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Lo Tartaro D, Camiro-Zúñiga A, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Najera-Avila MA, Jaramillo-Jante MDR, Gibellini L, Pinti M, Neroni A, Mussini C, Soto-Ramírez LE, Calva JJ, Belaunzarán-Zamudio F, Crabtree-Ramirez B, Hernández-Leon C, Mosqueda-Gómez JL, Navarro-Álvarez S, Perez-Patrigeon S, Cossarizza A. Effective Treatment of Patients Experiencing Primary, Acute HIV Infection Decreases Exhausted/Activated CD4+ T Cells and CD8+ T Memory Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152307. [PMID: 35954153 PMCID: PMC9367582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified main changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subsets during chronic HIV infection, but few data exist on how these subsets behave during the initial phase of HIV infection. We enrolled 22 HIV-infected patients during the acute stage of infection before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients had blood samples drawn previous to ART initiation (T0), and at 2 (T1) and 12 (T2) months after ART initiation. We quantified cellular HIV-DNA content in sorted naïve and effector memory CD4 T cells and identified the main subsets of T- and B-lymphocytes using an 18-parameter flow cytometry panel. We identified correlations between the patients’ clinical and immunological data using PCA. Effective HIV treatment reduces integrated HIV DNA in effector memory T cells after 12 months (T2) of ART. The main changes in CD4+ T cells occurred at T2, with a reduction of activated memory, cytolytic and activated/exhausted stem cell memory T (TSCM) cells. Changes were present among CD8+ T cells since T1, with a reduction of several activated subsets, including activated/exhausted TSCM. At T2 a reduction of plasmablasts and exhausted B cells was also observed. A negative correlation was found between the total CD4+ T-cell count and IgM-negative plasmablasts. In patients initiating ART immediately following acute/early HIV infection, the fine analysis of T- and B-cell subsets has allowed us to identify and follow main modifications due to effective treatment, and to identify significant changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T memory stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Lo Tartaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.L.T.); (S.D.B.); (L.G.); (A.N.)
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Camiro-Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (A.C.); Tel.: +39-059-205-5415 (M.N.); +39-059-205-5422 (A.C.)
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.L.T.); (S.D.B.); (L.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Marco A. Najera-Avila
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Maria Del Rocio Jaramillo-Jante
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.L.T.); (S.D.B.); (L.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Anita Neroni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.L.T.); (S.D.B.); (L.G.); (A.N.)
| | - Cristina Mussini
- Infectious Diseases Clinics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Luis E. Soto-Ramírez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Juan J. Calva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Francisco Belaunzarán-Zamudio
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Brenda Crabtree-Ramirez
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
| | - Christian Hernández-Leon
- Centro Ambulatorio para la Prevención y Atención del Sida e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (CAPASITS), Puebla 72410, Mexico;
| | - Juan L. Mosqueda-Gómez
- Centro Ambulatorio para la Prevención y Atención del Sida e Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual (CAPASITS), Leon 37320, Mexico;
| | | | - Santiago Perez-Patrigeon
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Infectious Diseases, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (A.C.-Z.); (M.A.N.-A.); (M.D.R.J.-J.); (L.E.S.-R.); (J.J.C.); (F.B.-Z.); (B.C.-R.); (S.P.-P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (D.L.T.); (S.D.B.); (L.G.); (A.N.)
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research—INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.N.); (A.C.); Tel.: +39-059-205-5415 (M.N.); +39-059-205-5422 (A.C.)
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Wiech M, Chroscicki P, Swatler J, Stepnik D, De Biasi S, Hampel M, Brewinska-Olchowik M, Maliszewska A, Sklinda K, Durlik M, Wierzba W, Cossarizza A, Piwocka K. Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886431. [PMID: 35757700 PMCID: PMC9226563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several COVID-19 convalescents suffer from the post-acute COVID-syndrome (PACS)/long COVID, with symptoms that include fatigue, dyspnea, pulmonary fibrosis, cognitive dysfunctions or even stroke. Given the scale of the worldwide infections, the long-term recovery and the integrative health-care in the nearest future, it is critical to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms as well as possible predictors of the longitudinal post-COVID-19 responses in convalescent individuals. The immune system and T cell alterations are proposed as drivers of post-acute COVID syndrome. However, despite the number of studies on COVID-19, many of them addressed only the severe convalescents or the short-term responses. Here, we performed longitudinal studies of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19-convalescent patients, at two time points (3 and 6 months from the infection), to assess the dynamics of T cells immune landscape, integrated with patients-reported symptoms. We show that alterations among T cell subsets exhibit different, severity- and time-dependent dynamics, that in severe convalescents result in a polarization towards an exhausted/senescent state of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and perturbances in CD4+ Tregs. In particular, CD8+ T cells exhibit a high proportion of CD57+ terminal effector cells, together with significant decrease of naïve cell population, augmented granzyme B and IFN-γ production and unresolved inflammation 6 months after infection. Mild convalescents showed increased naïve, and decreased central memory and effector memory CD4+ Treg subsets. Patients from all severity groups can be predisposed to the long COVID symptoms, and fatigue and cognitive dysfunctions are not necessarily related to exhausted/senescent state and T cell dysfunctions, as well as unresolved inflammation that was found only in severe convalescents. In conclusion, the post-COVID-19 functional remodeling of T cells could be seen as a two-step process, leading to distinct convalescent immune states at 6 months after infection. Our data imply that attenuation of the functional polarization together with blocking granzyme B and IFN-γ in CD8+ cells might influence post-COVID alterations in severe convalescents. However, either the search for long COVID predictors or any treatment to prevent PACS and further complications is mandatory in all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and not only in those suffering from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Wiech
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Chroscicki
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julian Swatler
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Stepnik
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Michal Hampel
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Transplantology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Brewinska-Olchowik
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Maliszewska
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Transplantology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sklinda
- Department of Radiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Durlik
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery and Transplantology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland.,Departament of Gastroenterological Surgery and Transplantology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Wierzba
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland.,University of Humanities and Economics, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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