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Cabrero EL, Robledo RT, Cuñado AC, Sardelli DG, Huerta CM, Perez LL, Estevez PE, Esquinas C, Tortosa A. The Midline Catheter Within the Context of Home Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2024; 47:369-376. [PMID: 39503516 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2024]
Abstract
Home intravenous antibiotic treatment (HIAT) consists of the administration of intravenous antibiotic therapy in the home of the patient. Short peripheral intravenous catheters have long been the first option for antimicrobial therapies. However, these devices are known for their short durability. At present, the midline catheter is one of the median duration devices most commonly used and recommended within the context of HIAT. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of complications related to midline catheters implanted by a vascular access team in patients undergoing HIAT within the context of home hospitalization. This was a prospective observational study, which consecutively included 77 patients. A total of 92 midline catheters were analyzed. The complications observed were device obstruction (8.7%), infiltration (3.3%), dislodgement (2.2%), and thrombosis (1.1%). Bivariate analysis showed that the pH of the drug and ertapenem administration were associated with catheter obstruction. The authors found a low prevalence of midline catheter-associated complications in patients undergoing HIAT. The use of antireflux needleless connectors should be considered to reduce obstructions. In addition, algorithms that include the variable of type of daily life activity should be developed for deciding the most appropriate catheter for home hospitalized patients receiving HIAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Roser Terradas Robledo
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Anna Civit Cuñado
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Diana García Sardelli
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Carla Molina Huerta
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Laia Lacueva Perez
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Purificacion Estevez Estevez
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Cristina Esquinas
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
| | - Avelina Tortosa
- Author Affiliations: Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research (Terradas Roblado, Lacueva Perez) and Home Hospitalization Department (Estevez Estevez), Hospital del Mar (Lafuente Cabrero, Civit Cuñado, García Sardelli, Molina Huerta), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing (Esquinas) and Department of Basic Nursing (Tortosa), Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Spain
- Elisabeth Lafuente Cabrero, RN, MSc, PhDc, is a reference nurse of the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and doctorate degree student of the Universidad de Barcelona. She is a board member of the Spanish Society of Infusion and Vascular Access (SEINAV) and a member of the GRECs research group in the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Roser Terradas Robledo, RN, MSC, PhD, is at the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research del Hospital del Mar and doctor of the Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She is a member of the Epidemiological and Assessment Research Group of the Hospital del Mar. Anna Civit Cuñado, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona. Diana García Sardelli, RN, MSC, is a nurse involved in the Vascular Access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research team at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute in Barcelona. Carla Molina Huerta, RN, is a nurse involved in the vascular access team of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Laia Lacueva Perez, RN, MSC, is a coordinating nurse of the Department of Nursing Methodology, Quality and Research of the Hospital del mar de Barcelona and member of the Nursing Care Research department at the Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona. Purificacion Estevez Estevez, RN, is a coordinating nurse of the Home Hospitalization Department of the Hospital del Mar de Barcelona. Cristina Esquinas, RN, MSC, PhD, is in the Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona. Avelina Tortosa, MD, PhD is a neurologist in the Department of Basic Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, University of Barcelona
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Urtecho M, Torres Roldan VD, Nayfeh T, Espinoza Suarez NR, Ranganath N, Sampathkumar P, Chopra V, Safdar N, Prokop LJ, O’Horo JC. Comparing Complication Rates of Midline Catheter vs Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad024. [PMID: 36751645 PMCID: PMC9898877 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) and midlines are commonly used devices for reliable vascular access. Infection and thrombosis are the main adverse effects of these catheters. We aimed to evaluate the relative risk of complications from midlines and PICCs. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies. The primary outcomes were catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) and thrombosis. Secondary outcomes evaluated included mortality, failure to complete therapy, catheter occlusion, phlebitis, and catheter fracture. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Results Of 8368 citations identified, 20 studies met the eligibility criteria, including 1 RCT and 19 observational studies. Midline use was associated with fewer patients with CRBSI compared with PICCs (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.15-0.38). This association was not observed when we evaluated risk per catheter. No significant association was found between catheters when evaluating risk of localized thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A subgroup analysis based on location of thrombosis showed higher rates of superficial venous thrombosis in patients using midlines (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.48-3.57). We did not identify any significant difference between midlines and PICCs for the secondary outcomes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that patients who use midlines might experience fewer CRBSIs than those who use PICCs. However, the use of midline catheters was associated with greater risk of superficial vein thrombosis. These findings can help guide future cost-benefit analyses and direct comparative RCTs to further characterize the efficacy and risks of PICCs vs midline catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Urtecho
- Correspondence: J. C. O’Horo, MD, MPH, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (); or M. Urtecho, MD, Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 ()
| | - Victor D Torres Roldan
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tarek Nayfeh
- Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center, Rochester, Minnesota, USA,Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Nischal Ranganath
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Priya Sampathkumar
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vineet Chopra
- Division of Hospital Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Larry J Prokop
- Department of Library-Public Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - John C O’Horo
- Correspondence: J. C. O’Horo, MD, MPH, Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 (); or M. Urtecho, MD, Mayo Clinic Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 ()
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