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Singhai A, Mallik M, Jain P. Unmasking Hypoxia in Cirrhosis Patients: Six-Minute Walk Test as a Screening Tool for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome. Adv Biomed Res 2022; 11:50. [PMID: 35982866 PMCID: PMC9379911 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_150_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is one of the complications of advanced cirrhosis which has a serious impact on prognosis of patient. Finding arterial deoxygenation early and initiating higher-level treatment is one of the most critical strategies in the therapy of HPS. In this study, we aimed to assess the utility of six-minute walk test (6MWT) in the diagnosis of HPS. Materials and Methods We have enrolled 100 consecutive cirrhosis patients referred to the Liver Clinic of a tertiary care centre of India for >1 year. The Child-Pugh score and the MELD score were used to determine the severity of cirrhosis. All the patients underwent transthoracic contrast echocardiography, arterial blood gas measurements on room air, 6MWT, and chest imaging. Results A total of 100 patients were included in the study after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. HPS was present in 21 out of 100 patients (21%). Median (twenty fifth to seventy fifth percentile) MELD score in patients with HPS was 29 (26-33), which was significantly higher as compared to patients without HPS 22 (14.5-26); P <.0001. The 6MWT was positive in 20 (95.23%) HPS patients, while only 1 patient (4.77%) of HPS had negative 6MWT. If 6MWT is positive, then there was 76.92% probability of HPS and if 6MWT is negative, then 98.65% chances of no HPS. Conclusion The 6MWT is a simple and effective screening test for HPS, it helps in identifying the patients early who have a potential to deteriorate. This simple intervention would help in prioritizing patients for liver transplantation as liver transplant is the only effective treatment for HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singhai
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Abhishek Singhai, Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail:
| | - Manaswinee Mallik
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pragya Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peoples College of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Dahiya DS, Kichloo A, Shaka H, Singh J, Singh G, Wani F, Masudi S, Koul H, Pisipati S. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Nationwide Analysis of Epidemiological Trends and Outcomes From 2012 to 2018. Gastroenterology Res 2021; 14:252-258. [PMID: 34527095 PMCID: PMC8425794 DOI: 10.14740/gr1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was designed to determine the epidemiological trends and adverse outcomes of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). Methods This retrospective interrupted trend study analyzed data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 to identify adult (≥ 18 years) hospitalizations with a diagnosis of HPS. We highlighted epidemiological trends for HPS. Inpatient mortality, mean length of stay (LOS) and mean total hospital charge (THC) were estimated using multivariate regression trend analysis. Results We observed an increase in the total number of HPS hospitalizations from 1,565 in 2012 to 2,495 in 2018, with mean age ranging from 55.8 to 58.1 years. There was a trend towards increasing hospitalizations (P-trend < 0.001) with increasing mean age (P-trend = 0.003) for HPS. Whites made up most of the study population. The inpatient mortality for HPS ranged from 12.4% to 12.6%, but there was no statistically significant trend for mortality (P-trend = 0.534) between 2012 and 2018. Additionally, there was no change in both mean LOS (P-trend = 0.545) and mean THC (P-trend = 0.534) for HPS for these years. Conclusions Hospitalizations and mean age for HPS were on the rise. Inpatient mortality ranged from 12.4% to 12.6%; however, a statistically significant trend for mortality was absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Singh Dahiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1000 Houghton Ave, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA
| | - Asim Kichloo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1000 Houghton Ave, Saginaw, MI 48602, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, Watertown, NY, USA
| | - Hafeez Shaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1969 Ogden Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, 1 Guthrie Square, Sayre, PA 18840, USA
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Lady of Lourdes Memorial Hospital, 169 Riverside Dr, Binghamton, NY 13905, USA
| | - Farah Wani
- Department of Family Medicine, Samaritan Medical Center, 830 Washington St, Watertown, NY 13601, USA
| | - Sundas Masudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Liverpool School of Medicine, Cedar House, Ashton St, Liverpool, L693GE, UK
| | - Hazique Koul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jaharul Islam Medical College, Bajitpur, BD 2336, Bangladesh
| | - Sailaja Pisipati
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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Zardi EM, Giorgi C, Dobrina A, Vecile E, Zardi DM. Analogies and differences between cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:739-753. [PMID: 33174630 DOI: 10.1002/med.21755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome are two quite frequent clinical entities that may complicate the course of liver cirrhosis. The common pathophysiological origin and the same clinical presentation make them difficult to compare. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and hepatopulmonary syndrome may start with dyspnea and breathlessness but the former is characterized by a chronic cardiac dysfunction and the latter by a defect of oxygenation due to pulmonary shunts formation. The focus is to differentiate them as soon as possible since the treatment is different until the patient undergoes liver transplant that is the real unique cure for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Maria Zardi
- Internistic Ultrasound Service, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Giorgi
- Department of Radiology, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Urbino, Italy
| | - Aldo Dobrina
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Vecile
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Maria Zardi
- Interventional Cardiology Department of S. Andrea Hospital, University "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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