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Elmelegy N, Alsharkawy K, Khedr MM, Elhawary Y. Unilateral or bilateral freestyle infra-orbital perforator flap in reconstruction of external soft tissue nasal defects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-020-01723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liao ZF, Hong WJ, Cong LY, Luo CE, Zhan WF, Ke JQ, Luo SK. A case series: 3-dimensional computed tomographic study of the superior orbital vessels: Superior orbital arcades and their relationships with the supratrochlear artery and supraorbital artery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:1364-1370. [PMID: 32592875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular complications from periorbital intravascular filler injection are major safety concerns. OBJECTIVE To thoroughly describe the superior orbital vessels near the orbital rim and propose considerations for upper eyelid and forehead injections. METHODS Fifty-one cadaver heads were infused with lead oxide contrast media through the external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and facial and superficial temporal arteries. Computed tomography (CT) images were obtained after contrast agent injection, and 3-dimensional CT scans were reconstructed by using a validated algorithm. RESULTS Eighty-six qualified hemifaces clearly showed the origin, depth, and anastomoses of the superior orbital vessels, which consistently deployed 2 distinctive layers: deep and superficial. Of all hemifaces, 59.3% had deep superior orbital vessels near the orbital rim, including 44.2% with deep superior orbital arcades and 15.1% with deep superior orbital arteries, which originated from the ophthalmic artery. Additionally, 97.7% of the hemifaces had superficial superior orbital arcades, for which 4 origins were identified: ophthalmic artery, superior medial palpebral artery, angular artery, and anastomosis between the angular and ophthalmic arteries. LIMITATIONS The arterial depth estimated from 3-dimensional CT needs to be confirmed by standard cadaver dissection. CONCLUSION This study elucidated novel arterial systems and proposed considerations for upper eyelid and forehead injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Liao
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jin Hong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yao Cong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-En Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Feng Zhan
- Department of Radiology, Guang Dong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Qia Ke
- Department of Neurology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Kang Luo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China; Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, People's Republic of China.
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Brunetti B, Barone M, Tenna S, Salzillo R, Segreto F, Persichetti P. Pedicled perforator‐based flaps: Risk factor analysis, outcomes evaluation and decisional algorithm based on 130 consecutive reconstructions. Microsurgery 2020; 40:545-552. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Brunetti
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Mauro Barone
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Stefania Tenna
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Rosa Salzillo
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Segreto
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Paolo Persichetti
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic SurgeryCampus Bio‐Medico University of Rome Rome Italy
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Brunetti B, Tenna S, Barone M, Cassotta G, Casale M, Persichetti P. Bipaddle chimaeric forehead flap: A new technique for simultaneous lining and cutaneous reconstruction in case of full thickness defects of the nose. Microsurgery 2018; 39:124-130. [PMID: 30221388 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many techniques have been described to treat full thickness nasal defects. The authors introduce the bipaddle chimaeric forehead flap (BCFF), a new alternative technique to achieve simultaneous lining and cutaneous reconstruction in case of full thickness hemi-nasal defects, presenting surgical details and applications for its clinical use. PATIENTS AND METHODS From June 2015 to April 2017, 10 patients presenting with oncological full thickness defects involving nasal sidewall and/or nasal ala were reconstructed with the BCFF technique. Mean age was 69.4 years. The chimaeric flap was composed of 2 paddles (cutaneous and periosteal), nourished by a single supratrochlear pedicle, which were used to independently reconstruct the deficient cutaneous and mucosal layers of the nose. Cartilage grafts were used in 8/10 patients. RESULTS Mean surgical time was 114 minutes. An intermediate thinning operation was performed in 3 out of 10 patients. All the flaps survived with no partial necrosis or cartilage exposure observed. Viability and mucosalization of the periosteal paddle was documented both intra-operatively (during the 2nd stage of the operation) and postoperatively (with fiberoptic rhinoscopy performed 3 months after the procedure). Clinical follow-up period ranged from 4 to 24 months postoperatively. The final result was judged sufficient, good and excellent in 1, 5, and 4 cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The BCFF technique may be a new alternative approach to address full thickness hemi-nasal defects with no extra donor site morbidity, allowing primary placement of structural cartilage grafts and immediate definition of the nasal subunits to be reconstructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Brunetti
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Tenna
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Barone
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cassotta
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuele Casale
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Persichetti
- Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Department, Campus Bio-Medico University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Posso C, Delgado Anaya D, Aguilar Henao J, Velasquez Gaviria JM. Nasolabial propeller perforator flap: Anatomical study and case series. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117:1100-1106. [PMID: 29484658 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The previous cadaveric studies of facial artery perforators have frequently reported high variability, and those results remain to be validated in the Colombian population. Thus, we aimed to describe the vascular anatomy of the lateral nasal artery cutaneous branches and their clinical applications using Colombian cadavers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine hemifaces from six fresh cadavers were included in the study. Terminal branches of the facial artery and cutaneous perforators of the lateral nasal artery were dissected. The quality, number, and distribution of the perforators were assessed. In addition, we present results of seven clinical cases for nasal alar reconstruction. RESULTS Cutaneous perforators were found in all hemifaces, and zone 2 was the most common location. In our clinical case series, all flaps used to reconstruct the nasal alar defects survived. There were two cases of venous congestion but no additional procedures were needed. CONCLUSIONS Although nasal alar reconstruction continues to be a challenging plastic surgery procedure, the nasolabial propeller perforator flap is an excellent choice for such because it allows a precise skin island design, is less bulky, has a wide arc of rotation, and facilitates one-staged reconstruction without increasing the rate of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Posso
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - David Delgado Anaya
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jeison Aguilar Henao
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Aveta A, Brunetti B, Tenna S, Segreto F, Persichetti P. Superficial temporal artery perforator flap: Anatomic study of number and reliability of distal branches of the superficial temporal artery and clinical applications in three cases. Microsurgery 2017; 37:924-929. [PMID: 29034512 DOI: 10.1002/micr.30237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available about the anatomical feasibility and clinical applications of flaps based on distal divisions of the superficial temporal artery (STA). The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of the STA, focusing on the number and reliability of distal branches and to show representative cases for the use of such flaps for zygomatic, parieto-frontal and occipital reconstructions. METHODS Fifty volunteers were examined bilaterally by Doppler to investigate the presence and variability of the distal divisions of STA branches. Dissection was performed on 14 temporal regions of 7 fresh cadavers. Three cases of reconstruction following skin cancer in the zygomatic (7 × 5 cm defect), parieto-frontal (4 × 4 cm defect) and occipital areas (4 × 2 cm defect) are presented. All the flaps were pedicled and based on a single vessel. RESULTS In all the 50 volunteers, the parietal branch split into 2 ± 0 branches (anterior and posterior), bilaterally, while an average of 2.84 ± 0.46 and 2.82 ± 0.48 branches originated from the frontal vessel on the right and left side, respectively. 2 ± 0 parietal and 3 ± 0 frontal (superior, central, and inferior) cutaneous perforator branches were identified in all cadaveric specimens. Flaps (4 × 10 cm, 5 × 7 cm, and 2 × 5 cm, respectively, width × length) healed uneventfully providing stable coverage. CONCLUSIONS STA distal perforator branches proved to be anatomically constant in both the cadaveric and clinical settings. Although a larger series of cases is needed, island flaps based on such vessels may represent a versatile surgical option, allowing a wide range of reconstructions in the different facial subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Aveta
- Unit of Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Beniamino Brunetti
- Unit of Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Stefania Tenna
- Unit of Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Francesco Segreto
- Unit of Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
| | - Paolo Persichetti
- Unit of Plastic Surgery and Dermatology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Rome 00128, Italy
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Reverse Superior Labial Artery Flap in Reconstruction of Nose and Medial Cheek Large Defects. Ann Plast Surg 2016. [PMID: 26207548 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lateral Nasal Artery Perforator Flaps: Anatomic Study and Clinical Applications. Arch Plast Surg 2016; 43:77-83. [PMID: 26848450 PMCID: PMC4738133 DOI: 10.5999/aps.2016.43.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have investigated facial artery perforators, but have reported inconsistent results regarding lateral nasal artery (LNA) perforators. Although several authors have described the use of LNA perforators for ala nasi and nasal sidewall reconstruction, the literature contains little information regarding the cadaveric dissection of LNA perforators, and most previously published studies have focused on facial artery perforators. Methods Sixteen hemifaces from eight fresh cadavers were dissected to study the LNA perforators. After the dissection was performed, the total length and diameter of the LNA and its perforators were measured. The quantity and the distribution of the LNA perforators supplying the overlying skin were then assessed. LNA perforator flaps were used for reconstruction in 10 nasal and perinasal defects. Results The mean total lengths of the LNA and its perforators were 49.37 mm and 16.06 mm, respectively. The mean diameters of the LNA and its perforators were 2.08 mm and 0.91 mm, respectively. Based on our findings, we mapped the face to indicate zones with a higher probability of finding perforators. No infection, hematoma, or complete flap necrosis were observed after the procedures. Conclusions Nasal reconstruction is a challenging procedure, and LNA propeller/V-Y perforator flaps are an excellent reconstructive option in certain cases. Based on our cadaveric study, we were able to identify an area in the upper third of the nasolabial groove with a high density of perforators.
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Abstract
Anatomic variability and anastomosis of the angular artery of the facial artery with the other arteries are important for both anatomists and surgeons. In particular, the angular artery is a significant landmark in dacryocystorhinostomy. Because of variations on anatomy of the angular artery, there are limited numbers of anatomic studies on the flaps of facial region. Hence, the aim of the cadaveric study was to evaluate the anatomic features of the angular artery in detail to help surgical procedures.The artery was represented under ×4 loop magnification in 32 sides of 16 formalin-fixed adult cadavers. The angular artery's position, diameter, and branch patterns relevant to the nose arterial supply were evaluated. The facial artery ended symmetrically in 10 (62.5%) of the cadavers. The facial artery was terminated as angular artery in all of the cases. The types of the angular artery were as follows: classical angular type in 8 cases (25.0%), nasal type in 15 cases (46.9%), alar type in 4 cases (12.5%), and labial type in 5 cases (15.6%) on the facial halves. We studied the topographic anatomic features of the angular artery for increasing reliability of the flaps on the region. The angular arterial anatomic details are critical and essential for surgical cosmetic and functional results.
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Facial Artery Perforator and Depressor Anguli Oris Muscle Chimeric Flap: A New Design of an Old Flap. Ann Plast Surg 2015. [PMID: 26207546 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and outcomes of the facial artery perforator and separately elevated depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscle chimeric flap for the reconstruction of partial or total lower lip defects. METHODS Eleven patients with malignant skin tumors located at the lower lip were operated between 2013 and 2015. After the excision of the tumor with adequate clear margins using margin controlled excision technique, an appropriate flap fitting to the resultant defect based on the perforators of the facial artery and DAO muscle was prepared and placed into the defect. The DAO muscle activity was tested with electromyography in the postoperative first year examination. RESULTS Besides 1 patient with transient venous insufficiency, all the flaps healed well without a partial or total flap loss. The mean follow-up period was 10 months. No new primary tumor or recurrence was observed. Although in 1 patient, transient asymmetric smiling and mild drooling was observed, the overall oral competence results were found to be quite satisfactory. The electromyography evaluation of DAO muscle of 5 patients who reached the postoperative first year examination showed action potential results in normal limits with a slight decrease. All patients were satisfied with the final esthetic and functional result. CONCLUSIONS The facial artery perforator and depressor angel oris muscle chimeric flap is a valuable option for reconstruction of lower lip defects providing esthetically and functionally good results.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were to determine the morphological features and conceptualize the anatomical definition of the angular artery (AA) as an aid to practical operations in the clinical field. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-one hemifaces from 17 Korean cadavers and 26 hemifaces from 13 Thai cadavers were dissected. RESULTS The topography of the AA was classified into 4 types according to its course: Type I (persistent pattern), in which the AA traverses the lateral side of the nose (11%); Type II (detouring pattern), in which the AA traverses the cheek and tear trough area (18%); Type III (alternative pattern), in which the AA traverses the medial canthal area through a branch of the ophthalmic artery (22.8%); and Type IV (latent pattern), in which the AA is absent (26.3%). CONCLUSION The findings of this study will contribute toward improved outcomes for cosmetic surgery involving the injection of facial filler by enhancing the understanding of AA anatomy.
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Modified keystone island flap design for lateral nasal defect: aesthetic subunit consideration. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2014; 2:e213. [PMID: 25426396 PMCID: PMC4229272 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Xu M, Yang C, Li JH, Lü WL, Xing X. Reconstruction of the zygomatic cheek defects using a flap based on the pretragal perforator of the superficial temporal artery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2014; 67:1508-14. [PMID: 25087769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to create a new flap based method for zygomatic cheek defect reconstruction using the pretragal perforator from the superficial temporal artery. METHODS Ten fresh cadavers were dissected after vascular injection to study pretragal perforator distribution, length, and diameter. Twelve clinical cases of zygomatic cheek defects were reconstructed using pretragal perforator flaps. According to the location of the perforator that was preoperatively probed using an ultrasound Doppler blood flow detector and the zygomatic cheek defect condition, size, and distance from the distal border to the tragus and the flabby surrounding skin, we designed a spindle-shaped longitudinal flap in the preauricular region based on the pretragus. The flap was raised superficially to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system from the caudal border incised primarily to the cephalic border to create the perforator flap. The flap was sutured to the defect and the donor site was closed. RESULTS Cadaver dissection showed a quite constant perforator given off by the superficial temporal artery or its auricular branches with an appearance rate of 85% anterior to the tragus. The average perforator length was 18.3 mm (range, 11.2-24.2 mm). The average perforator diameter was 0.65 mm (range, 0.4-1.15 mm). A total of 12 clinical cases were available for 6-12 month postoperative follow-up. Favorable survival, primary closure, and esthetic results were achieved without any complications. CONCLUSIONS Zygomatic cheek defect reconstruction using the above-mentioned flap can achieve satisfactory esthetic and functional results and boasts a simple design, convenient procedure, reliable blood supply, and concealed donor site incision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Hui Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Liang Lü
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xing
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, No.168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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