Controlling the burn and fueling the fire: defining the role for the alarmin interleukin-33 in alloimmunity

IL-33-Pretreated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Acute Liver Failure by Improving Homing and Polarizing M2 Macrophages

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly effective in the treatment of acute liver failure (ALF). The efficacy of MSCs is closely related to the inflammatory environment. Therefore, we investigated the functional changes of MSCs in response to interleukin-33 (IL-33) stimulation. The results showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) pretreated with IL-33 had increased CCR2 expression, targeted CCL2 in the injured liver tissue, and improved the migration ability. Under LPS stimulation, the NF-κB pathway of BMDM was activated, and its phenotype polarized to the M1-type, while BMSCs pretreated with IL-33 inhibited the NF-κB pathway and enhanced M2 macrophage polarization. The M2-type macrophages could further inhibit hepatocytes inflammation, reduce hepatocytes apoptosis, and promote hepatocytes repair. These results suggest that IL-33 can enhance the efficacy of BMSCs in ALF and provide a new strategy for cell therapy of liver diseases.

IL-33/ST2 Axis Deficiency Exacerbates Hepatic Pathology by Regulating Treg and Th17 Cells in Murine Schistosomiasis Japonica

Purpose

Schistosoma japonicum-infected IL-33 and ST2 gene deficiency (IL-33^−/− and ST2^−/−, respectively) mice were used to explore the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in liver pathology targeting regulatory T cells (Treg)/T helper 17 cells (Th17).

Materials and Methods

Each mouse was infected percutaneously with 20 S. japonicum cercariae. Hepatic mass index (HMI), liver egg granulomas, hepatic fibrosis biomarkers and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated. Treg and Th17 frequency was determined by flow cytometry. Expressions of Foxp3, ST2, TGF-β1, IL-10, RORγt, and IL-17A were measured via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Concentrations of TGF-β1, IL-10 and IL-17A were tested with ELISA. In vitro experiments, mRNA expressions of Foxp3, TGF-β1, IL-10, Atg5, Beclin-1 and p62 associated with polarization of Treg by recombinant mouse IL-33 (rmIL-33) were detected by qRT-PCR.

Results

An increased expression of IL-33/ST2 was shown in S. japonicum-infected mice. Deficiency of IL-33 or ST2 gene led to an aggravated liver pathology, which was evidenced by elevated hepatic granuloma volume, HMI and ALT levels and fibrosis, which was demonstrated by increased hepatic collagen deposition in the infected mice. Injection of rmIL-33 into the infected IL-33^−/− mice strongly abrogated the liver pathology and fibrosis, whereas no detectable effect with injecting rmIL-33 into the infected ST2^−/− mice. Furthermore, depletion of the IL-33/ST2 axis inhibited Treg, accompanied by increased Th17. rmIL-33 treatment upregulated Treg and downregulated Th17 in the infected IL-33^−/− mice, while no effect in the infected ST2^−/− mice. rmIL-33 led to elevated expressions of Atg5, Beclin-1 and inhibited expression of p62 in expansion of Treg.

Conclusion

The IL-33/ST2 axis plays a protective role in S. japonicum infected mice, which is closely related to increasing Treg responses as well as suppressing Th17 responses. Expansion of Treg by IL-33 may be associated with its regulation of autophagy.

The enhanced effect and underlying mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells with IL-33 overexpression on myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

Interleukin 33 is known to have an important influence in the process of myocardial infarction, and the immunoregulatory function of MSCs could be influenced by cell factors. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of IL-33-overexpressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (IL33-MSCs) on myocardial infarction (MI) and detected the inflammatory level and cardiac function in rats.

METHODS AND RESULTS

First, we evaluated the proliferation of T cells and polarization of macrophages that had been co-cultured with Vector-MSCs or IL33-MSCs. Co-culture experiments indicated that IL33-MSCs reduced T cell proliferation and enhanced CD206⁺ macrophage polarization. Second, we determined the inflammation level and cardiac function of PBS-, Vector-MSC-, and IL33-MSC-injected rats. Echocardiography indicated that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was enhanced in IL33-MSC-injected rats compared with Vector-MSC-injected rats. Postmortem analysis of rat heart tissue showed reduced fibrosis and less inflammation in IL33-MSC-injected rats.

CONCLUSION

These studies indicated that the IL33-MSC injection improved heart function and reduces inflammation in rats with MI compared with PBS or Vector-MSC injections. IL-33 overexpression enhances the immunomodulatory function and therapeutic effects of MSCs on acute MI via enhancing the polarization of macrophages toward M2, enhancing the differentiation of CD4+ T cells toward CD4+IL4+Th2 cells, and finally, reducing heart inflammation and enhancing heart function.

Harnessing Advances in T Regulatory Cell Biology for Cellular Therapy in Transplantation

Cellular therapy with CD4FOXP3 T regulatory (Treg) cells is a promising strategy to induce tolerance after solid-organ transplantation or prevent graft-versus-host disease after transfer of hematopoietic stem cells. Treg cells currently used in clinical trials are either polyclonal, donor- or antigen-specific. Aside from variations in isolation and expansion protocols, however, most therapeutic Treg cell-based products are much alike. Ongoing basic science work has provided considerable new insight into multiple facets of Treg cell biology, including their stability, homing, and functional specialization; integrating these basic science discoveries with clinical efforts will support the development of next-generation therapeutic Treg cells with enhanced efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of how Treg cells home to lymphoid and peripheral tissues, and control antibody production and tissue repair. We also discuss newly appreciated pathways that modulate context-specific Treg cell function and stability. Strategies to improve and tailor Treg cells for cell therapy to induce transplantation tolerance are highlighted.