Lower recurrence rates after mesh-reinforced versus simple hiatal hernia repair: a meta-analysis of randomized trials

Patients report significant improvement in quality of life following hiatal hernia repair-despite recurrence

BACKGROUND

Hiatal hernia (HH) repairs have been associated with high recurrence rates. This study aimed to investigate if changes in patient's self-reported GERD health-related quality of life (HRQL) scores over time are associated with long-term surgical outcomes.

METHODS

Retrospective chart reviews were conducted on all patients who had laparoscopic or robotic HH repairs between 2018 and 2022 at a tertiary care center. Information was collected regarding initial BMI, endoscopic HH measurement, surgery, and pre- and post-operative HRQL scores. Repeat imaging at least a year following surgical repair was then evaluated for any evidence of recurrence. Paired t tests were used to compare pre- and post-operative HRQL scores. Wilcoxon ranked-sum tests were used to compare the HRQL scores between the recurrence cohort and non-recurrence cohorts at different time points.

RESULTS

A total of 126 patients underwent HH repairs and had pre- and post-operative HRQL scores. Mesh was used in 23 repairs (18.25%). 42 patients had recorded HH recurrences (33.3%), 35 had no evidence of recurrence (27.7%), and 49 patients (38.9%) had no follow-up imaging. The average pre-operative QOL score was 24.99 (SD ± 14.95) and significantly improved to 5.63 (SD ± 8.51) at 2-week post-op (p < 0.0001). That improvement was sustained at 1-year post-op (mean 7.86, SD ± 8.26, p < 0.0001). The average time between the initial operation and recurrence was 2.1 years (SD ± 1.10). Recurrence was significantly less likely with mesh repairs (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in QOL scores at 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, or 1 year postoperatively between the cohorts (p = NS).

CONCLUSION

Patients had significant long-term improvement in their HRQL scores after surgical HH repair despite recurrences. The need to re-intervene in patients with HH recurrence should be based on their QOL scores and not necessarily based on established recurrence.

Hiatal Hernia Repair With Tension-Free Mesh or Crural Sutures Alone in Antireflux Surgery: A 13-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance

Antireflux surgery is an effective treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but the durability of concomitant hiatal hernia repair remains challenging. Previous research reported that the use of a mesh-reinforced, tension-free technique was associated with more dysphagia for solid foods after 3 years without reducing hiatal hernia recurrence rates compared with crural sutures alone, but the long-term effects of this technique have not been assessed.

Objective

To assess the long-term anatomical and functional outcomes of using a mesh for hiatal hernia repair in patients with GERD.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed at a single center (Ersta Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden) from January 11, 2006, to December 1, 2010. A total of 159 patients were recruited and randomly assigned. Data for the current analysis were collected from September 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022. All analyses were conducted with the intention-to-treat population.

Interventions

Closure of the diaphragmatic hiatus with crural sutures alone vs a tension-free technique using a nonabsorbable polytetrafluoroethylene mesh (Bard CruraSoft).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was radiologically verified recurrent hiatal hernia after more than 10 years. Secondary outcomes were dysphagia scores (ranging from 1 to 4, with 1 indicating no episodes of dysphagia and 4 indicating more than 3 episodes of dysphagia per day) for solid and liquid foods, generic 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and disease-specific Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale symptom assessment scores, proton pump inhibitor consumption, and reoperation rates. Intergroup comparisons of parametric data were performed using t tests; for nonparametric data, Mann-Whitney U, χ2, or Fisher exact tests were used. For intragroup comparisons vs the baseline at follow-up times, the Friedman test was used, and post hoc analysis was performed using Wilcoxon matched pairs.

Results

Of 145 available patients, follow-up data were obtained from 103 (response rate 71%; mean [SD] age at follow-up, 65 [11.3] years; 55 [53%] female), with 53 initially randomly assigned to mesh reinforcement, and 50 to crural suture alone. The mean (SD) follow-up time was 13 (1.1) years. The verified radiologic hiatal hernia recurrence rates were 11 of 29 (38%) in the mesh group vs 11 of 35 (31%) in the suture group (P = .61). However, 13 years postoperatively, mean (SD) dysphagia scores for solids remained significantly higher in the mesh group (mean [SD], 1.9 [0.7] vs 1.6 [0.9]; P = .01).

Conclusions and Relevance

Findings from this long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial suggest that tension-free crural repair with nonabsorbable mesh does not reduce the incidence of hiatal hernia recurrence 13 years postoperatively. This finding combined with maintained higher dysphagia scores does not support the routine use of tension-free polytetrafluoroethylene mesh closure in laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair for treatment of GERD.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05069493.

Evidence mapping on how to perform an optimal surgical repair of large hiatal hernias

BACKGROUND

Symptomatic and large hiatal hernia (HH) is a common disorder requiring surgical management. However, there is a lack of systematic, evidence-based recommendations summarizing recent reviews on surgical treatment of symptomatic HH. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to create evidence mapping on the key technical issues of HH repair based on the highest available evidence.

METHODS

A systematic review identified studies on eight key issues of large symptomatic HH repair. The literature was screened for the highest level of evidence (LE from level 1 to 5) according to the Oxford Center for evidence-based medicine's scale. For each topic, only studies of the highest available level of evidence were considered.

RESULTS

Out of the 28.783 studies matching the keyword algorithm, 47 were considered. The following recommendations could be deduced: minimally invasive surgery is the recommended approach (LE 1a); a complete hernia sac dissection should be considered (LE 3b); extensive division of short gastric vessels cannot be recommended; however, limited dissection of the most upper vessels may be helpful for a floppy fundoplication (LE 1a); vagus nerve should be preserved (LE 3b); a dorso-ventral cruroplasty is recommended (LE 1b); routine fundoplication should be considered to prevent postoperative gastroesophageal reflux (LE 2b); posterior partial fundoplication should be favored over other forms of fundoplication (LE 1a); mesh augmentation is indicated in large HH with paraesophageal involvement (LE 1a).

CONCLUSION

The current evidence mapping is a reasonable instrument based on the best evidence available to guide surgeons in determining optimal symptomatic and large HH repair.

The value of "diaphragmatic relaxing incision" for the durability of the crural repair in patients with paraesophageal hernia: a double blind randomized clinical trial

Background

Surgical repair of paraesophageal hernias (PEHs) is burdened with high recurrence rates, and hitherto various techniques explored to enforce the traditional crural repair have not been successful. The hiatal reconstruction in PEH is exposed to significant tension, which may be minimized by adding a diaphragmatic relaxing incision to enhance the durability of the crural repair.

Patients and methods

All individuals undergoing elective laparoscopic repair of a large PEH, irrespective of age, were considered eligible. PEHs were classified into types II-IV. The preoperative work-up program included multidetector computed tomography and symptom assessment questionnaires, which will be repeated during the postoperative follow-up. Patients were randomly divided into a control group with crural repair alone and an intervention group with the addition of a left-sided diaphragmatic relaxing incision at the edge of the upper pole of the spleen. The diaphragmatic defect was then covered by a synthetic mesh.

Results

The primary endpoint of this trial was the rate of anatomical PEH recurrence at 1 year. Secondary endpoints included symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease, dysphagia, odynophagia, gas bloat, regurgitation, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, postprandial pain, cardiovascular and pulmonary symptoms, and patient satisfaction in the immediate postoperative course (3 months) and at 1 year. Postoperative complications, morbidity, and disease burden were recorded for each patient. This was a double-blind study, meaning that the operation report was filed in a locked archive to keep the patient, staff, and clinical assessors blinded to the study group allocation. Blinding must not be broken during the follow-up unless required by any emergencies in the clinical management of the patient. Likewise, the patients must not be informed about the details of the operation.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, identification number NCT04179578.

Does bioabsorbable mesh reduce hiatal hernia recurrence rates? A meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

The use of bioabsorbable mesh at the hiatus is controversial. Long-term data are scant. We evaluated the world literature and performed a meta-analysis to determine if these meshes were effective in reducing recurrence.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, and ClinicalKey. We evaluated articles reporting on both Bio-A™ (polyglycolic acid:trimethylene carbonate-PGA:TMC) and Phasix™ (poly-4-hydroxybutyrate-P4HB) used at the hiatus. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects model was used to estimate the overall pooled treatment effect along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Similar analysis was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes, i.e., recurrence rate, mean surgical time, mean hospital stays and mean follow-up duration between non-Mesh and Mesh group. The I2 statistic was computed to assess the heterogeneity in effect sizes across the studies.

RESULTS

A total of 21 studies (12 mesh studies with 963 subjects and 9 non-mesh studies with 617 subjects) were included to conduct the meta-analysis. There was one article reporting outcomes on P4HB mesh (73 subjects) and 11 on PGA:TMC mesh (890 subjects). The bioabsorbable mesh group had a significantly lower recurrence rate compared to the non-mesh group (8% vs. 18%; 95%CI 0.08-0.17), pooled p-value < 0.0001. Surgery time was shorter in the mesh group compared to the non-mesh group (136.4 min vs. 150 min) but not statistically significant (p = 0.54). There tended to be a more extended follow-up period after surgery in the non-mesh group compared to the mesh group (27 vs. 25.8 months, range 10.8-54 months); but not statistically significant (ES: 27.4; 95%CI 21.6-33.3; p = 0.92).

CONCLUSIONS

Hiatal hernia repair with bioabsorbable mesh is more effective at reducing hernia recurrence rate in the mid-term than simple suture cruroplasty. Further studies investigating the long-term outcomes and P4HB mesh are needed.

Complications, caused by application of the net implants in the hiatal hernias plasty

Objective. Studying of complications, connected with application of the net implants in patients with large hiatal hernias. Materials and methods. Retrospective investigation was conducted with objective to study complications, connected with application of the net implants in patients with large hiatal hernias, operated in the clinic during period from 2008 to 2018 yr. Of 1168 patients operated on and suffering gastro-esophageal reflux disease as well as hiatal hernias, 817 have had large hernias. In 353 patients with large hernias for strengthening of cruroraphy sutures the net implants were applied. There were used low-weighted implant-net Ultrapro, the composite net Parietex, self-fixating surgical net ProGrip, absorbable net Vicryl, polytetrafluoroethylene net with nitinol carcass, biological net Bio-A. All the patients symptoms were registered, and the quality of life studied. Results. Complications, caused by the net implants impact, were revealed in 17 (1.5%) patients. In all 17 patients the esophageal structuring have occurred due to pronounced cicatrization in region of the net implant installation. In 6 patients dysphagia due to the net ingrowth into esophageal tissue was observed, and in 2 – chronic inflammatory process in place of the net installation. One patient have had small esophageal perforation with restricted mediastinitis. In 3 patients, in whom the polytetrafluoroethylene nets were installed, their migration into esophageal lumen was revealed. Reoperations were done in all 17 patients. In 7 patients the net was removed completely. In 1 patient the net was removed and mediastinum drained. In 3 patients, in whom polytetrafluoroethylene nets have migrated into esophageal lumen, they were removed endoscopically with further installation of special stents. Results of reoperations were estimated as good in 15 patients. In 2 patients after reoperations dysphagia was observed, which needed a second time balloon dilatation and installation of stent in 1 of them. Conclusion. Nonabsorbable nets ought to be applied with high technical accuracy, it is necessary to prevent their contact with the esophagus. Application of the polytetrafluoroethylene nets with nitinol carcass for plasty of large hiatal hernias must be forbidden.

Paraesophageal hernia: to fundoplicate or not?

The need for an antireflux procedure during repair of a paraesophageal hernia (PEH) has been the subject of a long-standing controversy. With most centers now performing routine fundoplication during PEH repair, high-quality data on whether crural repair alone or using a mesh may provide adequate anti-reflux effect is still scarce. We sought to answer to the question: "Is fundoplication routinely needed during PEH repair?". Our endpoints were (I) rates of postoperative gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (either symptomatic or objectively assessed), (II) rates of recurrence, and (III) rates of postoperative dysphagia. We searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases for papers published between 1995 and 2019, selecting comparative cohort studies and only including papers reporting the rationale for performing or not performing fundoplication. Overall, nine papers were included for review. While four of the included studies recommended selective or no fundoplication, most of these data come from earlier retrospective studies. Higher-quality data from recent prospective studies including two randomized controlled trials recommended routine fundoplication, mostly due to a significantly lower incidence of postoperative GERD. However, only a relatively short follow-up of 12 months was presented, which we recognize as an important limitation. Fundoplication did not seem to result in reduced recurrence rates when compared to primary repair alone.

Laparoscopic fixation of biological mesh at hiatus with glue and suture during hiatal hernia repair

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair is associated with higher recurrence rate. Mesh is used to reduce the recurrence rate. This retrospective study is to review our experience of biological mesh fixed with suture and medical glue in hiatal hernias repairs.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was conducted for a consecutive series of patients undergoing laparoscopic hiatal herniorrhaphy between January 2018 and January 2019. After hiatus closure, a piece of biological prosthesis was fixed with medical glue and suture for reinforcement of the crural closure. Clinical outcomes were reviewed, and data were collected regarding operative details, complications, symptoms, and follow-up imaging. Radiological evidence of any size of hiatal hernia was considered to indicate a recurrence.

RESULTS

Thirty-six patients underwent surgery uneventfully without any serious complication. There was no mortality. The follow-up was, on average, 18.4 months, and there was no symptomatic recurrence. There was one anatomical recurrence without any related presentation. The method of mesh fixation with medical glue and suture took 12 min on average, and the handling was fairly easy.

CONCLUSIONS

Biological mesh fixed with suture and medical glue was safe and effective for repairing large hiatal hernias. Of course, a longer follow-up is still needed for determining long-term outcomes.

Robot-assisted vs. laparoscopic repair of complete upside-down stomach hiatal hernia (the RATHER-study): a prospective comparative single center study

BACKGROUND

Complete upside-down stomach (cUDS) hernias are a subgroup of large hiatal hernias characterized by high risk of life-threatening complications and technically challenging surgical repair including complex mediastinal dissection. In a prospective, comparative clinical study, we evaluated intra- and postoperative outcomes, quality of life and symptomatic recurrence rates in patients with cUDS undergoing robot-assisted, as compared to standard laparoscopic repair (the RATHER-study).

METHODS

All patients with cUDS herniation requiring elective surgery in our institution between July 2015 and June 2019 were evaluated. Patients undergoing primary open surgery or additional associated procedures were not considered. Primary endpoints were intra- and postoperative complications, 30-day morbidity, and mortality. During the 8-53 months follow-up period, patients were contacted by telephone to assess symptoms associated to recurrence, whereas quality of life was evaluated utilizing the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health-Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL) questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 55 patients were included. 36 operations were performed with robot-assisted (Rob-G), and 19 with standard laparoscopic (Lap-G) technique. Patients characteristics were similar in both groups. Median operation time was 232 min. (IQR: 145-420) in robot-assisted vs. 163 min. (IQR:112-280) in laparoscopic surgery (p < 0.001). Intraoperative complications occurred in 5/36 (12.5%) cases in the Rob-G group and in 5/19 (26%) cases in the Lap-G group (p = 0.28). No conversion was necessary in either group. Minor postoperative complications occurred in 13/36 (36%) Rob-G patients and 4/19 (21%) Lap-G patients (p = 0.36). Mortality or major complications did not occur in either group. Two asymptomatic recurrences were observed in the Rob-G group only. No patient required revision surgery. Finally, all patients expressed satisfaction for treatment outcome, as indicated by similar GERD-HRQL scores.

CONCLUSION

While robot-assisted surgery provides additional precision, enhanced visualization, and greater feasibility in cUDS hiatal hernia repair, its clinical outcome is at least equal to that obtained by standard laparoscopic surgery.

What Is the Reality of Hiatal Hernia Management?-A Registry Analysis

Introduction: To date, the guidelines for surgical repair of hiatal hernias do not contain any clear recommendations on the hiatoplasty technique with regard to the use of a mesh or to the type of fundoplication (Nissen vs. Toupet). This present 10-years analysis of data from the Herniamed Registry aims to investigate these questions.

Methods: Data on 17,328 elective hiatal hernia repairs were entered into the Herniamed Registry between 01.01.2010 and 31.12.2019. 96.4% of all repairs were completed by laparoscopic technique. One-year follow-up was available for 11,280 of 13,859 (81.4%) patients operated during the years 2010–2018. The explorative Fisher's exact test was used for statistical calculation of significant differences with an alpha = 5%. Since the annual number of cases in the Herniamed Registry in the years 2010–2012 was still relatively low, to identify significant differences the years 2013 and 2019 were compared.

Results: The use of mesh hiatoplasty for axial and recurrent hiatal hernias remained stable over the years from 2013 to 2019 at 20 and 45%, respectively. In the same period the use of mesh hiatoplasty for paraesophageal hiatal hernia slightly, but significantly, increased from 33.0 to 38.9%. The proportion of Nissen and Toupet fundoplications for axial hiatal hernia repair dropped from 90.2% in 2013 to 74.0% in 2019 in favor of “other techniques” at 20.9%. For the paraesophageal hiatal hernias (types II–IV) the proportion of Nissen and Toupet fundoplications was 68.1% in 2013 and 66.0% in 2019. The paraesophageal hiatal hernia repairs included a proportion of gastropexy procedures of 21.7% in 2013 and 18.7% in 2019. The recurrent hiatal hernia repairs also included a proportion of gastropexies 12.8% in 2013 and 15.1% in 2019, Nissen and Toupet fundoplications of 72.7 and 62.7%, respectively, and “other techniques” of 14.5 and 22.2%, respectively. No changes were seen in the postoperative complication and recurrence rates.

Conclusion: Clear trends are seen in hiatal hernia repair. The use of meshes has only slightly increased in paraesophageal hiatal hernia repairs. The use of alternative techniques has resulted in a reduction in the use of the “classic” Nissen and Toupet fundoplication surgical techniques.

The use of biosynthetic mesh in giant hiatal hernia repair: is there a rationale? A 3-year single-center experience

PURPOSE

Reinforced prosthetic crural repair is particularly indicated for giant hiatal hernias. The rationale is to reduce the recurrence rate in the long term. The aim of our study is to evaluate the outcomes of laparoscopic giant hiatal hernia repair using a biosynthetic mesh.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed 44 patients who underwent laparoscopic mesh-reinforced hiatal closure and fundoplication using a biosynthetic material. Inclusion criterion was large hiatal defects (> 5 cm). Follow-up was scheduled at 6, 12 and 36 months after surgery.

RESULTS

44 patients (29F) with a mean age of 62 years (range 14-85) and mean of BMI 24.5 kg/m² (range 21-29) underwent successful laparoscopic repair. Twenty-six (59.1%) patients had Nissen-Rossetti fundoplication, whereas 18 (40.9%) had Toupet fundoplication. Six-month questionnaire for the evaluation of symptoms was available for 43 patients (97.7%) and for 40 (90.9%) patients at 12 and 36 months. Mean preoperative symptoms score analysis was 1.68 ± 0.73. Mean scores at each follow-up time were significantly improved compared to baseline (p > 0.05). Barium swallow was available in 37 patients (84.1%) at 1 year after surgery. Radiologic recurrence was observed in two patients (4.5%). No patient had symptoms attributable to recurrence or required revisional surgery. There were no mesh-related complications at 3 years follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of biosynthetic mesh for crural reinforcement is associated with a low incidence of mesh-related complications and with a reasonably low recurrence rate (4.5%) at 36 months. However, additional data with longer follow-up are needed to determine long-term safety and efficacy.

Reparación laparoscópica de hernia hiatal gigante

Introducción. La reparación laparoscópica es el estándar de tratamiento en hernia hiatal gigante. Sin embargo, a pesar de su baja morbilidad, la tasa de recurrencia sigue siendo alta. Nuestro objetivo fue describir los resultados de la reparación laparoscópica de hernia hiatal gigante, independientemente de la técnica de cruroplastia empleada. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de pacientes llevados a reparación laparoscópica de hernia hiatal gigante en el periodo 2009-2017. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, la técnica quirúrgica, las complicaciones y la estancia hospitalaria. Se revisaron los resultados de la endoscopia, la radiografía de vías digestivas altas y la escala de síntomas GERD-HRQOL, obtenidos luego de un año de cirugía. Resultados. Se incluyeron 44 pacientes con un tamaño promedio de la hernia de 7 cm. Se practicó cruroplastia con sutura simple en 36,4 %, sutura más refuerzo con politetrafluoroetileno (PTFE) o dacrón, en 59,1 %, y se usó malla en 4,5 %. Hubo 12 complicaciones, la estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 3,5 días y no hubo mortalidad. Se encontró recurrencia endoscópica o radiológica en 6/20 pacientes, todas pequeñas y asintomáticas. En 23 pacientes, la escala GERD-HRQOL reportó un valor promedio de 7,7 y 78 % de satisfacción. Solo un paciente requirió cirugía de revisión. Conclusión. El método preferido de reparación laparoscópica de la hernia hiatal gigante es la cruroplastia sin malla, técnica asociada a baja morbilidad y adecuado control de los síntomas. La tasa de recurrencia es similar a la reportada en la literatura. Se requieren estudios prospectivos con seguimiento completo a largo plazo para validar estos resultados.

Laparoscopic repair of complete intrathoracic stomach with iron deficiency anemia: A case report

BACKGROUND

Giant paraesophageal hiatal hernias (HH) are very infrequent, and their spectrum of clinical manifestations is large. Giant HH mainly occurs in elderly patients, and its relationship with anemia has been reported. For the surgical treatment of large HH, Nissen fundoplication is the most common antireflux procedure, and the reinforcement of HH repair with a patch (either synthetic or biologic) is still debatable.

CASE SUMMARY

We report on a case of giant paraesophageal HH in a middle-aged male patient with reflux symptoms and severe anemia. After performing a series of tests and diagnostic approaches, results showed a complete intrathoracic stomach associated with severe iron deficiency anemia. The patient underwent successful laparoscopic hernia repair with mesh reinforcement and Nissen fundoplication. Postoperatively, reflux symptoms were markedly relieved, and the imaging study showed complete reduction of the hernia sac. More importantly, anemia was resolved, and hemoglobin, serum iron and ferritin level were returned to the normal range. The patient kept regular follow-up appointments and remained in a satisfactory condition.

CONCLUSION

This case report highlights the relationship between large HH and iron deficiency anemia. For the surgical treatment of large HH, laparoscopic repair of large HH combined with antireflux procedure and mesh reinforcement is recommended.

Laparoscopic Surgery for Recurrent Hiatal Hernia

Surgical treatment of hiatal hernia (HH) is well standardized. However, recurrence is observed in 15%-60% of cases, and is challenging to manage. The aim of this study was to analyze the causes of surgical failure and provide some guidelines for treatment. The symptoms of recurrent HH vary widely, and include persistent reflux, dysphagia, and permanent discomfort, leading to a marked change in the quality of life. Morphological and functional pretherapeutic evaluation is necessary to determine whether the symptoms are due to recurrent HH, and to understand the cause of failure. Redo surgery is technically difficult and challenging, and should only be used in symptomatic patients whose symptoms are definitively those of recurrent HH.

Paraesophageal Hernia: To Mesh or Not to Mesh? The Controversy Continues

Introduction: Paraesophageal hernias represent 5%-10% of all primary hiatal hernias and are becoming increasingly more common with the aging of the population. Surgical treatment includes closure of the wide hiatal gap. Achieving tension-free closure is difficult, and several studies have reported lower recurrence rates with the use of mesh reinforcement. The use of this technique, however, is controversial. Objective and Materials and Methods: Narrative revision of the literature revising: (1) evidence-based surgery and clinical studies, (2) what the experts say (Delphi), (3) complications of mesh, and (4) long-term results of laparoscopic treatment impact on the quality of life. Results: Consensus about the type of mesh continues to be elusive, and we clearly need a higher level of evidence to address the controversy. Conclusion: Mesh reinforcement can effectively reduce the hernia recurrence rate. Mesh-associated complications are few, but because they are serious, most experts recommend mesh use only in specific circumstances, particularly those in relation to the size of the hiatal defect and the quality of the crura.

Assessment of short-term outcome with TiO2 mesh in laparoscopic repair of large paraesophageal hiatal hernias

Background

Laparoscopic large para-oesophageal hiatal hernia (LPHH) repair using mesh reinforcement significantly reduces postoperative recurrence rates compared to conventional suture repair, especially within short follow-up times. However, the ideal strategy for repairing LPHH remains disputable because no clear guidelines are given regarding indications, mesh type, shape or position. The aim of this study was to survey our short-term results of LPHH management with a biosynthetic monofilament polypropylene mesh coated with titanium dioxide to enhance biocompatibility (TiO₂Mesh™).

Methods

A retrospective study was performed at Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Spain from December 2014 to October 2018. Data were collected on 27 consecutive patients with extensive hiatal hernia defects greater than 5 cm for which a laparoscopic repair was performed by primary suture and additional reinforcement with a TiO₂Mesh™. Study outcomes were investigated, including clinical and radiological recurrences, dysphagia and mesh-related drawbacks.

Results

Twenty-seven patients were included in our analysis; 10 patients were male, and 17 were female. The mean age was 73 years (range, 63–79 years). All operations were performed laparoscopically. The median postoperative hospital stay was 3 days. After a mean follow-up of 18 months (range, 8-29 months), only 3 patients developed clinical recurrence of reflux symptoms (11%), and 2 had radiological recurrences (7%). No mesh-related complications occurred.

Conclusions

TiO₂Mesh™ was found to be safe for laparoscopic repair of LPHH with a fairly low recurrence rate in this short-term study. Long-term studies conducted over a period of years with large sample sizes will be essential for confirming whether this mesh is suitable as a standard method of care with few drawbacks.

The first year is the hardest: a comparison of early versus late experience after the introduction of robotic hiatal hernia repair

While the majority of the literature written concerning minimally invasive hiatal hernia repair involves laparoscopy, little has been written concerning the transition to a robotic technique. We present our experience, with a transparent analysis of data, with regard to the introduction of robotic paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon. We reviewed our first 30 consecutive patients who underwent robotic PEH over a 2-year period after the introduction of robotic surgery at our institution. Patients were divided into two groups: the early experience group (procedures performed within the first year of introduction of robotic technique, n = 13) and a late experience group (procedures performed in the second year, n = 17). All procedures were performed by a single experienced foregut surgeon. The mean operative time for the early group was significantly greater than for the late group, 184 min versus 142 min, respectively (p < 0.01). Four patients in the early group required conversion to open, while zero patients in the late group required conversion (p = 0.03). Patient demographics and complications did not differ significantly between the two patient populations. The early robotic hiatal hernia repair experience can be more difficult than expected, even in the hands of an experienced laparoscopic team. We identify several areas of improvement including patient positioning, operating room team training, and technical experience. This data can help other surgeons prepare for the transition to robotic foregut surgery.

Follow Up Data of MRI-Visible Synthetic Meshes for Reinforcement in Large Hiatal Hernia in Comparison to None-Mesh Repair-A Prospective Cohort Study

Background: Mesh augmentation for large hiatal hernia is still controversial because of high alleged risk of chronic reaction or shrinkage of mesh orifice surrounding the esophagus. The aim of this cohort study was to develop and establish an image analysis scheme, including 3D reconstruction, for MRI-visible meshes (DynaMesh®) to measure postoperative mesh shrinkage in order to observe potential complications. Methods: Between 12/2012 and 10/2016, n = 33 patients underwent surgery to correct symptomatic hiatal hernia (implantation indicated: n = 18). Intraoperative measurement of the hiatal surface area (HSA) > 5 cm2 was indication for mesh implantation. Early postoperatively, and during long-term follow-up, MRI was performed and patients filled out the gastrointestinal quality of life index (GIQLI score). Results: Follow-up rate was 76% (n = 25/33). Overall recurrence rate was 4% (1/25). No other patient showed reflux or dysphagia symptoms. Mesh related complications were not observed during follow-up period. Median GIQLI score of patients with mesh was 123 (range: 67-144), and 93 (52-141) for patients without mesh. Comparison of early and mid-term postoperative MRI for patients with mesh showed changes in mesh orifice size of 3% (corresponding to a slight increase in size of about 6 mm2) without any significant correlations with BMI, HSA, or patient age. Conclusion: We established an image analysis and 3D reconstruction scheme for MRI visible meshes in hiatal hernia repair. MRI images of normal clinical quality are sufficient for this analysis. Mesh orifice size in MRI-visible meshes does not seem to change at a clinically relevant level in the small cohort observed here. Further studies of large cohorts are necessary to establish if HSA >5 cm2 could be a suitable measure for indication of mesh implantation.

New Ovine Polymer-Reinforced Bioscaffold in Hiatal Hernia Repair

Background and Objectives

Biologic and resorbable synthetic materials are used commonly for crural repair reinforcement during laparoscopic hiatal herniorrhaphy. Recently, an ovine polymer-reinforced bioscaffold (OPRBS) has been developed for reinforcement of abdominal wall and hiatal herniorrhaphies. This is the first reported series on use of OPRBS in hiatal hernia repairs.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted for consecutive series of patients (n = 25) undergoing laparoscopic or open hiatal herniorrhaphy between August 2016 and May 2017. Data collected included demographics, comorbidities and symptoms, details of operation, complications, and postoperative followup.

Results

Laparoscopic repair was completed in 23 of 24 patients. Reinforcement with OPRBS was accomplished in all cases. Fundoplication was constructed in 24 of 25 patients (96%). Mean followup was 14.2 months. Good-to-excellent symptom control or resolution has been achieved for heartburn (95%), dysphagia (94.7%), regurgitation (100%), nausea and vomiting (100%), dyspnea (100%), and chest pain or discomfort (85.7%). Postoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy with dilation resulted in resolution of persistent postoperative dysphagia in two patients (8%). To date there have been no clinical recurrences of hiatal hernia.

Conclusion

OPRBS in hiatal hernia repair have been associated with excellent early patient outcomes in this study. OPRBS represent a new paradigm in hernia repair, as it is the first clinically available biological repair material reinforced with embroidered resorbable or permanent synthetic polymer. Relative weaknesses of the current study include the small sample size (n = 25), and short-term (mean = 14.2 months) followup. Long-term followup and additional studies will be required to confirm these findings.

Mid-term safety profile evaluation of Bio-A absorbable synthetic mesh as cruroplasty reinforcement

PURPOSE

The aim of the present paper is to report the results of a single institution series of hiatal hernia repair (HHR) with augmented mesh hiatoplasty focusing on safety and efficacy profile of Bio-A absorbable synthetic mesh.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective evaluation of prospectively maintained database showed 120 consecutive patients submitted to HHR reinforced with bio-absorbable synthetic mesh. The study populations included two groups: (A) 92 obese patients-reinforced hiatoplasty concurrent with bariatric procedure; (B) 28 non-obese patients-reinforced hiatoplasty concurrent with antireflux surgery. Symptoms assessment was made with GERD-HRQL and Rome III. The X-ray with barium swallow, the CT scan, in selected cases, and the endoscopy were used as recurrence evaluation and as endoscopic complications assessment. Only patients with a mean follow-up of 12 months were included in this study. A Cox hazard was made to evaluate factors affecting the recurrence.

RESULTS

No case of intra-peri and post-operative (mean follow-up of 41 months) complications mesh related were registered. The dysphagia-rate was 8.7% for Group A and 11% for Group B. 74% of Group A and 61% of Group B patients are actually PPIs free with median GERD-HRQL score of 4 (from 16) and 6 (from 23), respectively (difference pre-post-operative < 0.05). Recurrence rate was 5.4% in Group A and 7.1% in Group B. The Cox hazard analysis showed that the use of more than four stitches for cruroplasty represents a negative factor on recurrence (HR = 8; p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This is, in our knowledge, the largest report (120 consecutive patients) with mid-term follow-up (41 months of mean FU) on bio-absorbable mesh on the hiatus in obese and non-obese patients. These results supports the use of absorbable mesh for HHR (safe profile-0% of complications rate), showing excellent recurrence rate results and good GERD symptoms control.

Application of shaft method assisted biological mesh in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

To compare the feasibility and advantage of traditional tiling method and shaft method to place biological mesh following laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia.Sixty cases from January 2013 to January 2014 treated with laparoscopic inguinal hernia neoplasty with biological patches were included. All the cases were randomly divided into control group and observation group. Observation group was treated with shaft method to place biological mesh, while control group was treated with traditional tiling method. The length of the operation, hospital fees, and rate of occurrence of surgical complications were compared.All 60 cases were successfully treated with laparoscope inguinal hernia repair. None were converted to open operations. Total operation times for the observation group and control group were 54 ± 4.5 and 71 ± 7.2 minutes, respectively (P < .05). The hospital fees of the observation group and control group were 21,280 ± 365 RenMinBi Yuan (RMB) and 24,280 ± 428 RMB, respectively (P < .05). The rates of occurrence of surgical complications were 3.33% (1/30) and 16.7% (5/30), respectively (P < .05).The shaft method can be applied in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with biological mesh. Compared with the traditional method, the shaft method has apparent advantages, fewer complications during and after the operation.

Autologous Dermis Graft Implantation: A Novel Approach to Reinforcement in Giant Hiatal Hernias

Objectives

Nonreinforced tensile repair of giant hiatal hernias is susceptible to recurrence, and the role of mesh graft implantation remains controversial. Creating a new and viable choice without the use of high-cost biological allografts is desirable. This study presents the application of dermis graft reinforcement, a cost-efficient, easily adaptable alternative, in graft reinforcement of giant hiatal hernia repairs.

Methods

A 62-year-old female patient with recurrent giant hiatal hernia (9 × 11 cm) and upside down stomach, immediately following the Belsey repair done in another department, was selected for the pilot procedure. The standard three-stitch nonabsorbable reconstruction of diaphragmatic crura was undertaken via laparoscopic approach. A 12 × 6 cm dermis autograft was harvested from the loose abdominal skin. “U” figure onlay reinforcement of diaphragm closure was secured with titanium staples. The procedure was completed with a standard Dor fundoplication. One- and seven-month follow-ups were conducted.

Results

No short-term postoperative complications were observed. One-month follow-up showed normal anatomical location of abdominal viscera on computed tomography imaging. High-resolution manometry showed normal lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Preoperative abdominal complaints were resolved. Procedural costs were lower than the average cost following mesh graft reinforcement.

Conclusion

Dermis graft reinforcement is a cheap, easily adaptable procedure in the repair of giant hiatal hernias, even in the setting of laparoscopic reoperative procedure.

Outcomes after Robotic Ventral Hernia Repair: A Study of 21,565 Patients in the State of New York

The purpose of our study is to assess outcomes following robotic ventral hernia (RVH) repair. The New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System administrative database was used to identify all patients undergoing laparoscopic ventral hernia (LVH) and RVH between 2010 and 2013. Outcome measures including complications, hospital length of stay (HLOS), 30-day readmissions, and 30-day emergency department (ED) visits were compared. Propensity score (PS) analysis was used to estimate the adjusted marginal differences between patients who underwent robotic-assisted and laparoscopic procedures. There were 20,896 LVH and 679 (3.2%) RVH repairs. Initial univariate analysis demonstrated that patients undergoing RVH had worse outcomes in terms of complications (20.18% vs 10.56%, P < 0.0001), longer HLOS (4.32 vs 2.19 days, P = 0.0023), higher rates in 30-day readmissions (9.28% vs 5.06%, P < 0.0001), and 30-day ED visits (14.43% vs 10.46%, P < 0.0001). Following PS analysis, which accounts for all patient associated variables, there was no difference found in 30-day readmission or 30-day ED visits between RVH and LVH (P = 0.2760 and 0.2043, respectively). Patients undergoing RVH had a significantly shorter HLOS (P < 0.0001) and lower rate of complications (P = 0.0134). Following PS analysis, this study demonstrates that RVH may be associated with shorter HLOS and lower complication rate. Further studies are necessary to compare laparoscopic and robotic approaches for ventral hernia.

Long-term outcomes of laparoscopic large hiatus hernia repair with nonabsorbable mesh

The use of mesh to augment suture repair of large hiatus hernias remains controversial. Repair with mesh may help reduce the recurrence rate of primary repair, but concerns about the potential for serious complications, such as mesh erosion or stricturing, continue to limit its use. We aim to evaluate the long-term outcome of primary hiatus hernia repair with lightweight polypropylene mesh (TiMesh) specifically looking at rates of clinical recurrence, dysphagia, and mesh-related complications. From a prospectively maintained database, 50 consecutive patients who underwent elective primary laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with TiMesh between January 2005 and December 2007 were identified. Case notes and postoperative endoscopy reports were reviewed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using a structured questionnaire, including a validated dysphagia score. Of the 50 patients identified, 36 (72%) were contactable for follow-up. At a median follow-up of 9 years, the majority of patients (97%) regarded their surgery as successful. Twelve patients (33%) reported a recurrence of their symptoms, but only 4 (11%) reported that their symptoms were as severe as prior to the surgery. There was no significant difference between pre- and postoperative dysphagia scores. Postoperative endoscopy reports were available for 32 patients at a median time point of 4 years postoperatively, none of which revealed any mesh-related complications. One patient had undergone a revision procedure for a recurrent hernia at another institution. In this series, primary repair of large hiatus hernia with nonabsorbable mesh was not associated with any adverse effects over time. Patient satisfaction with symptomatic outcome remained high in the long term.

Laparoscopic Experience for Recurrent Inguinal Hernia Repair in a Single Center for 14 Years

Laparoscopic techniques are now well pervading in the treatment of inguinal hernia. This study aims to investigate the laparoscopic strategy for recurrent inguinal hernia repair. Laparoscopic technique was retrospectively applied to 330 patients with 352 recurrent inguinal hernias in the past 14 years. The surgical strategies were further evaluated. There were 22 cases with bilateral recurrent hernias, whereas the rest 308 cases with unilateral disorders. Patients were further categorized by previous repair approaches as high ligation, sclerotherapy, conventional suture repair, Lichtenstein repair, plug and patch repair, and preperitoneal repair. All cases were successfully repaired by laparoscopic approaches including transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) (288 cases), totally extraperitoneal (50 cases), and intraperitoneal onlay mesh (14 cases). The median operation duration was 39.5 ± 13.4 minutes. The average Visual Analog Scales score on postoperative day 1 was 2.4 ± 1.1. The median follow-up time was 36 (14–61) months. There was one case of recurrence during the follow-ups. One severe complication, i.e., bowel injury, was observed and cured, whereas other complications were as follows: 22 seroma, 8 urinary retention, 3 transient paresthesia, and 1 ileus. Laparoscopic procedures for recurrence inguinal hernia are safe and applicable. A surgeon can choose to reinforce the myopectineal orifice or only fix the hernia defect accordingly. The strategy of choosing TAPP and/or totally extraperitoneal depends on the type of previous repair, the exact anatomical position of the previous implanted mesh, and more importantly, the surgeon's experience. Moreover, the intraperitoneal onlay mesh technique can be regarded as a backup option for TAPP in certain cases.

What are the differences in the outcome of laparoscopic axial (I) versus paraesophageal (II-IV) hiatal hernia repair?

INTRODUCTION

Comparison of elective laparoscopic repair of axial vs paraesophageal hiatal hernias reveals relevant differences in both the patient collectives and the complexity of the procedures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present uni- and multivariable analysis of data from the Herniamed Registry compares the outcome for 2047 (67.3%) (type I) axial with 996 (32.7%) (types II-IV) paraesophageal primary hiatal hernias following laparoscopic repair.

RESULTS

Compared with the patients with axial hiatal hernias, patients with paraesophageal hiatal hernia were nine years older, had a higher ASA score (ASA III/IV: 34.8 vs 13.7%; p < 0.001), and more often at least one risk factor (38.8 vs 21.4%; p < 0.001). This led in the univariable analysis to significantly more general postoperative complications (6.0 vs 3.0%; p < 0.001). Reflecting the greater complexity of the procedures used for laparoscopic repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias, significantly higher intraoperative organ injury rates (3.7 vs 2.3%; p = 0.033) and higher postoperative complication-related reoperation rates (2.1 vs 1.1%; p = 0.032) were identified. Univariable analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the recurrence and pain rates on one-year follow-up. Multivariable analysis did not find any evidence that the use of a mesh had a significant influence on the recurrence rate.

CONCLUSION

Surgical repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernia calls for an experienced surgeon as well as for corresponding intensive medicine competence because of the higher risks of general and surgical postoperative complications.

Mesh hiatal reinforcement in laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication for neurologically impaired children is safe and feasible

Fundoplication is a standard treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in neurologically impaired children. However, it has a high recurrence rate due to wrap herniation and disruption resulting from the failure or enlargement of the esophageal hiatus suture site. In adult patients with GERD, reinforcement of the sutured esophageal hiatus with a mesh significantly reduces the recurrence rate after surgery for esophageal hiatus hernia. In children, there are no big series of fundoplication with mesh reinforcement. Therefore, we confirmed the safety and feasibility of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene mesh hiatal reinforcement with fundoplication as an additional procedure for neurologically impaired children. Neurologically impaired children (age, ≥5 years) who underwent laparoscopic fundoplication and gastrostomy at our institution between 2011 and 2013 were included in this study. The operative time, bleeding amount, complications, and recurrence were retrospectively evaluated. Thirteen patients were included in this study. The mean age at operation was 147.2 ± 37.8 months, and mean body weight was 18.5 ± 7.9 kg. The complication rate of epilepsy and scoliosis was 100% and 84.6%, respectively. The operative time was 265.1 ± 38.1 minutes, and mean blood loss was 26.5 ± 34.7 mL. There were no peri- or postoperative complications. None of the patients showed recurrent symptoms such as repeated vomiting and aspiration pneumonia during the mean follow-up period of 2.5 ± 0.6 years. The mesh hiatal reinforcement with fundoplication for neurologically impaired children is safe and feasible.

Crura augmentation with Bio-A® mesh for laparoscopic repair of hiatal hernia: single-institution experience with 100 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND

The potential utility of both non-absorbable and absorbable meshes to reinforce the esophageal hiatus and prevent recurrent hernia has been investigated in observational studies and a few randomized clinical trials. Use of absorbable mesh has been associated with lesser side-effects, but the long-term safety and effectiveness are still debated. This rather scanty clinical evidence is due to heterogeneity and bias regarding the type of mesh and operation used, the modalities of follow-up, and the reporting of objective results.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to assess safety, quality of life, and recurrence-free probability after laparoscopic repair of hiatal hernia reinforced with a synthetic absorbable mesh.

METHODS

Observational, retrospective, single-center cohort study. All patients with hiatal hernia who underwent laparoscopic crura repair using a biosynthetic mesh (Gore Bio A^® tissue reinforcement, Flagstaff, AZ) were included. Pre- and post-operative symptoms were assessed with the GERD-HRQL questionnaire. Objective follow-up consisted of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and barium swallow study.

RESULTS

From September 2011 to March 2016, a total of 100 patients underwent hiatal hernia repair using a Bio-A^® mesh. All surgical procedures were completed laparoscopically. Postoperative morbidity rate was 10%. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 6 months, and the median follow-up was 30 (IQR = 22) months. No mesh-related complications occurred. The incidence of recurrent hernia ≥2 cm was 9%, and eight of the nine patients had a preoperative type III hernia. The median GERD-HRQL score was significantly reduced after operation (p < 0.001). The recurrence-free probability at 1 and 5 years was, respectively, 0.99 (CI 0.97-1.00) and 0.84 (CI 0.74-0.97), and no reoperation was required. No association was found between age, BMI, hernia size, previously failed surgical repairs and hernia recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of a synthetic absorbable mesh to reinforce the esophageal hiatus is safe and appears to be effective and durable over a medium-term follow-up.

Large Sized Left Inferior Phrenic Artery and Parahiatal Type of Diaphragmatic Hernia Generating Confusion During Robotic Surgical Repair

INTRODUCTION

As an advanced minimally invasive surgical procedure, the repair of the diaphragmatic hernia may sometimes be very challenging especially when the anatomy is unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We are presenting a rare case of a parahiatal hernia defect repair where the understanding of the anatomy was complicated by the presence of an unusual large sized left inferior phrenic artery. The Da Vinci surgical platform was used to perform the entire procedure. Hernia sac dissection, identification of the crura, primary closure of the defect, and use of biologic mesh reinforcement were the main steps performed in the usual manner for hernia repair. In addition, the use of intraoperative ultrasound was of great utility to clarify the vascular anatomy.

RESULTS

The additional time required for the intraoperative ultrasound and identification of the vascular anatomy has increased the duration of the procedure that otherwise was uneventful. The accurate identification of the anatomy allowed for a safe surgical outcome. The postoperative course was favorable and patient was free of symptoms at 1-month follow-up.

CONCLUSION

The challenge of the repair of this rare, parahiatal type of diaphragmatic hernia where a large sized left inferior phrenic artery was also encountered was successfully mitigated by the use of the intraoperative Doppler ultrasound and by compliance with the basic steps of the procedure.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Sleeve Gastrectomy

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or hiatus hernia (HH) are one of the most common disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Despite the positive effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) regarding weight loss and improvement in obesity co-morbidities, there are concerns about the development of de novo gastroesophageal reflux disease or worsening the existing GERD after this bariatric operation. Furthermore, controversy exists on the consequences of SG in lower esophageal sphincter function and about the ideal procedure when a hiatus hernia is preoperatively diagnosed or discovered during the laparoscopic SG. This review systematically investigates the incidence, the pathophysiology of GERD and/or HH in morbidly obese individuals before and after SG, and the treatment options for concomitant HH repair during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Laparoscopic repair of hiatus hernia: Does mesh type influence outcome? A meta-analysis and European survey study

BACKGROUND

Synthetic mesh (SM) has been used in the laparoscopic repair of hiatus hernia but remains controversial due to reports of complications, most notably esophageal erosion. Biological mesh (BM) has been proposed as an alternative to mitigate this risk. The aim of this study is to establish the incidence of complications, recurrence and revision surgery in patients following suture (SR), SM or BM repair and undertake a survey of surgeons to establish a perspective of current practice.

METHODS

An electronic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE and Cochrane database was performed. Pooled odds ratios (PORs) were calculated for discrete variables. To survey current practice an online questionnaire was sent to emails registered to the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery.

RESULTS

Nine studies were included, comprising 676 patients (310 with SR, 214 with SM and 152 with BM). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications with mesh compared to SR (P = 0.993). Mesh significantly reduced overall recurrence rates compared to SR [14.5 vs. 24.5 %; POR = 0.36 (95 % CI 0.17-0.77); P = 0.009]. Overall recurrence rates were reduced in the SM compared to BM groups (12.6 vs. 17.1 %), and similarly compared to the SR group, the POR for recurrence was lower in the SM group than the BM group [0.30 (95 % CI 0.12-0.73); P = 0.008 vs. 0.69 (95 % CI 0.26-1.83); P = 0.457]. Regarding surgical technique 503 survey responses were included. Mesh reinforcement of the crura was undertaken by 67 % of surgeons in all or selected cases with 67 % of these preferring synthetic mesh to absorbable mesh. One-fifth of the respondents had encountered mesh erosion in their career.

CONCLUSIONS

Both SM and BM reduce rates of recurrence compared to SR, with SM proving most effective. Surgical practice is varied, and there remains insufficient evidence regarding the optimum technique for the repair of hiatal hernia.

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair: Promising Anatomical and Functional Results

BACKGROUND

There is no consensus on the optimal technique for hiatal hernia (HH) repair, and considerable recurrence rates are reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perioperative outcomes, quality of life (QoL), and recurrence rate in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic HH repair.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic HH repair between July 2011 and March 2015 were evaluated. The procedure consisted of hernia sac reduction, crural repair without mesh, and Toupet fundoplication. Postoperative radiological imaging or endoscopy was performed in all symptomatic patients to exclude recurrence. Perioperative results were collected retrospectively from the patient records. QoL was evaluated with Short Form-36 (SF-36), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health-Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQOL), and Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) questionnaires.

RESULTS

A total of 40 patients were identified. The majority (75%) had a type III HH. Median operation time was 118 (62-173) minutes; median blood loss was 20 (10-934) mL, and one procedure was converted to an open procedure. In 6 (15%) patients, postoperative complications occurred, including 2 grade II and 1 grades I, III, IV, and V, according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Median hospital stay was 3 (1-15) days. At a median follow-up of 11 months, radiological imaging was performed on indication in 12 (30%) patients, and 1 recurrence was found. Overall QoL scores were satisfactory, and there was no difference related to the time elapsed since surgery.

CONCLUSION

Robot-assisted laparoscopic HH repair followed by Toupet fundoplication demonstrated a very low short-term recurrence rate. Postoperative morbidity was minimal, and a satisfactory QoL was achieved.

Surgical treatment of GERD. Comperative study of WTP vs. Toupet fundoplication - results of 151 consecutive cases

INTRODUCTION

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is recognized as one of the most common disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The best choice of management for advanced GERD is laparoscopic surgery.

AIM

To compare and evaluate the results of surgical treatment of GERD patients operated on using two different techniques.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Between 2001 and 2012, 353 patients (211 female and 142 male), aged 17-76 years (mean 44), underwent laparoscopic antireflux surgery. The study included patients who underwent a Toupet fundoplication or Wroblewski Tadeusz procedure (WTP).

RESULTS

The mean age of the group was 47.77 years (17-80 years). Forty-nine (32.45%) patients had severe symptoms, 93 (61.58%) had mild symptoms and 9 (5.96%) had a single mild but intolerable sign of GERD. Eighty-six (56.95%) patients had a Toupet fundoplication and 65 (43.04%) had a WTP. The follow-up period was 18-144 months. The average operating time for Toupet fundoplication and the WTP procedure was 164 min (90-300 min) and 147 min (90-210 min), respectively. The perioperative mortality rate was 0.66%. The average post-operative hospitalization period was 5.4 days (2-16 post-operative days (POD) = Toupet) vs. 4.7 days (2-9 POD = WTP). No reoperations were performed. No major surgical complications were identified.

CONCLUSIONS

Wroblewski Tadeusz procedure due to a low percentage of post-operative complications, good quality of life of patients and a zero recurrence rate of hiatal hernia should be a method of choice.

Long-term results and complications related to Crurasoft® mesh repair for paraesophageal hiatal hernias

PURPOSE

The application of mesh-reinforced hiatal closure has resulted in a significant reduction in recurrence rates in comparison with primary suture repair. However, the use of meshes has not completely extended in all the cases of large paraesophageal hiatal hernias (LPHH) due to the complications related to them. The aim of this study is to present our long-term results and complications related to Crurasoft^® mesh (Bard) for the treatment of LPHH.

METHODS

From January 2004 to December 2014, 536 consecutive patients underwent open or laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease or LPHH at Ramón y Cajal University Hospital. Primary simple suture of the crura and additional reinforcement with a Crurasoft^® mesh (Bard) was performed in 93 patients (17.35 %). Radiologic hiatal hernia recurrence and mesh-related complications were investigated.

RESULTS

Of the 93 patients undergoing mesh repair, there were 28 male and 65 female with a mean age of 67.27 years (range 22-87 years). Laparoscopic surgery was attended in 88.2 % of the cases, and open surgery in the rest 11.8 %. Mean operative time was 167.05 min (range 90-370 min). Median postoperative stay was 4.79 days (range 1-41 days). Conversion rate was 8.53 % (7 patients). Intraoperative complications were described in 10.75 % (10 patients), but all of them, except in one case, could be managed laparoscopically. Overall postoperative complications rate was 28 %. Early postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients (12 %), respectively, for grades 2 (6 cases), 3b (1 case) and 5 (4 cases) according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Late postoperative complications occurred in 15 patients (16 %), respectively, for grades 1 (7 cases), 2 (2 cases), 3b (5 cases) and 5 (1 case) according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Thirty day-mortality rate was 4.3 %. Mortality rate specific associated with the mesh was 1 %. Reoperation rate was 5.4 %. After a median follow-up of 76.33 months (range 3-130 months), 8 patients (9 %) developed a recurrent hiatal hernia. Mesh was removed in three cases (3.22 %).

CONCLUSIONS

In our experience, the recurrence rate in patients with a Crurasoft^® (Bard) is acceptable. However, the rate of postoperative complications and mortality is excessive. The use of meshes in the hiatus keeps on being controversial due to the severe complications related to them. It would be advisable to compare our results in the non-mesh group in terms of recurrences and complications, to determine if meshes in the hiatus should be given in these patients due to its high rate of complications.

Functional Results after Repair of Large Hiatal Hernia by Use of a Biologic Mesh

BACKGROUND

The aim of this observational study is to analyze the results of patients with large hiatal hernia and upside-down stomach after surgical closure with a biological mesh (Permacol(®), Covidien, Neustadt an der Donau, Germany). Biological mesh is used to prevent long-term detrimental effects of artificial meshes and to reduce recurrence rates.

METHODS

A total of 13 patients with a large hiatal hernia and endothoracic stomach, who underwent surgery between 2010 and 2014, were included. Interviews and upper endoscopy were conducted to determine recurrences, lifestyle restrictions, and current complaints.

RESULTS

After a mean follow-up of 26 ± 18 months (range: 3-58 months), 10 patients (3 men, mean age 73 ± 13, range: 26-81 years) were evaluated. A small recurrent axial hernia was found in one patient postoperatively. Dysphagia was the most common complaint (four cases); while in one case, the problem was solved after endoscopic dilatation. In three cases, bloat and postprandial pain were documented. In one case, an explantation of the mesh was necessary due to mesh migration and painful adhesions. In one further case with gastroparesis, pyloroplasty was performed without success. The data are compared to the available literature. It was found that dysphagia and recurrence rates are unrelated both in biological and in synthetic meshes if the esophagus is encircled. In series preserving the esophagus at least partially uncoated, recurrences after the use of biological meshes relieve dysphagia. After the application of synthetic meshes, dysphagia is aggravated by recurrences.

CONCLUSION

Recurrence is rare after encircling hiatal hernia repair with the biological mesh Permacol(®). Dysphagia, gas bloat, and intra-abdominal pain are frequent complaints. Despite the small number of patients, it can be concluded that a biological mesh may be an alternative to synthetic meshes to reduce recurrences at least for up to 2 years. Our study demonstrates that local fibrosis and thickening of the mesh can affect the outcome being associated with abdominal discomfort despite a successful repair. The review of the literature indicates comparable results after 2 years with both biologic and synthetic meshes embracing the esophagus. At the same point in time, reconstruction with synthetic and biologic materials differs when the esophagus is not or only partially encircled in the repair. This is important since encircling artificial meshes can erode the esophagus after 5-10 years.

Laparoscopic Mesh-augmented Hiatoplasty With Cardiophrenicopexy Versus Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication for the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Double-center Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVE

Laparoscopic mesh-augmented hiatoplasty with cardiophrenicopexy (LMAH-C) might represent an alternative treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and may provide durable reflux control without fundoplication. The expected benefit is the prevention of fundoplication-related side effects. Aim of the present trial was to compare LMAH-C with laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) in patients with GERD.

METHODS

In a double-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) patients with proven GERD were eligible and assigned by central randomization to either LMAH-C (n = 46) or LNF (n = 44). The indigestion subscore of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale questionnaire (GSRS) indicating gas-related symptoms as possible side effects of LNF was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints comprised pH testing and endoscopy and other symptoms measured by the GSRS, dysphagia, and the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index. The follow-up period was 36 months.

RESULTS

Indigestion subscore (LMAH-C 2.9 ± 1.5 vs LNF 3.7 ± 1.6; P = 0.031) but not dysphagia (2.8 ± 1.9 vs 2.3 ± 1.7; P = 0.302) and quality of life (106.9 ± 25.5 vs 105.8 ± 24.9; P = 0.838) differed between the groups at 36 months postoperatively. Although the reflux subscore improved in both groups, it was worse in LMAH-C patients (2.5 ± 1.6 vs 1.6 ± 1.0; P = 0.004) corresponding to a treatment failure of 77.3% in LMAH-C patients and of 34.1% in LNF patients (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

LNF is more effective in the treatment of GERD than LMAH-C. Procedure-related side effects seem to exist but do not affect the quality of life. Laparoscopic fundoplication therefore remains the standard surgical treatment for GERD.

The Use of Biological Meshes in Diaphragmatic Defects - An Evidence-Based Review of the Literature

The widespread use of meshes for hiatal hernia repair has emerged in the era of laparoscopic surgery, although sporadic cases of mesh augmentation of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture have been reported. The indications for biologic meshes in diaphragmatic repair are ill defined. This systematic review aims to investigate the available evidence on the role of biologic meshes in diaphragmatic rupture and hiatal hernia repair. Limited data from sporadic case reports and case series have demonstrated that repair of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture with biologic mesh is safe technique in both the acute or chronic setting. High level evidence demonstrates short-term benefits of biologic mesh augmentation in hiatal hernia repair over primary repair, although adequate long-term data are not currently available. Long-term follow-up data suggest no benefit of hiatal hernia repair using porcine small intestine submucosa over suture repair. The effectiveness of different biologic mesh materials on hernia recurrence requires further investigation.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of mesh vs suture cruroplasty in laparoscopic large hiatal hernia repair

BACKGROUND

Equipoise exists regarding whether mesh cruroplasty during laparoscopic large hiatal hernia repair improves symptomatic outcomes compared with suture repair.

DATA SOURCE

Systematic literature review (MEDLINE and EMBASE) identified 13 studies (1,194 patients; 521 suture and 673 mesh) comparing mesh versus suture cruroplasty during laparoscopic repair of large hiatal hernia. We abstracted data regarding symptom assessment, objective recurrence, and reoperation and performed meta-analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of studies reported significant symptom improvement. Data were insufficient to evaluate symptomatic versus asymptomatic recurrence. Time to evaluation was skewed toward longer follow-up after suture cruroplasty. Odds of recurrence (odds ratio .51, 95% confidence interval .30 to .87; overall P = .014) but not need for reoperation (odds ratio .42, 95% confidence interval .13 to 1.37; overall P = .149) were less after mesh cruroplasty. Quality of evidence supporting routine use of mesh cruroplasty is low. Mesh should be used at surgeon discretion until additional studies evaluating symptomatic outcomes, quality of life, and long-term recurrence are available.

Repair of Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernias—Is a Fundoplication Needed? A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

BACKGROUND

The need for a fundoplication during repair of paraesophageal hiatal hernias (PEH) remains unclear. Prevention of gastroesophageal reflux represents a trade-off against the risk of fundoplication-related side effects. The aim of this trial was to compare laparoscopic mesh-augmented hiatoplasty with simple cardiophrenicopexy (LMAH-C) with laparoscopic mesh-augmented hiatoplasty with fundoplication (LMAH-F) in patients with PEH.

STUDY DESIGN

The study was designed as a patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled pilot trial, registration number: DRKS00004492 (www.germanctr.de/). Patients with symptomatic PEH were eligible and assigned by central randomization to LMAH-C or LMAH-F. Endpoints were postoperative gastroesophageal reflux, complications, and quality of life 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS

Forty patients (9 male, 31 female) were randomized. Patients were well matched for baseline characteristics. At 3 months, the DeMeester score was higher after LMAH-C compared with LMAH-F (40.9 ± 39.9 vs. 9.6 ± 17; p = 0.048). At 12 months, the reflux syndrome score was higher after LMAH-C compared with LMAH-F (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.4; p = 0.020). In 53% of LMAH-C patients and 17% of LMAH-F patients, postoperative esophagitis was present (p = 0.026). Values of dysphagia (2.1 ± 1.6 vs 1.9 ± 1.4; p = 0.737), gas bloating (2.6 ± 1.4 vs 2.8 ± 1.4; p = 0.782), and quality of life (116.0 ± 16.2 vs 115.9 ± 15.8; p = 0.992) were similar. Relevant postoperative complications occurred in 4 (10%) patients and did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic repair of PEH should be combined with a fundoplication to avoid postoperative gastroesophageal reflux and resulting esophagitis. Fundoplication-related side effects do not appear to be clinically relevant. Multicenter randomized trials are required to confirm these findings.

Contemporary management of paraesophaegeal hernias: establishing a European expert consensus

BACKGROUND

The surgical treatment of paraesophageal hernias remains a challenge due to the lack of consensus regarding principles of operative treatment. The objectives of this study were to achieve consensus on key topics through expert opinion using a Delphi methodology.

METHODS

A Delphi survey combined with a face-to-face meeting was conducted. A panel of European experts in foregut surgery from high-volume centres generated items in the first survey round. In subsequent rounds, the panel rated agreement with statements on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Internal consistency (consensus) was predefined as Cronbach's α > .80. Items that >70 % of the panel either rated as irrelevant/unimportant, or relevant/important were selected as consensus items, while topics that did not reach this cut-off were termed "undecided/controversial".

RESULTS

Three survey rounds were completed: 19 experts from 10 countries completed round one, 18 continued through rounds two and three. Internal consistency was high in rounds two and three (α > .90). Fifty-eight additional/revised items derived from comments and free-text entries were included in round three. In total, 118 items were rated; consensus agreement was achieved for 70 of these. Examples of consensus topics are the relevance of the disease profile for assessing surgical urgency and complexity, the role of clinical history as the mainstay of patient follow-up, indications for revision surgery, and training and credentialing recommendations. Topics with the most "undecided/controversial" items were follow-up, postoperative care and surgical technique.

CONCLUSIONS

This Delphi study achieved expert consensus on key topics in the operative management of paraesophageal hernias, providing an overview of the current opinion among European foregut surgeons. Moreover, areas with substantial variability in opinions were identified reflecting the current lack of empirical evidence and opportunities for future research.