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Pérez-Alfocea F, Borghi M, Guerrero JJ, Jiménez AR, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Fernie AR, Bartomeus I. Pollinator-assisted plant phenotyping, selection, and breeding for crop resilience to abiotic stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38581375 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Food security is threatened by climate change, with heat and drought being the main stresses affecting crop physiology and ecosystem services, such as plant-pollinator interactions. We hypothesize that tracking and ranking pollinators' preferences for flowers under environmental pressure could be used as a marker of plant quality for agricultural breeding to increase crop stress tolerance. Despite increasing relevance of flowers as the most stress sensitive organs, phenotyping platforms aim at identifying traits of resilience by assessing the plant physiological status through remote sensing-assisted vegetative indexes, but find strong bottlenecks in quantifying flower traits and in accurate genotype-to-phenotype prediction. However, as the transport of photoassimilates from leaves (sources) to flowers (sinks) is reduced in low-resilient plants, flowers are better indicators than leaves of plant well-being. Indeed, the chemical composition and amount of pollen and nectar that flowers produce, which ultimately serve as food resources for pollinators, change in response to environmental cues. Therefore, pollinators' preferences could be used as a measure of functional source-to-sink relationships for breeding decisions. To achieve this challenging goal, we propose to develop a pollinator-assisted phenotyping and selection platform for automated quantification of Genotype × Environment × Pollinator interactions through an insect geo-positioning system. Pollinator-assisted selection can be validated by metabolic, transcriptomic, and ionomic traits, and mapping of candidate genes, linking floral and leaf traits, pollinator preferences, plant resilience, and crop productivity. This radical new approach can change the current paradigm of plant phenotyping and find new paths for crop redomestication and breeding assisted by ecological decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juan José Guerrero
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), Postdam-Golm, Germany
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2
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Wood TJ, Müller A, Praz C, Michez D. Elevated rates of dietary generalization in eusocial lineages of the secondarily herbivorous bees. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:67. [PMID: 37986035 PMCID: PMC10662511 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the Hymenoptera, bees are notable for their relationship with flowering plants, being almost entirely dependent on plant pollen and nectar. Though functionally herbivorous, as a result of their role as pollinators, bees have received comparatively little attention as models for insect herbivory. Bees often display dietary specialization, but quantitative comparison against other herbivorous insects has not previously been conducted. RESULTS In the most comprehensive analysis to date for 860 bee species, dietary specialization amounted to 50.1% of studied species collecting pollen from between 1 and 2 botanical families with a relatively long tail of dietary generalists, with 11.1% of species collecting from more than 10 botanical families. This distribution deviated from the truncated Pareto distribution of dietary breadth seen in other herbivorous insect lineages. However, this deviation was predominantly due to eusocial bee lineages, which show a range of dietary breadths that conformed to a normal distribution, while solitary bees show a typical truncated distribution not strongly different from other herbivorous insects. We hypothesize that the relatively low level of dietary specialization in bees as a whole reflects the relaxation of the constraints typically observed in herbivorous insects with a comparatively reduced importance of plant chemistry and comparatively increased importance of phenology and foraging efficiency. The long flight periods of eusocial bees that are necessary to allow overlapping generations both allows and necessitates the use of multiple flowering resources, whereas solitary bees with short flight periods have more limited access to varied resources within a constrained activity period. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, solitary bees show slightly lower specialization compared to other herbivorous insects, possibly due to their balanced relationship with plants, rather than direct antagonism such as seen in the direct consumption of plant tissues. An additional factor may be the mediocre diversity of bees at low latitudes combined with low levels of dietary specialization, whereas these areas typically display a high rate of specialization by herbivorous insects in general. Though the most important factors structuring dietary specialization in bees appear to differ from many other herbivorous insects, solitary bees show a surprisingly similar overall pattern of dietary specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Wood
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - A Müller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Biocommunication and Entomology, Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Praz
- University of Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- InfoFauna - Swiss Zoological Records Center, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - D Michez
- University of Mons, Research Institute for Biosciences, Laboratory of Zoology, Place du parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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3
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Morinaga G, Wiens JJ, Moen DS. The radiation continuum and the evolution of frog diversity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7100. [PMID: 37925440 PMCID: PMC10625520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of life's vast diversity of species and phenotypes is often attributed to adaptive radiation. Yet its contribution to species and phenotypic diversity of a major group has not been examined. Two key questions remain unresolved. First, what proportion of clades show macroevolutionary dynamics similar to adaptive radiations? Second, what proportion of overall species richness and phenotypic diversity do these adaptive-radiation-like clades contain? We address these questions with phylogenetic and morphological data for 1226 frog species across 43 families (which represent >99% of all species). Less than half of frog families resembled adaptive radiations (with rapid diversification and morphological evolution). Yet, these adaptive-radiation-like clades encompassed ~75% of both morphological and species diversity, despite rapid rates in other clades (e.g., non-adaptive radiations). Overall, we support the importance of adaptive-radiation-like evolution for explaining diversity patterns and provide a framework for characterizing macroevolutionary dynamics and diversity patterns in other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Morinaga
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Daniel S Moen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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4
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Almeida EAB, Bossert S, Danforth BN, Porto DS, Freitas FV, Davis CC, Murray EA, Blaimer BB, Spasojevic T, Ströher PR, Orr MC, Packer L, Brady SG, Kuhlmann M, Branstetter MG, Pie MR. The evolutionary history of bees in time and space. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3409-3422.e6. [PMID: 37506702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Bees are the most significant pollinators of flowering plants. This partnership began ca. 120 million years ago, but the uncertainty of how and when bees spread across the planet has greatly obscured investigations of this key mutualism. We present a novel analysis of bee biogeography using extensive new genomic and fossil data to demonstrate that bees originated in Western Gondwana (Africa and South America). Bees likely originated in the Early Cretaceous, shortly before the breakup of Western Gondwana, and the early evolution of any major bee lineage is associated with either the South American or African land masses. Subsequently, bees colonized northern continents via a complex history of vicariance and dispersal. The notable early absences from large landmasses, particularly in Australia and India, have important implications for understanding the assembly of local floras and diverse modes of pollination. How bees spread around the world from their hypothesized Southern Hemisphere origin parallels the histories of numerous flowering plant clades, providing an essential step to studying the evolution of angiosperm pollination syndromes in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A B Almeida
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Silas Bossert
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA.
| | - Bryan N Danforth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Comstock Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diego S Porto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil; Finnish Museum of Natural History - LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Felipe V Freitas
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Charles C Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Murray
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blaimer
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Spasojevic
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Life Sciences, Natural History Museum Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia R Ströher
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brazil; Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Michael C Orr
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Laurence Packer
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Seán G Brady
- Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum, University of Kiel, Hegewischstr. 3, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael G Branstetter
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pollinating Insects Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Marcio R Pie
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-990, Brazil; Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, St Helens Rd, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
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5
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Filipiak ZM, Ollerton J, Filipiak M. Uncovering the significance of the ratio of food K:Na in bee ecology and evolution. Ecology 2023; 104:e4110. [PMID: 37232411 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bees provide important ecological services, and many species are threatened globally, yet our knowledge of wild bee ecology and evolution is limited. While evolving from carnivorous ancestors, bees had to develop strategies for coping with limitations imposed on them by a plant-based diet, with nectar providing energy and essential amino acids and pollen as an extraordinary, protein- and lipid-rich food nutritionally similar to animal tissues. Both nectar and pollen display one characteristic common to plants, a high ratio of potassium to sodium (K:Na), potentially leading to bee underdevelopment, health problems, and death. We discuss why and how the ratio of K:Na contributes to bee ecology and evolution and how considering this factor in future studies will provide new knowledge, more accurately depicting the relationship of bees with their environments. Such knowledge is essential for understanding how plants and bees function and interact and is needed to effectively protect wild bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna M Filipiak
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty or Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China
| | - Michał Filipiak
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Blaimer BB, Santos BF, Cruaud A, Gates MW, Kula RR, Mikó I, Rasplus JY, Smith DR, Talamas EJ, Brady SG, Buffington ML. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1212. [PMID: 36869077 PMCID: PMC9984522 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Hymenoptera (wasps, ants, sawflies, and bees) represents one of the most diverse animal lineages, but whether specific key innovations have contributed to its diversification is still unknown. We assembled the largest time-calibrated phylogeny of Hymenoptera to date and investigated the origin and possible correlation of particular morphological and behavioral innovations with diversification in the order: the wasp waist of Apocrita; the stinger of Aculeata; parasitoidism, a specialized form of carnivory; and secondary phytophagy, a reversal to plant-feeding. Here, we show that parasitoidism has been the dominant strategy since the Late Triassic in Hymenoptera, but was not an immediate driver of diversification. Instead, transitions to secondary phytophagy (from parasitoidism) had a major influence on diversification rate in Hymenoptera. Support for the stinger and the wasp waist as key innovations remains equivocal, but these traits may have laid the anatomical and behavioral foundations for adaptations more directly associated with diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie B Blaimer
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany.
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Bernardo F Santos
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Invalidenstraße 43, Berlin, 10115, Germany
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Astrid Cruaud
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael W Gates
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert R Kula
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - István Mikó
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Rasplus
- CBGP, INRAe, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David R Smith
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elijah J Talamas
- Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 1911 SW 34th St, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Seán G Brady
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Matthew L Buffington
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA-ARS, c/o NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, 10th & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Asar Y, Ho SYW, Sauquet H. Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: were they unlinked? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:858-869. [PMID: 35568622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article, we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for angiosperms and major clades of insects; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm-insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm-insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled until the end of the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Asar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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8
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Glass JR, Harrison JF. The thermal performance curve for aerobic metabolism of a flying endotherm. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220298. [PMID: 35975442 PMCID: PMC9382204 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Performance benefits of stable, warm muscles are believed to be important for the evolution of endothermy in mammals, birds and flying insects. However, thermal performance curves have never been measured for a free-flying endotherm, as it is challenging to vary body temperatures of these animals, and maximal flight performance is difficult to elicit. We varied air temperatures and gas densities to manipulate thoracic temperatures of flying honeybees from 29°C to 44°C, with low air densities used to increase flight metabolic rates to maximal values. Honeybees showed a clear thermal performance curve with an optimal temperature of 39°C. Maximal flight metabolic rates increased by approximately 2% per 1°C increase in thoracic temperature at suboptimal thoracic temperatures, but decreased approximately 5% per 1°C increase as the bees continued to heat up. This study provides the first quantification of the maximal metabolic performance benefit of thermoregulation in an endotherm. These data directly support aerobic capacity models for benefits of thermoregulation in honeybees, and suggest that improved aerobic capacity probably contributes to the multiple origins of endothermic heterothermy in bees and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Glass
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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9
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Dorchin A, Shafir A, Neumann FH, Langgut D, Vereecken NJ, Mayrose I. Bee flowers drive macroevolutionary diversification in long-horned bees. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210533. [PMID: 34547912 PMCID: PMC8515878 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of plant–pollinator interactions in the rapid radiation of the angiosperms have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Studies have brought evidence for pollinator-driven diversification of various plant lineages, particularly plants with specialized flowers and concealed rewards. By contrast, little is known about how this crucial interaction has shaped macroevolutionary patterns of floral visitors. In particular, there is currently no empirical evidence that floral host association has increased diversification in bees, the most prominent group of floral visitors that essentially rely on angiosperm pollen. In this study, we examine how floral host preference influenced diversification in eucerine bees (Apidae, Eucerini), which exhibit large variations in their floral associations. We combine quantitative pollen analyses with a recently proposed phylogenetic hypothesis, and use a state speciation and extinction probabilistic approach. Using this framework, we provide the first evidence that multiple evolutionary transitions from host plants with accessible pollen to restricted pollen from ‘bee-flowers’ have significantly increased the diversification of a bee clade. We suggest that exploiting host plants with restricted pollen has allowed the exploitation of a new ecological niche for eucerine bees and contributed both to their colonization of vast regions of the world and their rapid diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achik Dorchin
- The National Natural History Collections, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Anat Shafir
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Frank H Neumann
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dafna Langgut
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, and The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Itay Mayrose
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, The Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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10
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A primer of host-plant specialization in bees. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:7-17. [PMID: 32558903 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bee-flower biological association is one of the most famous examples of insect-plant interactions, and it is axiomatic that these are of critical importance for sustaining thriving terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, the most familiar associations are often artificially managed agricultural ecosystems, reflecting an exceptionally narrow range of bee species (often only one) and a concomitantly restricted range of associated behaviors, morphologies, and mechanisms tied to pollination. Here we provide a brief account of the range of bee-floral associations encompassing floral specialization in terms of diet, behavior, and morphology. These natural associations not only promote healthy ecosystems, but also can be integrated in sustainable ways for more efficient pollination of crops by targeting bee species whose diets, behaviors, and pollen-gathering structures evolved precisely to visit such floral species rather than less efficient, and often non-native, generalists that are otherwise exploited for such purposes.
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11
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Łoś A, Skórka P, Strachecka A, Winiarczyk S, Adaszek Ł, Winiarczyk M, Wolski D. The associations among the breeding performance of Osmia bicornis L. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), burden of pathogens and nest parasites along urbanisation gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:135520. [PMID: 31780170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments may negatively affect the development of organisms. In host-pathogen/parasite systems, this impact may lead to increased manifestations of pathogens that decrease the success of their hosts in urban environments compared to rural ones. We tested this hypothesis in the solitary bee Osmia bicornis L. We estimated the development of bees, their reproductive success and the manifestation of different pathogens and nest parasites along an urbanisation gradient. We conducted the experiment in an urbanisation gradient in sites representing three environments: urban, suburban and rural. First, we analysed the manifestation of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in pollen loads, within dried/mummified individuals, on the surface of cocoons and on the surface of diapausing adult individuals by using the MALDI-TOF MS technique. We also verified genetic samples from diapausing individuals for the presence of the parasitic Nosema apis (Zandler, 1909) and N. ceranae (Fries et al., 1996) species. Finally, we assessed the level of reproductive success and manifestations of brood parasites. Not any biological material from the nests was infected by pathogenic microorganisms. This result indicates that the nests are not a reservoir of the pathogenic bacteria and that O. bicornis offspring are not a source or vectors of these pathogens to the surrounding environment and indirectly to other bee species. In urban sites, there was a lower number of parasites than in suburban and rural environments. The presence of parasites was negatively correlated with the reproductive success and may be a limiting factor for O. bicornis populations. We also found that urban sites had the highest indices of reproductive success and the lowest number of breeding failures compared to suburban and rural sites. Moreover, bacterial and fungal transmission is not a serious threat in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łoś
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Skórka
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, al. Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Aneta Strachecka
- Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Winiarczyk
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Wolski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, ul. Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Grozinger CM, Zayed A. Improving bee health through genomics. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 21:277-291. [DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-0216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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