How Loading Dose Strategies for Depot Paliperidone Can Go Wrong

Formulation and optimization of transferrin-modified genistein nanocrystals: In vitro anti-cancer assessment and pharmacokinetic evaluation

In this research work, nanocrystals (NC) of poorly water-soluble drug genistein (Gen) were formulated to improve its aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Genistein nanocrystals (Gen-NC) were prepared by wet ball milling. The formulation was optimized using Box Behnken Design Expert to evaluate the impact of stabilizer concentration, drug concentration and quantity of zirconium beads (milling media) on NC size, polydispersity and zeta potential. The NCs were surface-decorated with transferrin (Tf) to form Tf modified Gen-NCs (Tf-Gen-NC) for improving cancer cell selectivity and cytotoxicity. The NC formulations were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray power diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The particle size distribution of the optimized formulation varied from 200 to 300 nm with poly dispersibility index (PDI) between 0.1 and 0.3. Tf-Gen-NC and Gen-NC released 96 % and 80 % of the drug content in 20 min at 37 °C, respectively, whereas only 18 % were released with the unprocessed drug. In vitro cytotoxicity was tested in pulmonary adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549) and fibroblast cell line (L929). The Tf-Gen-NC presented an enhanced anticancer effect. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice after intraperitoneal administration showed that the Cmax of NC formulations were 2.5-fold higher compared to free Gen. The area under the curve from time of administration to 24 h was 2.5 to 3-fold higher when compared with unprocessed drug. This study shows the interest of Gen-NC in the development of new formulations for Gen as an anticancer drug.

Eight Clinical Cases and the Lessons They Taught

Eight different cases are presented in this column, along with the lessons and principles that can be learned from each. The lessons and principles are general in nature and hence they are applicable to patients that readers will likely encounter.