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Faure A, Dioguardi Burgio M, Cannella R, Sartoris R, Bouattour M, Hobeika C, Cauchy F, Trapani L, Beaufrère A, Vilgrain V, Ronot M. Imaging and prognostic characterization of fat-containing hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2024; 129:687-701. [PMID: 38512627 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-024-01807-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is characterized by intratumoral fat with > 50% inflammatory changes. However, intratumoral fat (with or without inflammation) can also be found in not-otherwise specified HCC (NOS-HCC). We compared the imaging features and outcome of resected HCC containing fat on pathology including SH-HCC (> 50% steatohepatitic component), NOS-HCC with < 50% steatohepatitic component (SH-NOS-HCC), and fatty NOS-HCC (no steatohepatitic component). MATERIAL AND METHODS From September 2012 to June 2021, 94 patients underwent hepatic resection for fat-containing HCC on pathology. Imaging features and categories were assessed using LIRADS v2018. Fat quantification was performed on chemical-shift MRI. Recurrence-free and overall survival were estimated. RESULTS Twenty-one patients (26%) had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The median intra-tumoral fat fraction was 8%, with differences between SH-HCC and SH-NOS-HCC (9.5% vs. 5% p = 0.03). There was no difference in major LI-RADS features between all groups; most tumors were classified as LR-4/5. A mosaic architecture on MRI was rare (7%) in SH-HCC, a fat in mass on CT was more frequently depicted (48%) in SH-HCC. A combination of NASH with no mosaic architecture on MRI or NASH with fat in mass on CT yielded excellent specificity for diagnosing SH-HCC (97.6% and 97.7%, respectively). The median recurrence-free and overall survival were 58 and 87 months, with no difference between groups (p = 0.18 and p = 0.69). CONCLUSION In patients with NASH, an SH-HCC may be suspected in L4/LR-5 observations with no mosaic architecture at MRI or with fat in mass on CT. Oncological outcomes appear similar between fat-containing HCC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Faure
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Marco Dioguardi Burgio
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France.
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Section of Radiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartoris
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Christian Hobeika
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Francois Cauchy
- Department of HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Loïc Trapani
- Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Valérie Vilgrain
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Ronot
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Beaujon, AP-HP.Nord, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy, France
- UMR1149, Centre de Recherche Sur L'inflammation, Université Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
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Trapani L, Beaufrère A, Hobeika C, Codjia T, Albuquerque M, Bouattour M, Lesurtel M, Cauchy F, Paradis V. Pathological overview of steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma in a surgical series. Histopathology 2023; 83:526-537. [PMID: 37222200 DOI: 10.1111/his.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS According to the last WHO classification, steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is recognized as a distinct HCC subtype, even though a consensual definition is still lacking. The objectives of the study were to carefully describe the morphological features of SH-HCC and evaluate its impact on prognosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a single-centre retrospective study including 297 surgically resected HCC. Pathological features including SH criteria (steatosis, ballooning, Mallory-Denk bodies, fibrosis, and inflammation) were assessed. SH-HCC was defined by the presence of at least four of the five SH criteria and the SH component represented >50% of the tumour area. According to this definition, 39 (13%) HCC cases corresponded to SH-HCC and 30 cases (10%) corresponded to HCC with an SH component (<50%). SH criteria in SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC were distributed as follows: ballooning (100% versus 11%), fibrosis (100% versus 81%), inflammation (100% versus 67%), steatosis (92% versus 8%), and Mallory-Denk bodies (74% versus 3%). Inflammation markers (c-reactive protein [CRP] and serum amyloid A [SAA]) were significantly more expressed in SH-HCC compared to non-SH-HCC (82% versus 14%, P = <0.001). Five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) and 5-year overall survival (OS) were similar for SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC (P = 0.413 and P = 0.866, respectively). The percentage of SH component does not impact OS and RFS. CONCLUSION We confirm in a large cohort the relatively high prevalence (13%) of SH-HCC. Ballooning is the most specific criteria for this subtype. The percentage of the SH component does not impact prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Trapani
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Christian Hobeika
- AP-HP, Department of HPB and digestive surgery, Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Codjia
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of HPB surgery, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Miguel Albuquerque
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Bouattour
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Hepatology, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - Mickael Lesurtel
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of HPB surgery, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
| | - François Cauchy
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- AP-HP.Nord, Department of Pathology, FHU MOSAIC, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR 1149, Paris, France
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Chen K, Xu Y, Dong Y, Han H, Mao F, Wang H, Song X, Luo R, Wang WP. Contrast-Enhanced Imaging Features and Clinicopathological Investigation of Steatohepatitic Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071337. [PMID: 37046555 PMCID: PMC10093104 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Steatohepatitic hepatocellular carcinoma (SH-HCC) is a distinctive histologic variant of HCC for the presence of steatohepatitis. This study intended to evaluate the contrast-enhanced imaging features and clinicopathological characteristics of 26 SH-HCCs in comparison with 26 age-and-sex-matched non-SH-HCCs. The frequency of obesity (34.6%, p = 0.048) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (23.1%, p = 0.042) were significantly higher in SH-HCC patients. As seen via B-mode ultrasound (BMUS), SH-HCCs were predominantly hyperechoic (65.4%, p = 0.002) lesions, while non-SH-HCCs were mainly hypo-echoic. As seen via contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), 96.2% of SH-HCCs exhibited hyperenhancement in the arterial phase. During the portal venous and late phase, 88.5% of SH-HCCs showed late and mild washout. Consequently, most SH-HCCs and all non-SH-HCCs were categorized as LR-4 or LR-5. As seen via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a signal drop in the T1WI opposed-phase was observed in 84.6% of SH-HCCs (p = 0.000). Notably, diffuse fat in mass was detected in 57.7% (15/26) SH-HCCs (p < 0.001). As seen via contrast-enhanced MRI (CEMRI), most of the SH-HCCs and non-SH-HCCs exhibited heterogeneous hyperenhancement in the arterial phase (80.8% versus 69.2%, p = 0.337). During the delayed phase, 76.9% SH-HCCs and 88.5% non-SH-HCCs exhibited hypo-enhancement. Histopathologically, the rate of microvascular invasion (MVI) was significantly lower in SH-HCCs than non-SH-HCCs (42.3% versus 73.1%, p = 0.025). The frequency of hepatic steatosis >5% in non-tumoral liver parenchyma of SH-HCCs was significantly higher than in non-SH-HCCs (88.5% versus 26.9%, p = 0.000). Additionally, the fibrotic stages of S0, S1 and S2 in SH-HCCs were significantly higher than in non-SH-HCCs (p = 0.044). During follow-up, although the PFS of SH-HCC patients was significantly longer than non-SH-HCC patients (p = 0.046), for the overall survival rate of SH-HCC and non-SH-HCC patients there was no significant difference (p = 0.162). In conclusion, the frequency of metabolism-related diseases in SH-HCC patients was significantly higher than in non-SH-HCC patients. The imaging features of SH-HCCs combined the fatty change and typical enhancement performance of standard HCC as seen via CEUS/CEMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yadan Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitity School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Feng Mao
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hantao Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuhao Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongkui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Ping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Variant Hepatocellular Carcinoma Subtypes According to the 2019 WHO Classification: An Imaging-Focused Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2022; 219:212-223. [PMID: 35170359 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.21.26982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 5th edition of the WHO Classification of Digestive System Tumors estimates that up to 35% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) can be classified as one of eight subtypes defined by molecular characteristics: steatohepatitic, clear cell, macrotrabecular massive, scirrhous, chromophobe, fibrolamellar, neutrophil-rich, and lymphocyte-rich HCC. Due to their distinct cellular and architectural characteristics, these subtypes may not display the classic MRI features of HCC of arterial phase hyperenhancement (APHE) and washout appearance, creating challenges in noninvasively diagnosing such lesions as HCC. Moreover, certain subtypes with atypical imaging features have a worse prognosis than other HCCs. A range of distinguishing imaging features may help raise suspicion that a liver lesion represents one of these HCC subtypes. In this review, we describe the MRI features that have been reported in association with various HCC subtypes according to the 2019 WHO classification, with attention to current understanding of these subtypes' pathologic and molecular bases and relevance to clinical practice. Imaging findings that differentiate the subtypes from benign liver lesions and non-HCC malignancies are highlighted. Familiarity with these subtypes and their imaging features may allow the radiologist to suggest their presence, though histologic analysis remains needed to establish the diagnosis.
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