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Tay EJ, Barnsley JE, Thomas DB, Gordon KC. Elucidating the resonance Raman spectra of psittacofulvins. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120146. [PMID: 34274684 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies into the identification and characterisation of psittacofulvins were performed using resonance Raman spectroscopy. It was confirmed that red colour regions display Raman band wavenumber shifts with excitation wavelength, whereas yellow regions do not. There was, however, one yellow region (Calyptorhynchus banksii) that did display wavenumber shifting with excitation wavelength. The data in Raman band wavenumber shifting is observed may be interpreted as probing sample volumes in which a number of dyes of differing length are present in which comparative resonance Raman signals select out the dyes to differing extents depending on their absorption profile, structurally changes between the ground and excited state and the Raman scattering of particular modes. The observed spectral features suggest the presence of a psittacofulvin with greater conjugation than has been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot J Tay
- Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Daniel B Thomas
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Chemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Price-Waldman R, Stoddard MC. Avian Coloration Genetics: Recent Advances and Emerging Questions. J Hered 2021; 112:395-416. [PMID: 34002228 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorful phenotypes of birds have long provided rich source material for evolutionary biologists. Avian plumage, beaks, skin, and eggs-which exhibit a stunning range of cryptic and conspicuous forms-inspired early work on adaptive coloration. More recently, avian color has fueled discoveries on the physiological, developmental, and-increasingly-genetic mechanisms responsible for phenotypic variation. The relative ease with which avian color traits can be quantified has made birds an attractive system for uncovering links between phenotype and genotype. Accordingly, the field of avian coloration genetics is burgeoning. In this review, we highlight recent advances and emerging questions associated with the genetic underpinnings of bird color. We start by describing breakthroughs related to 2 pigment classes: carotenoids that produce red, yellow, and orange in most birds and psittacofulvins that produce similar colors in parrots. We then discuss structural colors, which are produced by the interaction of light with nanoscale materials and greatly extend the plumage palette. Structural color genetics remain understudied-but this paradigm is changing. We next explore how colors that arise from interactions among pigmentary and structural mechanisms may be controlled by genes that are co-expressed or co-regulated. We also identify opportunities to investigate genes mediating within-feather micropatterning and the coloration of bare parts and eggs. We conclude by spotlighting 2 research areas-mechanistic links between color vision and color production, and speciation-that have been invigorated by genetic insights, a trend likely to continue as new genomic approaches are applied to non-model species.
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Bennington MS, Akbarinejad A, Tay EJ, Chan EWC, Wan Z, Abudayyeh AM, Baek P, Feltham HLC, Barker D, Gordon KC, Travas-Sejdic J, Brooker S. Electroactive Metal Complexes Covalently Attached to Conductive PEDOT Films: A Spectroelectrochemical Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1301-1313. [PMID: 33351602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The successful covalent attachment, via copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), of alkyne-functionalized nickel(II) and copper(II) macrocyclic complexes onto azide (N3)-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on ITO-coated glass electrodes is reported. To investigate the surface attachment of the selected metal complexes, which are analogues of the cobalt-based complex previously reported to be a molecular catalyst for hydrogen evolution, first, three different PEDOT films were formed by electropolymerization of pure PEDOT or pure N3-PEDOT, and last, 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT were formed by co-polymerizing a 1:4 mixture of N3-EDOT:EDOT monomers. The successful surface immobilization of the complexes on the latter two azide-functionalized films, by CuAAC, was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry as well as by UV-vis-NIR and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The ratio between the N3 groups, and hence, the number of surface-attached metal complexes after CuAAC functionalization, in pristine N3-PEDOT versus 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT is expected to be 3:1 and seen to be 2.86:1 with a calculated surface coverage of 3.28 ± 1.04 and 1.15 ± 0.09 nmol/cm2, respectively. The conversion, to the metal complex attached films, was lower for the N3-PEDOT films (Ni 74%, Cu 76%) than for the copolymer 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT films (Ni 83%, Cu 91%) due to the former being more sterically congested. The Raman and UV-vis-NIR results were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), respectively, and showed good agreement with the experimental data. Importantly, the spectroelectrochemical behavior of both anchored metal complexes is analogous to that of the free metal complexes in solution. This proves that PEDOT films are promising conducting scaffolds for the covalent immobilization of metal complexes, as the existing electrochromic features of the complexes are preserved on immobilization, which is important for applications in electrocatalytic proton and carbon dioxide reduction, optoelectronics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Michael S Bennington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Elliot J Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Eddie Wai Chi Chan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ziyao Wan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Abdullah M Abudayyeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Paul Baek
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Humphrey L C Feltham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sally Brooker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Maia LF, De Oliveira VE, Edwards HGM, De Oliveira LFC. The Diversity of Linear Conjugated Polyenes and Colours in Nature: Raman Spectroscopy as a Diagnostic Tool. Chemphyschem 2020; 22:231-249. [PMID: 33225557 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This review is centered on the linear conjugated polyenes, which encompasses chromatic biomolecules, such as carotenoids, polyunsaturated aldehydes and polyolefinic fatty acids. The linear extension of the conjugated double bonds in these molecules is the main feature that determines the spectroscopic properties as light-absorbing. These classes of compounds are responsible for the yellow, orange, red and purple colors which are observed in their parent flora and fauna in nature. Raman spectroscopy has been used as analytical tool for the characterization of these molecules, mainly due to the strong light scattering produced by the delocalized pi electrons in the carbon chain. In addition, conjugated polyenes are one of the main target molecular species for astrobiology, and we also present a brief discussion of the use of Raman spectroscopy as one of the main analytical tools for the detection of polyenes extra-terrestrially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenize F Maia
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário s/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36033-620, Brazil
| | - Vanessa E De Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus Universitário de Rio das Ostras, Rua Recife, Lotes 1-7, Jardim Bela Vista, Rio das Ostras, RJ, 28895-532, Brazil
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz Fernando C De Oliveira
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário s/n - Martelos, Juiz de Fora-MG, 36033-620, Brazil
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