Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Pet Ownership in Pediatric Transplant Recipients

Clinical and Epidemiologic Review of Capnocytophaga Spp. Infections Identified at a Public Health Reference Laboratory-California, 2005-2021

INTRODUCTION

Capnocytophaga is a genus of bacteria that are commensal to the oral microbiome of humans and some animals. Some Capnocytophaga species are found in the human oral cavity and rarely cause disease in people; the species found in animals are zoönotic and can be transmitted to people via saliva. This study describes the clinical and epidemiologic features of patients from whom Capnocytophaga spp. were isolated from blood and other clinical specimens at the California state Microbial Diseases Laboratory.

METHODS

Clinical information was obtained from laboratory submission forms and any accompanying medical records and/or from matching records in statewide hospital discharge and emergency department databases.

RESULTS

During the 17-year study period (2005-2021), Capnocytophaga spp. were isolated in 48 specimens from 47 patients. Capnocytophaga canimorsus , which is a zoönotic species, represented 85% of the Capnocytophaga spp. identified to the species level. The median age was 67 years (range: 30-88 years) for the 42 patients infected with a zoönotic species of Capnocytophaga and 36 years (range: 12-65 years) for the four patients infected with a non-zoönotic species. Twenty-five (60%) patients with zoönotic species infections were male, compared to two (50%) patients with non-zoönotic species infections. Capnocytophaga spp. were most frequently isolated from blood (88%), and the most common case presentation was sepsis (45%). A dog or cat bite prior to diagnosis was reported for 14% of patients infected with a zoönotic species of Capnocytophaga. Records for 45% of patients indicated at least one pre-existing health condition associated with depressed immune function.

CONCLUSIONS

This study documented that Capnocytophaga spp. can cause rare, severe, invasive disease in mostly older or immunocompromised persons, often without documentation of a dog or cat bite. Providers are encouraged to consider Capnocytophaga spp. infection in immunocompromised pet owners presenting with sepsis, even in the absence of a known animal bite.

The role of veterinarians in zoonosis prevention: Advising families of immunocompromised children with pets

Background

Pet ownership is widespread, offering numerous benefits to individuals and families. However, the risk of zoonotic diseases must be carefully considered, especially for immunosuppressed patients. Knowledge gaps in preventive measures for zoonoses have been identified, underscoring the vital role of veterinarians in addressing this issue.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the knowledge and recommendations of veterinarians regarding pet ownership by immunocompromised individuals. Additionally, we compared these insights with responses from European healthcare professionals specializing in pediatric transplant recipients.

Methods

We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study involving small animal veterinarians in Spain. An online survey was administered to gather information on veterinarians' knowledge of zoonoses and their recommendations for immunocompromised pet owners.

Results

A survey of 514 individuals was collected from experienced veterinarians mainly working in primary care clinics. Surprisingly, 63% of respondents did not routinely inquire about the presence of immunocompromised individuals among pet owners, although 54% offered specific recommendations for this group. Most respondents adhered to deworming guidelines for pets owned by immunocompromised individuals and demonstrated sound practices in Leishmania and Leptospira prevention, as well as the avoidance of raw food. However, gaps were noted concerning Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccination. Notably, veterinarians outperformed medical professionals in their knowledge of zoonotic cases and identification of zoonotic microorganisms. The presence of specific recommendations in veterinary clinics was viewed positively by nearly all respondents.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that veterinarians possess a superior understanding of zoonotic pathogens and exhibit greater proficiency in diagnosing zoonoses compared with physicians. They stay well-informed about recommendations outlined in established guidelines and are more likely to provide written recommendations in their clinics than physicians. Nevertheless, knowledge gaps among veterinarians emphasize the need for enhanced communication between medical and veterinary professionals. Reinforcing the "One Health" concept is imperative, with veterinarians playing a pivotal role in this collaborative effort.

Breast cancer treatment and recovery: pets' roles as emotional buffers and stressors

BACKGROUND

Research suggests pets foster affection, connection, and physical activity, yet has failed to address the challenges people diagnosed with cancer face in caring for their pets. The objective of this study was to better understand how pets serve as emotional buffers and/or stressors for people diagnosed with breast cancer, and how their ability to meet their pet's needs affects their well-being.

METHODS

A cross-section study of people diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States was conducted. Adults diagnosed with stages 0 (in situ) -IV breast cancer and currently the primary guardian of at least one dog or cat and owned the animal(s) for at least 6 months, were recruited for the study. A total of 211 responses, obtained between July - November 2022 were analyzed. The survey included questions about participants' demographics; attachment to their pets; physical, emotional, and functional well-being; social support received from their pet; and 'pet parenting' concerns. Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe participants' demographics. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine predictors of pet attachment, well-being, support from pet, and 'pet parenting' concerns.

RESULTS

People diagnosed with breast cancer derive substantial support from their pets (80% feel their pet makes them feel loved, needed, and offers a positive presence in the home), yet only 50% of participants feel this relationship is supported by their medical team. Controlling for owner demographics, heightened levels of pet-related guilt and concerns, along with lower perceived support from their pet, are all significant predictors of a lower quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings highlight the benefits pets offer people diagnosed with breast cancer, yet also the distress they feel in trying to meet their pet's needs. Assessment conversations about pet ownership, including pet-related support systems, are needed to validate people's concerns and support the identification and development of pet support teams. Medical team facilitated discussions about pet care needs is suggested to demonstrate support for the pet-parent bond and help normalize feelings of guilt related to challenges in meeting their pet's needs. These discussions could be aided through the development of research-driven intervention strategies and online, freely accessible targeted tools.