Serum n-6 and n-9 Fatty Acids Correlate With Serum IGF-1 and Growth Up to 4 Months of Age in Healthy Infants

A Comparison of the Treatment Effects of a Risperidone Solution, an Equal Ratio of DHA/ARA, and a Larger Ratio of Omega-6 PUFA Added to Omega-3 PUFA: An Open-Label Clinical Trial

We aimed to assess the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of an oral risperidone solution and two types of supplementations with PUFAs. We assigned 39 participants with mild ASD (mean age ± standard deviation = 14.6 ± 6.0 years) to three treatment groups (each n = 13): RIS-OS; equal doses of 240 mg of omega-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid and omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (1:1) (aravita); and omega-6 precursor linoleic acid (480 mg) and omega-3 precursor alpha-linolenic acid (120 mg) (4:1) (awake). The primary outcome was the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised score. The secondary outcomes were the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and Aberrant Behavior Check scores. The results of the linear mixed-effects model revealed that the RIS-OS group exhibited significant improvement in the SRS subscale scores of social motivation at weeks 8, 12, and 16 compared with the aravita and awake groups, as well as in the SRS subscale score of social mannerisms at weeks 12 and 16 compared with the aravita group. Moreover, the RIS-OS group showed a trend towards significantly lower plasma ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels. Their plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF) levels were significantly higher at week 8 than in the subsequent weeks. The high Cp and IGF levels may be attributed to reduced neuroinflammation. These findings demonstrate, firstly, that reduced inflammation through increased anti-inflammatory proteins such as Cp and IGF has clinical effects on the motivation-reward system and mannerisms in patients with ASD through the amelioration of dopamine D2, 5-HT2a, and 5-HT2b dysfunction.

Fatty acid abnormalities in cystic fibrosis-the missing link for a cure?

The care for cystic fibrosis (CF) has dramatically changed with the development of modulators, correctors, and potentiators of the CFTR molecule, which lead to improved clinical status of most people with CF (pwCF). The modulators influence phospholipids and ceramides, but not linoleic acid (LA) deficiency, associated with more severe phenotypes of CF. The LA deficiency is associated with upregulation of its transfer to arachidonic acid (AA). The AA release from membranes is increased and associated with increase of pro-inflammatory prostanoids and the characteristic inflammation is present before birth and bacterial infections. Docosahexaenoic acid is often decreased, especially in associated liver disease Some endogenously synthesized fatty acids are increased. Cholesterol and ceramide metabolisms are disturbed. The lipid abnormalities are present at birth, and before feeding in transgenic pigs and ferrets. This review focus on the lipid abnormalities and their associations to clinical symptoms in CF, based on clinical studies and experimental research.

Essential Fatty Acids along the Women’s Life Cycle and Promotion of a Well-balanced Metabolism

Abstract:

Linoleic acid (ω-6 LA) and α-linolenic acid (ω-3 ALA) are essential fatty acids (EFA) for human beings. They must be consumed through diet and then extensively metabolized, a process that plays a fundamental role in health and eventually in disease prevention. Given the numerous changes depending on age and sex, EFA metabolic adaptations require further investigations along the women’s life cycle, from onset to decline of the reproductive age. Thus, this review explains women’s life cycle stages and their involvement in diet intake, digestion and absorption, the role of microbiota, metabolism, bioavailability, and EFA fate and major metabolites. This knowledge is crucial to promoting lipid homeostasis according to female physiology through well-directed health strategies. Concerning this, the promotion of breastfeeding, nutrition, and physical activity is cardinal to counteract ALA deficiency, LA/ALA imbalance, and the release of unhealthy derivatives. These perturbations arise after menopause that compromise both lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. The close interplay of diet, age, female organism, and microbiota also plays a central role in regulating lipid metabolism. Consequently, future studies are encouraged to propose efficient interventions for each stage of women's cycle. In this sense, plant-derived foods and products are promising to be included in women’s nutrition to improve EFA metabolism.

Higher Availability of Long-Chain Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Preterm than in Full-Term Human Milk

While the role of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the maturation of the infantile nervous system is extensively studied and relatively well-characterized, data on the potential developmental importance of the n-9 long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid (LCMUFA), nervonic acid (NA, C24:1n-9) are scarce and ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to reanalyze our available data on the contribution of NA and its LCMUFA precursors, gondoic acid (C20:1n-9) and erucic acid (EA, C22:1n-9) to the fatty acid composition of human milk (HM) during the first month of lactation in mothers of both preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) infants. HM samples were obtained daily during the first week of lactation, and then on the 14th, 21st, and 28th days. Values of the LCMUFAs, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA were significantly higher in colostrum than in transient and mature HM. Consequently, there were highly significant inverse associations between LCMUFA values and the duration of lactation. Moreover, C20:1n-9, EA, and NA values were monotonously, considerably, and at many timepoints significantly higher in PT than in FT HM samples. By the 28th day of lactation, summarized LCMUFA values in PT HM samples declined to the level measured in FT HM samples on the first day of lactation; however, EA and NA values were still significantly higher in PT than in FT HM on the 28th day. Significantly higher availability of LCMUFAs in PT than in FT HM underpins the potential biological role of this hitherto somewhat neglected group of fatty acids.

Er-Xian decoction attenuates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by modulating fatty acid metabolism and IGF1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Er-Xian decoction (EXD) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula used to treat osteoporosis (OP). However, the anti-OP mechanism of EXD has not yet been fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aimed to verify the anti-OP effect of EXD and to explore its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The anti-OP targets and mechanisms of EXD were predicted by network pharmacological analysis. Then, an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model was established to validate the key anti-OP mechanism of EXD. Firstly, the therapeutic effect of EXD on OP was confirmed using micro-CT bone analysis, pathological observation, and ELISA detection. Secondly, serum metabolites related to key biological processes were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer and GC-MS. Finally, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and western blot were utilized to further explore the potential key anti-OP pathway of EXD.

RESULTS

A total of 159 anti-OP targets of EXD were identified. Functional annotation revealed that OP treatment using EXD was associated with lipid metabolism, fatty acid (FA) metabolism, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Experimental studies confirmed that EXD ameliorated ovariectomy-induced bone loss and bone microstructure deterioration. EXD treatment also upregulated the level of serum estrogen and downregulated the level of OC, PⅠNP, CTX-1, TC, and LDL-C. Besides, principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map of serum FAs distinguished OVX rats from the SHAM and EXD groups. Serum concentrations of important n-3 FAs, including C20:3N3, C20:5N3, and C22:5N3, were significantly increased in the EXD group. The increased stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) index 1 and index 2 in the OVX group were reversed by EXD administration. Additionally, EXD reversed the decreased serum IGF1 level and tibia IGF1R, PI3K, and AKT expression in OVX rats.

CONCLUSION

EXD ameliorated ovariectomy-induced bone loss by modulating lipid metabolism, FA metabolism, and IGF1/PI3K/AKT pathway.

Longitudinal Sex Steroid Data in Relation to Birth Weight in Preterm Boys

CONTEXT

There is a lack of knowledge on longitudinal sex steroid patterns during infancy, especially for boys born preterm or with low birth weight (LBW).

OBJECTIVE

To find out whether LBW boys have a disturbed sex steroid profile during infancy.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Population-based longitudinal study performed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.

PARTICIPANTS

Ninety-eight singleton boys (47 LBW) born at gestational age 32.0 to 36.9 weeks were included. Because of dropout, 83 of the boys were still in the study at 10 months' corrected age.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Serum androgen and estrogen concentrations were analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and IGF-I was determined with radioimmunoassay in umbilical cord and at 0, 2, 5, and 10 months' corrected age.

RESULTS

Serum levels of androstenedione, estrone, and estradiol declined gradually from birth to 10 months corrected age. In both LBW boys and their counterparts, a surge was seen at 2 months' corrected age (3 months' chronological age) for testosterone, median (range) 6.5 (2.0-18.9) nmol/L, and in dihydrotestosterone 1.2 (0.4-4.3) nmol/L. At birth, LBW boys had higher median testosterone (0.7 vs 0.4 nmol/L, P = 0.019), and at 0 months' corrected age, both had higher testosterone (5.7 vs 3.5 nmol/L, P = 0.003) and dihydrotestosterone (1.2 vs 0.9 nmol/L, P = 0.006) than their counterparts. At 10 months' corrected age, catch-up in weight SD score from birth correlated with testosterone (rho = 0.27, P = 0.044) and androstenedione (rho = 0.29, P = 0.027).

CONCLUSIONS

Moderately to late preterm LBW boys showed a disturbed sex hormone profile, with elevated concentrations of androgens in early infancy.

Correlation Study between Levels of Gastrin, Serum IGF-1, and GHBP and Growth and Development in Children with Short Stature Based on Big Data Analysis

Objective

To analyze the correlation between the levels of gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP and growth and development in children with short stature (SS) using the big data.

Methods

By means of retrospective analysis, the clinical data of 42 children with SS admitted to our hospital from October 2020 to October 2021 were selected as the study group, while 30 children with the healthy physical examination results in the corresponding period were selected as the control group to measure the growth and development indices and the levels of gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP. The Pearson correlation analysis was used for the relationship between the levels of gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP and growth and development indices in children with SS, and the targeted intervention measures were formulated by the analysis of experimental data.

Results

Compared with the study group, the height, weight, and bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores of children in the control group were obviously higher (P < 0.001). The levels of gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP in the study group were markedly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP of children were positively correlated with growth and development indices (P < 0.001). The levels of gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP in children were distinctly improved after treatment (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The gastrin, serum IGF-1, and GHBP are closely related to the SS, and the effective clinical intervention can better improve the above indicators of children to promote their growth and development.

Vitamin E and preterm infants

In evaluating vitamin E (VE) nutritional status of preterm infants, it is essential that any data should be compared with those of healthy term infants, and never with those of adults. Moreover, it should be evaluated in terms of gestational age (GA), not birth weight (BW), because placental transfer of most nutrients from mother to fetus is dependent on GA, not BW. Judging from the limited data during the last 75 years, there was no significant correlation between GA and VE concentrations in circulation or in the red blood cells (RBCs), leukocytes, and buccal mucosal cells. In addition, the oxidizability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in plasma or RBCs, as targets for protection by VE chain-breaking ability, was lower in preterm infants. However, because of the minimal information available about hepatic VE levels, which is considered a key determinant of whole body VE status, the decision on whether VE status of preterm infants is comparable with that of term infants should be postponed. Clinical trials of VE supplementation in preterm infants were repeatedly undertaken to investigate whether VE reduces severity or inhibits development of several diseases specific to preterm infants, namely retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and germinal matrix hemorrhage - intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH). Most of these trials resulted in a misfire, with a few exceptions for IVH prevention. However, almost all these studies were performed from 1980s to early 1990s, in the pre-surfactant era, and the study populations were composed of mid-preterm infants with GAs of approximately 30 weeks (wks). There is considerable difference in 'preterm infants' between the pre- and post-surfactant eras; modern neonatal medicine mainly treats preterm infants of 28 wks GA or less. Therefore, these results are difficult to apply in modern neonatal care. Before considering new trials of VE supplementation, we should fully understand modern neonatal medicine, especially the recent method of oxygen supplementation. Additionally, a deeper understanding of recent progress in pathophysiology and therapies for possible target diseases is necessary to decide whether VE administration is still worth re-challenging in modern neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). In this review, we present recent concepts and therapeutic trends in ROP, BPD, and GMH-IVH for those unfamiliar with neonatal medicine. Numerous studies have reported the possible involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced damage in relation to supplemental oxygen use, inflammation, and immature antioxidant defense in the development of both BPD and ROP. Various antioxidants effectively prevented the exacerbation of BPD and ROP in animal models. In the future, VE should be re-attempted as a complementary factor in combination with various therapies for BPD, ROP, and GMH-IVH. Because VE is a natural and safe supplement, we are certain that it will attract attention again in preterm medicine.

Dynamic Changes in Serum IGF-I and Growth During Infancy: Associations to Body Fat, Target Height, and PAPPA2 Genotype

CONTEXT

IGF-I is important for postnatal growth and may be of diagnostic value in infants suspected of pituitary disease; however, little is known about the impact of IGF-I and its determinants on infant growth. Importantly, detailed reference ranges for IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) concentrations during infancy are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the rapid changes in weight and length as well as their determinants in healthy infants, and to establish age- and sex-specific reference curves for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in children aged 0 to 1 years.

DESIGN

Prospective longitudinal study.

SETTING

Cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 233 healthy children (114 girls) with repeated blood samples during the first year of life.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, length velocity, weight velocity, and PAPPA2 (rs1325598) genotype.

RESULTS

Individual trajectories of length and weight velocities were sex specific. We provide detailed reference curves based on longitudinal data for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 during infancy. In both girls and boys, IGF-I decreased during infancy, whereas IGFBP-3 remained stable. IGF-I and IGFBP-3, but not PAPPA2 genotype, were positively associated with weight gain, but not with longitudinal growth. When stratified by sex, the association between weight gain and IGF-I only remained significant in girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Interestingly, we found a significant association between IGF-I and infant weight gain in girls, but not with longitudinal growth in the first year of life. Our findings highlight the role of IGF-I as an important anabolic hormone that is not limited to linear growth.

Metabolic Risk Factors Associated with Visceral and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in a Sex-Specific Manner in Seven-Year-Olds

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate how visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volumes were associated with metabolic risk factors in 7-year-old children.

METHODS

A total of 81 children (52% girls) from a Swedish birth cohort were studied. At 6 years of age, anthropometric data, fasting insulin, glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure were collected on 53 children with normal weight and 28 children with overweight or obesity, and insulin resistance was estimated. At 7 years of age, magnetic resonance imaging quantified VAT and SAT. Sex and regression analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

SAT was more strongly associated with metabolic risk factors than VAT. The associations between VAT and metabolic risk factors were stronger in girls (P < 0.05). When VAT was adjusted for birth weight and maternal BMI and education, it accounted for 51% of insulin variance (β = 11.72; P = 0.001) but only in girls. The key finding of this study was that adjusted SAT accounted for 63% of the fasting insulin variance in girls (β = 2.76; P < 0.001). Waist circumference was the best anthropometric marker for insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

Insulin resistance was associated with abdominal adipose tissue and its associated metabolic risk factors in children as young as 7 years old.

Nutritional Status in the First 2 Years of Life in Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed by Newborn Screening

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate nutritional status and associated factors in a cystic fibrosis (CF) cohort diagnosed by newborn screening and followed up to month 24.

METHODS

A prospective longitudinal multicenter study assessing nutritional status according to pancreatic status, feeding modalities, prescriptions, pulmonary outcome, and biological nutritional parameters.

RESULTS

One hundred and five infants were recruited and 99 completed the study. Nutritional care management prevented undernutrition and stunting in those with exocrine pancreatic sufficiency (EPS), but affected (13/87) 15% and (21/86) 24%, respectively, of infants with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). The logistic regression model found a positive association between both weight and length z scores "at risk" at month 24, and initial pulmonary symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 0.06, P < 0.01 and OR 0.08, P < 0.01, respectively); these symptoms were less frequent when age at first visit was earlier than 1.2 months (33% vs 67%, P = 0.02); stunting was also associated with high-calorie density intake and Staphylococcus aureus (OR 0.05, P = 0.01 and OR 0.17, P < 0.01). Pulmonary outcome did not differ according to pancreatic status; breast-feeding for at least 3 months delayed first acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite sodium and fat-soluble vitamin supplementation, half of both cohorts had low urinary sodium output and half of the EPI cohort had low vitamin D levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data shed light on the fact that stunting was more frequent than undernutrition, while both parameters involved only patients with pancreatic insufficiency. Modalities of feeding were not associated with nutritional status; breast-feeding may provide some protection against acquisition of P aeruginosa.