Novel therapies in multiple myeloma for newly diagnosed nontransplant candidates

The impact of comorbidity on mortality in multiple myeloma: a Danish nationwide population-based study

To describe the prevalence of comorbidity and its impact on survival in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients compared with population controls. Cases of newly diagnosed symptomatic multiple myeloma during the 2005–2012 period were identified in the Danish National Multiple Myeloma Registry. For each myeloma patient, 10 members of the general population matched by age and sex were chosen from the national Civil Registration System. Data on comorbidity in the myeloma patients and the general population comparison cohort were collected by linkage to the Danish National Patient Registry (DNPR). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic significance of comorbidity. The study included 2190 cases of multiple myeloma and 21,900 population controls. The comorbidity was increased in multiple myeloma patients compared with population controls, odds ratio (OR) 1.4 (1.1–1.7). The registration of comorbidity was highly increased within the year preceding diagnosis of multiple myeloma (OR 3.0 [2.5–3.5]), which was attributable to an increased registration of various diseases, in particular, renal disease with OR 11.0 (8.1–14.9). The median follow‐up time from diagnosis of multiple myeloma for patients alive was 4.3 years (interquartile range 2.4–6.3). Patients with registered comorbidity had increased mortality compared with patients without comorbidity, hazard ratio 1.6 (1.5–1.8). Multiple myeloma patients have increased comorbidity compared with the background population, in particular during the year preceding the diagnosis of myeloma.

Urinary albumin excretion patterns of patients with cast nephropathy and other monoclonal gammopathy-related kidney diseases

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Multiple myeloma is responsible for a wide variety of renal pathologies. Urinary protein and monoclonal spike cannot be used to diagnose cast nephropathy (CN). Because albuminuria is a hallmark of glomerular disease, this study evaluated the percentage of urinary albumin excretion (%UAE) as a tool to differentiate CN from Ig light chain amyloidosis (AL), light chain deposition disease (LCDD), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN).

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS

Patients were selected from the Renal Biopsy Database and the Dysproteinemia Database. Participants were excluded if laboratory data were missing within 1 week of the renal biopsy. The %UAE was obtained from urine protein electrophoresis.

RESULTS

From 1992 to 2011, 260 patients were biopsied (177 with AL, 28 with LCDD, 43 with CN, and 12 with ATN). The %UAE for CN patients was significantly lower (7%) than for ATN (25%), LCDD (55%), and AL (70%) patients (P<0.001). Significant differences were also found in serum creatinine, serum albumin, free light chain ratio, total urine protein, and urine monoclonal spike; only the %UAE remained independently associated with CN in a logistic regression model (P<0.001). The area under the curve for the receiver operator characteristic curve for %UAE was 0.99. At <25%, the %UAE had a sensitivity of 0.98, specificity of 0.94, positive predictive value of 0.75, and negative predictive value of 0.99.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that %UAE was significantly less in CN than the other three renal lesions and %UAE may thus be helpful in diagnosis of CN.

Improving induction therapy in multiple myeloma

Significant improvements in induction therapy for multiple myeloma have been seen over the past decade for both transplant-eligible patients and transplant-ineligible patients. The emergence of novel agents in managing myeloma has revealed new directions for clinicians to approach the disease. The first determinant is transplant eligibility. With the recognition of the prognostic impact of postinduction response on overall outcomes, the importance of the choice of optimal regimen has become more important than ever. The preference of induction therapy for transplant-eligible patients has progressively changed from the alkylator-based therapies to doublet therapies to triplet therapies incorporating immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors. The role of quadruplet therapies remains unclear, but with appropriate dosage modifications, these regimens were efficacious and had an acceptable toxicity profile. Similar treatment approaches for transplant-ineligible patients resulted in superior outcomes with the triplet therapies. Many challenges remain however, such as achieving greater depth of responses with molecular remissions and more effective use of risk stratification in induction therapy. These are still to be explored.