS, transcranial alternate current stimulation
- tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation
- tRNS, transcranial random noise stimulation
- vlPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
- vmH, ventromedial hypothalamus
- vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. Aarts
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Weber
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Ferrari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - V. Quaresima
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy
| | - L.E. Stoeckel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - M. Alonso-Alonso
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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A Preliminary Examination of Effect of Massage and Aroma Oil Massage in Foot Care Nursing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Nishitani S, Kuwamoto S, Takahira A, Miyamura T, Shinohara K. Maternal Prefrontal Cortex Activation by Newborn Infant Odors. Chem Senses 2014; 39:195-202. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Doi H, Nishitani S, Shinohara K. NIRS as a tool for assaying emotional function in the prefrontal cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:770. [PMID: 24302904 PMCID: PMC3831266 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite having relatively poor spatial and temporal resolution, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has several methodological advantages compared with other non-invasive measurements of neural activation. For instance, the unique characteristics of NIRS give it potential as a tool for investigating the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in emotion processing. However, there are several obstacles in the application of NIRS to emotion research. In this mini-review, we discuss the findings of studies that used NIRS to assess the effects of PFC activation on emotion. Specifically, we address the methodological challenges of NIRS measurement with respect to the field of emotion research, and consider potential strategies for mitigating these problems. In addition, we show that two fields of research, investigating (i) biological predisposition influencing PFC responses to emotional stimuli and (ii) neural mechanisms underlying the bi-directional interaction between emotion and action, have much to gain from the use of NIRS. With the present article, we aim to lay the foundation for the application of NIRS to the above-mentioned fields of emotion research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Doi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
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Kida T, Shinohara K. Gentle touch activates the anterior prefrontal cortex: An NIRS study. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nagamitsu S, Yamashita Y, Tanaka H, Matsuishi T. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies in children. Biopsychosoc Med 2012; 6:7. [PMID: 22433235 PMCID: PMC3337812 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0759-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosomatic and developmental behavioral medicine in pediatrics has been the subject of significant recent attention, with infants, school-age children, and adolescents frequently presenting with psychosomatic, behavioral, and psychiatric symptoms. These may be a consequence of insecurity of attachment, reduced self-confidence, and peer -relationship conflicts during their developmental stages. Developmental cognitive neuroscience has revealed significant associations between specific brain lesions and particular cognitive dysfunctions. Thus, identifying the biological deficits underlying such cognitive dysfunction may provide new insights into therapeutic prospects for the management of those symptoms in children. Recent advances in noninvasive neuroimaging techniques, and especially functional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), have contributed significant findings to the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience in pediatrics. We present here a comprehensive review of functional NIRS studies of children who have developed normally and of children with psychosomatic and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Nagamitsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
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Kokan N, Sakai N, Doi K, Fujio H, Hasegawa S, Tanimoto H, Nibu KI. Near-infrared spectroscopy of orbitofrontal cortex during odorant stimulation. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:163-5. [PMID: 21679526 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For olfaction, several studies have reported near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal changes in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) during odor stimulation. However, the roles of human OFC in olfactory cognition are less well understood. This study was designed to better understand the roles of OFC for olfaction. METHODS Hemodynamic responses for phenyl ethyl alcohol or citral in the OFCs were measured with NIRS. After the experiment, participants were asked to describe the characteristics of the odor and to rate odor intensity and hedonic valence. RESULTS Statistical analysis of all participants' data showed significant changes in the concentration of total hemoglobin in the left OFC during the trial (p = 0.04). The total hemoglobin signal increased significantly in the right OFC (p = 0.0008) of the participants who successfully identified the odorant stimulus. CONCLUSION Our findings showed that NIRS combined with a questionnaire is a useful method for studying the functional neuroanatomy of OFC in terms of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Kokan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Effects of methylphenidate on olfaction and frontal and temporal brain oxygenation in children with ADHD. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:1463-70. [PMID: 21689828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Olfaction and attention-deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are mediated by dopamine metabolism and fronto-temporal functioning converging in recent findings of increased olfactory sensitivity in children with ADHD modulated by methylphenidate (MPH) and altered frontal and temporal oxygenation in adults with ADHD. METHOD We investigated olfactory sensitivity, discrimination, and identification (Sniffin' Sticks) in 27 children and adolescents with ADHD under chronic MPH medication and after a wash-out period of at least 14 half-lives in balanced order and 22 controls comparable for handedness, age, and intelligence. In addition, inferior frontal and temporal oxygenation was measured by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the presentation of 2-phenylethanol. Group differences in regard to sex distribution were statistically controlled for by analysis of covariance. RESULTS Patients did not differ from controls in any olfactory domain under treatment with MPH. Cessation of medication led to a significant increase in olfactory discrimination. Controls displayed typical inferior frontal and temporal brain activity in response to passive olfactory stimulation, while brain oxygenation was diminished in the patient group when assessed without medication. Under medication ADHD patients showed a trend for a normalisation of brain activity in the temporal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The here reported effects of MPH cessation on olfactory discrimination and frontal and temporal oxygenation along with previous findings of increased olfactory sensitivity in medication-naïve ADHD children and its normalisation under chronic MPH treatment lead to the conclusion that MPH exerts differential chronic effects vs. acute cessation effects on altered olfactory function in ADHD. These effects are most probably mediated by modulation of the dopaminergic system.
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Higashimoto Y, Honda N, Yamagata T, Matsuoka T, Maeda K, Satoh R, Nishiyama O, Sano H, Iwanaga T, Miyara T, Muraki M, Tomita K, Kume H, Miyai I, Tohda Y, Fukuda K. Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex Is Associated with Exertional Dyspnea in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Respiration 2011; 82:492-500. [DOI: 10.1159/000324571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Washiyama K, Shiga H, Hirota K, Tsuchida A, Yamamoto J, Yagi S, Yoshizaki T, Furukawa M, Amano R, Miwa T. Biological safety of nasal thallium-201 administration: a preclinical study for olfacto-scintigraphy. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2011; 52:450-455. [PMID: 21905306 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohshin Washiyama
- Department of Quantum Medical Technology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Aoyama S, Toshima T, Saito Y, Konishi N, Motoshige K, Ishikawa N, Nakamura K, Kobayashi M. Maternal breast milk odour induces frontal lobe activation in neonates: a NIRS study. Early Hum Dev 2010; 86:541-5. [PMID: 20675084 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to examine differences in neonates' orbito-frontal cortical activation in response to the odours of maternal breast milk and formula milk in terms of changes in the oxygenation of cerebral blood flow. Twenty-six healthy neonates were tested in their cribs while they slept in a silent room. The neonates were exposed to each olfactory stimulus by an experimenter. NIRS monitoring was performed using optodes placed above the bilateral anterior orbito-frontal gyri. The differences in oxygenated haemoglobin (oxy-Hb) values between baseline and stimulation were defined as the change in oxy-Hb. The degrees of change were calculated by an analysis of variance (ANOVA). A 2 (stimulus: breast milk and formula milk) × 2 (probe location: right and left) ANOVA showed that the odour of maternal breast milk (right/left: M=0.28/0.48) induced a significantly (F=6.36, p<0.05) greater increase in the oxygenated blood of the orbito-frontal region than did the odour of formula milk (right/left: M=-0.03/-0.07). Differences in the intensity of odour had no significant influence on the blood oxygenation of the orbito-frontal region. Maternal breast milk odour increased oxygenated blood flow in the orbito-frontal region to a greater extent than did formula milk odour. These results suggest that neonates can distinguish between the odours of maternal breast milk versus formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Aoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Kobayashi E, Karaki M, Kusaka T, Kobayashi R, Itoh S, Mori N. Functional optical hemodynamic imaging of the olfactory cortex in normosmia subjects and dysosmia subjects. Acta Otolaryngol 2009:79-84. [PMID: 19848246 DOI: 10.1080/00016480902964325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSION These activated areas may be related to the orbitofrontal cortex, corresponding to olfactory cortices. This study shows that multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) enables the evaluation of brain activity of normosmia subjects and dysosmia subjects by olfactory stimulation. OBJECTIVE Objective olfactory testing is not common. NIRS has beenused before to study functional activations in various areas of the brain, but we wanted to investigate the difference in brain olfactory activity in normosmia subjects and dysosmia subjects using multi-channel NIRS (MNIRS). SUBJECTS AND METHODS This study was conducted on eight normosmia subjects and five dysosmia subjects. We employed a 22-channel near-infrared spectroscopy device with eight light incident fibers and seven light detector fibers, each with an inter-optode distance of 2.5 cm on the frontal head. Isovaleric acid was used as the odor stimulant. We measured the change in oxyhemoglobin concentrations [oxyHb], deoxyhemoglobin concentrations [deoxyHb], and total hemoglobin concentrations [totalHb] from pre-baseline values. Furthermore, we divided the frontal cortex into four areas (right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower) and measured the activity in each area. Then, the changes in [oxyHb], [deoxyHb], and [totalHb] of normosmia subjects and dysosmia subjects were compared in each area. RESULTS In all normosmia subjects, isovaleric acid caused remarkable changes, especially in the lower areas of the frontal cortex. However, in all dysosmia subjects, isovaleric acid caused no changes.
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Katata K, Sakai N, Doi K, Kawamitsu H, Fujii M, Sugimura K, Nibu KI. Functional MRI of regional brain responses to 'pleasant' and 'unpleasant' odors. Acta Otolaryngol 2009:85-90. [PMID: 19848247 DOI: 10.1080/00016480902915715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that functional MRI (fMRI) combined with a questionnaire is a useful method for studying the neuroanatomy of olfaction. Further studies with various odorants and questionnaires would provide an even better understanding of the mechanism of olfactory perception. OBJECTIVES To better understand the mechanism of odorant perception in the central nervous system. SUBJECTS AND METHODS fMRI was used to identify the activated regions during stimulation by two odorants, beta-phenyl ethyl alcohol and gamma-undecalactone. Participants were asked to describe the quality of the odor and to rate odor intensity and odor hedonic valence. Activation at each region was statistically analyzed according to the answers. RESULTS The bilateral middle orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), left lateral OFC, right insula, and bilateral anterior/middle cingulate gyri were most frequently activated by odor stimulation. Left middle OFC was significantly more often activated in the participants who could not identify the odor correctly (p = 0.016). The left middle OFC and right lateral OFC were significantly more often activated in the participants who perceived the odor stimulation as unpleasant (p = 0.03), while the right anterior cingulate gyrus was more often activated in those who perceived the odor as pleasant (p = 0.03).
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Tanida M, Katsuyama M, Sakatani K. Effects of fragrance administration on stress-induced prefrontal cortex activity and sebum secretion in the facial skin. Neurosci Lett 2008; 432:157-61. [PMID: 18191897 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although fragrances have long been known to influence stress-induced psychosomatic disorders, the neurophysiological mechanism remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of fragrance on the relation between the level of sebum secretion in the facial skin and the stress-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity, which regulates the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Employing near infrared spectroscopy, we measured hemoglobin concentration changes in the bilateral PFC during a mental arithmetic task in normal adults (n=31), and evaluated asymmetry of the PFC activity in terms of the laterality index (i.e., [(right-left)/(right+left)]) of oxyhemoglobin concentration changes (LI-oxyHb). We measured the level of sebum secretion in the facial skin before the task performance. There was a significant positive correlation between the LI-oxyHb and the level of sebum secretion (r=+0.44, p=0.01). We selected the subjects who exhibited high levels of sebum secretion and right-dominant PFC activity for the study on the fragrance effect (n=12). Administration of fragrance for four weeks significantly reduced the level of sebum (p=0.02) in the fragrance group (n=6). In addition, the LI-oxyHb decreased significantly from 0.11+/-0.07 to -0.10+/-0.18 (p=0.01), indicating that the dominant side of the stress-induced PFC activity changed from the right to left side. In contrast, neither LI-oxyHb nor the levels of sebum secretion changed significantly in the control group (n=6). These results suggest that administration of fragrance reduced the level of sebum secretion by modulating the stress-induced PFC activity. The PFC may be involved in the neurophysiological mechanism of fragrance effects on systemic response to mental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanida
- Bioengineering Research Laboratories, Shiseido Life Science Research Center, Yokohama, Japan
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Kinoshita Y, Shiga H, Washiyama K, Ogawa D, Amano R, Ito M, Tsukatani T, Furukawa M, Miwa T. Thallium Transport and the Evaluation of Olfactory Nerve Connectivity between the Nasal Cavity and Olfactory Bulb. Chem Senses 2007; 33:73-8. [PMID: 17905744 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjm066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding how alkali metal ions are transported in the olfactory nerve following their intranasal administration. In this study, we show that an alkali metal ion, thallium is transported in the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb in mice. The olfactory nerve fibers of mice were transected on both sides of the body under anesthesia. A double tracer solution (thallium-201, (201)Tl; manganese-54, (54)Mn) was administered into the nasal cavity the following day. Radioactivity in the olfactory bulb and nasal turbinate was analyzed with gamma spectrometry. Auto radiographic images were obtained from coronal slices of frozen heads of mice administered with (201)Tl or (54)Mn. The transection of the olfactory nerve fibers was confirmed with a neuronal tracer. The transport of intranasal administered (201)Tl/(54)Mn to the olfactory bulb was significantly reduced by the transection of olfactory nerve fibers. The olfactory nerve transection also significantly inhibited the accumulation of fluoro-ruby in the olfactory bulb. Findings indicate that thallium is transported by the olfactory nerve fibers to the olfactory bulb in mice. The assessment of thallium transport following head injury may provide a new diagnostic method for the evaluation of olfactory nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kinoshita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920, Japan
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