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Ahrar K, Tam AL, Kuban JD, Wu CC. Imaging of the thorax after percutaneous thermal ablation of lung malignancies. Clin Radiol 2021; 77:31-43. [PMID: 34384562 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Image-guided thermal ablation is a minimally invasive treatment option for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer or metastatic disease to the lungs. Percutaneous ablation treats malignant tumours in situ, which precludes histopathological evaluation of the ablated tumours. Imaging studies are used as surrogates to assess technical and clinical success. Although it is not universally accepted, a common protocol for surveillance imaging includes contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months, and yearly thereafter. Integrated 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT imaging is recommended at 3 and 12 months and when recurrent disease is suspected. There is a complex evolution of the ablation zone on CT and PET imaging studies. The zone of ablation, initially larger than the ablated tumour, undergoes gradual involution. In the process, it may cavitate and resemble a lung abscess. Different contrast-enhancement and radionuclide uptake patterns in and around the ablation zone may indicate a wide range of diagnostic possibilities from a normal physiological response to local progression. Ultimately, the zone of ablation may be replaced by a variety of findings including linear bands of density, pleural thickening, or residual necrotic tumour. Diagnostic and interventional radiologists interpreting post-ablation imaging studies must have a clear understanding of the ablation process and imaging findings on surveillance studies. Accurate and timely recognition of complications and/or local recurrence is necessary to guide further therapy. The purpose of this article is to review imaging protocols and salient imaging findings after thermal ablation of lung malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ahrar
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - A L Tam
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J D Kuban
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C C Wu
- Department of Thoracic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Maas M, Beets-Tan R, Gaubert JY, Gomez Munoz F, Habert P, Klompenhouwer LG, Vilares Morgado P, Schaefer N, Cornelis FH, Solomon SB, van der Reijd D, Bilbao JI. Follow-up after radiological intervention in oncology: ECIO-ESOI evidence and consensus-based recommendations for clinical practice. Insights Imaging 2020; 11:83. [PMID: 32676924 PMCID: PMC7366866 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-020-00884-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventional radiology plays an important and increasing role in cancer treatment. Follow-up is important to be able to assess treatment success and detect locoregional and distant recurrence and recommendations for follow-up are needed. At ECIO 2018, a joint ECIO-ESOI session was organized to establish follow-up recommendations for oncologic intervention in liver, renal, and lung cancer. Treatments included thermal ablation, TACE, and TARE. In total five topics were evaluated: ablation in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), TARE in CRLM, TACE and TARE in HCC, ablation in renal cancer, and ablation in lung cancer. Evaluated modalities were FDG-PET-CT, CT, MRI, and (contrast-enhanced) ultrasound. Prior to the session, five experts were selected and performed a systematic review and presented statements, which were voted on in a telephone conference prior to the meeting by all panelists. These statements were presented and discussed at the ECIO-ESOI session at ECIO 2018. This paper presents the recommendations that followed from these initiatives. Based on expert opinions and the available evidence, follow-up schedules were proposed for liver cancer, renal cancer, and lung cancer. FDG-PET-CT, CT, and MRI are the recommended modalities, but one should beware of false-positive signs of residual tumor or recurrence due to inflammation early after the intervention. There is a need for prospective preferably multicenter studies to validate new techniques and new response criteria. This paper presents recommendations that can be used in clinical practice to perform the follow-up of patients with liver, lung, and renal cancer who were treated with interventional locoregional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Maas
- Dept of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Regina Beets-Tan
- Dept of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Yves Gaubert
- Dept of Radiology, CHU Hospital Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, LIIE, Marseille, France
| | - Fernando Gomez Munoz
- Dept of Radiology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Dept of Radiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Habert
- Dept of Radiology, CHU Hospital Timone, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, LIIE, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Niklaus Schaefer
- Dept of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen B Solomon
- Dept of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Jose Ignacio Bilbao
- Dept of Radiology, University Clinic of Navarra, Calle Benjamín de Tudela, 2, 31008, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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Romanato J, Menezes MR, Santos ADO, Bezerra ROF, Lima MCL, Etchebehere E. 18F-FDG PET/CT performed immediately after percutaneous ablation to evaluate outcomes of the procedure: preliminary results. Radiol Bras 2019; 52:24-32. [PMID: 30804612 PMCID: PMC6383533 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2018.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission
tomography/computed tomography performed immediately after percutaneous
ablation (iPA18F-FDG PET/CT) is useful in evaluating
the outcomes of the procedure. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 20 patients (13 males, 7 females; mean age,
65.8 ± 12.1 years) submitted to percutaneous ablation of metastases.
All of the lesions treated had shown focal uptake on a 18F-FDG
PET/CT scan obtained at baseline. The primary tumors were mainly colorectal
cancer (in 45%) or lung cancer (in 40%). iPA18F-FDG
PET/CT was performed to identify any residual viable tumor cells. The
treatment was considered a success (no viable tumor cells present) if no
uptake of 18F-FDG was noted on the
iPA18F-FDG PET/CT scan. Results Twenty-six lesions were submitted to percutaneous ablation with either
cryoablation (n = 7) or radiofrequency ablation (n = 19). The mean lesion
diameter was 2.52 ± 1.49 cm. For the detection of viable tumor cells,
iPA18F-FDG PET/CT had a sensitivity, specificity,
accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 66.7%,
95%, 88.5%, 80%, and 90.5%, respectively. There was a significant
correlation between the iPA18F-FDG PET/CT findings and
the results of the follow-up studies (kappa = 0.66; p <
0.01). Conclusion iPA18F-FDG PET/CT studies appear to constitute a useful
means of evaluating the outcomes of percutaneous ablation. By detecting
residual viable tumor cells, this strategy might allow early
re-intervention, thus reducing morbidity. Studies involving larger numbers
of patients are needed in order to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allan de Oliveira Santos
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Cunha Lopes Lima
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elba Etchebehere
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Meram E, Longhurst C, Brace CL, Laeseke PF. Comparison of Conventional and Cone-Beam CT for Monitoring and Assessing Pulmonary Microwave Ablation in a Porcine Model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:1447-1454. [PMID: 30217749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare cone-beam computed tomography (CT) with conventional CT for assessing the growth and postprocedural appearance of pulmonary microwave ablation zones. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 17 microwave ablations were performed in porcine lung in vivo by applying 65 W for 5 minutes through a single 17-gauge antenna. Either CT (n = 8) or CBCT (n = 9) was used for guidance and ablation zone monitoring at 1-minute intervals. Postprocedural noncontrast images were acquired with both modalities. Three independent readers measured the length, width, cross-sectional area, and circularity of the ablation zones on gross tissue samples and CT and cone-beam CT images. The measurements were compared via linear mixed-effects models for postprocedural appearance and with a polynomial mixed effects model for ablation zone growth curves. RESULTS On postprocedural images, the differences between cone-beam CT and CT in mean length (3.84 vs 3.86 cm; Δ = -0.02; P = .70), width (2.61 vs 2.56 cm; Δ = 0.06; P = .46), area (7.84 vs 7.65 cm2; Δ = 0.19; P = .35), and circularity (0.85 vs 0.85; Δ = 0.01; P = .62) were not statistically significant after accounting for intersubject and interrater variability. Also, there was no significant difference between CT and cone-beam CT growth curves of the ablation zones during monitoring in terms of length (pInt. = 1.00; pLin.Slope = 0.52; pQuad.Slope = 0.69); width (pInt. = 0.83; pLin.Slope = 0.98; pQuad.Slope = 0.79), area (pInt. = 0.47; pLin.Slope = 0.27; pQuad.Slope = 0.57), or circularity (pInt. = 0.54; pLin.Slope = 0.74; pQuad.Slope = 0.80). Both CT and cone-beam CT overestimated gross pathologic observations of ablation length, width, and area (P < .001 for all). CONCLUSIONS Cone-beam CT was similar to conventional CT when assessing the growth, final size, and shape of pulmonary microwave ablation zones and may be useful for monitoring and evaluating microwave ablations in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Meram
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, D4-352, Madison, WI 53792.
| | - Colin Longhurst
- Department of Radiology, and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Chris L Brace
- Tumor Ablation Laboratory, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Paul F Laeseke
- Section of Interventional Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Aarntzen EH, Heijmen L, Oyen WJ. 18F-FDG PET/CT in Local Ablative Therapies: A Systematic Review. J Nucl Med 2018; 59:551-556. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.198184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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The Role of Percutaneous Image-Guided Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Malignancies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 209:740-751. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lung ablation: Best practice/results/response assessment/role alongside other ablative therapies. Clin Radiol 2017; 72:657-664. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Utility of PET/CT After Cryoablation for Early Identification of Local Tumor Progression in Osseous Metastatic Disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 208:1342-1351. [PMID: 28333548 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.16.17222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the utility of combined PET/CT for the detection of early local tumor progression after cryoablation of bone metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective single-institution review revealed 61 consecutive patients with 80 separate bone metastases treated with cryoablation who were evaluated with a preablation PET/CT and at least two postablation PET/CT examinations between September 2007 and July 2015. Patients were excluded if they had local therapy or pathologic fracture after ablation. The patients were grouped according to postcryoablation disease status (i.e., local tumor progression or not) and PET radiotracer (i.e., 11C-choline or 18F-FDG) used. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) ratio (i.e., ratio of SUVmax to blood pool) was calculated within each osseous metastasis before and after cryoablation, and these were then compared between groups. RESULTS Of the 61 patients and 80 ablations performed, 32 patients were imaged with FDG PET/CT and 29 were imaged with 11C-choline PET/CT. Twenty-three patients imaged with FDG and 13 patients imaged with 11C-choline had evidence of local tumor progression on all postablation PET/CT examinations. The SUVmax ratio was significantly higher in patients with local tumor progression on the first and most remote postcryoablation PET/CT examinations for both FDG and 11C-choline (p < 0.001 in all cases). There was no significant difference in the postablation systemic therapy between the groups with and without local tumor progression. CONCLUSION Increased SUVmax ratio in patients after cryoablation for osseous metastatic disease should raise concern about local tumor progression independently of time after ablation.
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Zaheer SN, Whitley JM, Thomas PA, Steinke K. Would you bet on PET? Evaluation of the significance of positive PET scan results post-microwave ablation for non-small cell lung cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2015; 59:702-12. [PMID: 26041618 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is an acknowledged modality for the follow-up of solid tumours treated with thermal ablation, with persistent or new FDG uptake at the ablation site considered to be a reliable indicator of local recurrence. Several cases of proven false-positive FDG-PET scans are illustrated in this pictorial essay with uptake at the site of the ablated tumour, remote from the ablated lesion and in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. Positive FDG-PET scans post-thermal ablation of lung tumours therefore cannot always reliably predict local tumour recurrence or nodal spread. It is important to be familiar with FDG uptake patterns post-ablation and their significance. FDG-PET avid lesions post-ablation may require histological confirmation before further therapy is planned or management is changed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed N Zaheer
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin M Whitley
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul A Thomas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Queensland PET Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karin Steinke
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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McLoney ED, Isaacson AJ, Keating P. The Role of PET Imaging Before, During, and After Percutaneous Hepatic and Pulmonary Tumor Ablation. Semin Intervent Radiol 2014; 31:187-92. [PMID: 25049446 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1373793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The combination of anatomic and metabolic information provided by positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography makes it an important imaging modality to be obtained in conjunction with percutaneous ablation of primary and secondary malignancies of the lungs and liver. Advantages include more accurate preprocedural staging to determine appropriate treatment options, intraprocedural guidance to target difficult-to-see lesions, and postprocedural detection of residual or recurrent disease. Future applications of PET include strategies for intraprocedural guidance with real-time determination of incompletely ablated tumor, and combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging before, during, and after ablation for greater sensitivity to detect disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D McLoney
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ari J Isaacson
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Patrick Keating
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Tauhardt E, Reissig A, Winkens T, Freesmeyer M. Early detection of disease progression after palliative chemotherapy in NSCLC patients by (18)F-FDG-PET. Nuklearmedizin 2014; 53:197-204. [PMID: 24986272 DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0644-14-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigated whether 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is capable of detecting renewed disease progression earlier than computed tomography (CT) in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have undergone chemotherapy as part of a palliative treatment plan. PATIENTS, METHODS 18 patients were studied retrospectively. Three FDG-PET/CT scans for initial and follow-up diagnostic purposes were evaluated. Palliative chemotherapy was administered between the first FDG-PET/CT scan (t0) and the second (t1), followed by a treatment-free interval between the second FDG-PET/CT scan (t1) and the third (t2). Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) and largest diameters of lesions were determined for PET scans and the corresponding CTs. Lesion-based and patient-based assessments were performed, as were assessments according to RECIST/PERCIST. RESULTS 82 lesions were identified in 18 patients. In interval t1-t2, the increase in diameter in the lesion-based evaluation was 5.0% (non-significant), while the patient-based evaluation showed a non-significant reduction of 2.8%. Considering PET, both the lesion-based and patient-based evaluations found a significant increase in SUVmax by a median of 30.4 % and 45.8 %, respectively. PERCIST criteria at time point t2 identified ten more patients with progression than did RECIST. CONCLUSION In patients with NSCLC, renewed progression during the treatment-free interval after palliative chemotherapy can be detected earlier with PET than with CT. Thus, FDG-PET appears to be a useful diagnostic imaging procedure regarding this aspect. Its clinical relevance should be investigated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M Freesmeyer
- Martin Freesmeyer, M.D., Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Bachstraße 18, 07740 Jena, Germany, Tel. +49/(0)36 41/93 32 20, Fax +49/(0)36 41/93 32 44, E-mail:
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Bonichon F, Palussière J, Godbert Y, Pulido M, Descat E, Devillers A, Meunier C, Leboulleux S, de Baère T, Galy-Lacour C, Lagoarde-Segot L, Cazeau AL. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for assessing response to radiofrequency ablation treatment in lung metastases: a multicentre prospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 40:1817-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-013-2521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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