Anish RJ, Nair A. Osteoporosis management-current and future perspectives - A systemic review.
J Orthop 2024;
53:101-113. [PMID:
38495575 PMCID:
PMC10940894 DOI:
10.1016/j.jor.2024.03.002]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Osteoporosis is a geriatric metabolic ailment distinguished by low bone mineral density (BMD) and strength with enhanced micro-architectural retrogression of the extracellular matrix, further increasing bone fragility risk. Osteoporotic fractures and associated complications become common in women and men after 55 and 65 years, respectively. The loss in BMD markedly enhances the risk of fracture, non-skeletal injury, and subsequent pain, adversely affecting the quality of life.
Methods
Data summarised in this review were sourced and summarised, including contributions from 2008 to 2023, online from scientific search engines, based on scientific inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results
Biochemical serum markers such as BALP, collagen, osteocalcin, and cathepsin-K levels can reveal the osteoporotic status. DEXA scan techniques evaluate the whole body's BMD and bone mineral content (BMC), crucial in osteoporosis management. Anabolic and anti-osteoporotic agents are commonly used to enhance bone formation, minimize bone resorption, and regulate remodelling. The challenges and side effects of drug therapy can be overcome by combining the various drug moieties.
Conclusion
The current review discusses the management protocol for osteoporosis, ranging from lifestyle modification, including physical exercise, pharmaceutical approaches, drug delivery applications, and advanced therapeutic possibilities of AI and machine learning techniques to reduce osteoporosis complications and fracture risk.
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