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Salem S, Jankowski V, Asare Y, Liehn E, Welker P, Raya-Bermudez A, Pineda-Martos C, Rodriguez M, Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Bruck H, Marx N, Machado FB, Staudt M, Heinze G, Zidek W, Jankowski J. Identification of the Vasoconstriction-Inhibiting Factor (VIF), a Potent Endogenous Cofactor of Angiotensin II Acting on the Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor. Circulation 2015; 131:1426-34. [PMID: 25810338 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.013168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system and especially the angiotensin peptides play a central role in blood pressure regulation. Here, we hypothesize that an as-yet unknown peptide is involved in the action of angiotensin II modulating the vasoregulatory effects as a cofactor. METHODS AND RESULTS The peptide with vasodilatory properties was isolated from adrenal glands chromatographically. The effects of this peptide were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, and the receptor affinity was analyzed. The plasma concentration in humans was quantified in patients with chronic kidney disease, patients with heart failure, and healthy control subjects. The amino acid sequence of the peptide from bovine adrenal glands was HSSYEDELSEVL EKPNDQAE PKEVTEEVSSKDAAE, which is a degradation product of chromogranin A. The sequence of the peptide isolated from human plasma was HSGFEDELSEVLENQSSQAELKEAVEEPSSKDVME. Both peptides diminished significantly the vasoconstrictive effect of angiotensin II in vitro. Therefore, we named the peptide vasoconstriction-inhibiting factor (VIF). The vasoregulatory effects of VIF are mediated by the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. VIF impairs angiotensin II-induced phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2. The vasodilatory effects were confirmed in vivo. The plasma concentration was significantly increased in renal patients and patients with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS VIF is a vasoregulatory peptide that modulates the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II by acting on the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. It is likely that the increase in VIF may serve as a counterregulatory effect to defend against hypertension. The identification of this target may help us to understand the pathophysiology of renal and heart failure and may form a basis for the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Salem
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Vera Jankowski
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Yaw Asare
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Elisa Liehn
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Pia Welker
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Ana Raya-Bermudez
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Carmen Pineda-Martos
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Mariano Rodriguez
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Juan Rafael Muñoz-Castañeda
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Heike Bruck
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Fernanda B Machado
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Mareike Staudt
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Georg Heinze
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Walter Zidek
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.)
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- From Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medizinische Klinik IV, Berlin, Germany (S.S., W.Z.); Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany (S.S., V.J., Y.A., E.L., M.S., J.J.); Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Berlin, Germany (P.W., F.B.M.); Nefrology Service, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Spain (A.R.-B., C.P.-M., M.R., J.R.M.-C.); University Hospital Essen, Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (H.B.); University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Department of Internal Medicine I-Cardiology, Aachen, Germany (N.M.); and Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Section for Clinical Biometrics, Vienna, Austria (G.H.).
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