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Wang J, Zhang W, Wang X, Li C, Li J, Zhao Y, Chen L, Qi X, Qiao L, Da W, Liu L, Xu C, Zhu S, Li Y, Zhang H, Sha N, Wang Q, Zhu Y, Luo J, Cui X, Liang Q, Lu S, Shi Q, Wang Y, Shu B. Urban-Rural Differences in Bone Mineral Density and its Association with Reproductive and Menstrual Factors Among Older Women. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:637-645. [PMID: 32179936 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00681-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) of older women living in rural and urban areas, and evaluate the potential factors affecting the risk of osteoporosis. METHODS We recruited 574 women aged 65 years or older from rural areas and 496 from urban areas in Shanghai, China. The BMD values of the lumbar vertebrae and total left hip were measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry densitometer. We also recorded information about education level, family income, medications, reproductive and menstrual history, diet, smoking, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Women in urban areas had significantly higher BMD in their lumbar spine, and there was a dramatic increase in the proportion of women with osteoporosis in rural areas. The age at menarche was significantly higher among women living in rural areas, and there were more years from menarche to menopause among urban women. Rural women had significantly higher numbers of both pregnancies and parity, and a significantly lower age at first parity. In multiple linear regression analyses, years from menarche to menopause was independently related to high lumbar spine BMD, while age at menarche and parity was independently related to low lumbar spine BMD. CONCLUSION More older women in rural areas had osteoporosis. Later menarche, less years from menarche to menopause and higher parity might partially contribute to decreased BMD among women in rural areas. More attention should be paid to women in rural areas to prevent bone loss and further bone and health impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongjian Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiwei Da
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chongqing Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sen Zhu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yimian Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Nannan Sha
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jianxing Luo
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuejun Cui
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Bing Shu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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