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Schachat SR, Goldstein PZ, Desalle R, Bobo DM, Boyce CK, Payne JL, Labandeira CC. Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The earliest fossils of winged insects (Pterygota) are mid-Carboniferous (latest Mississippian, 328–324 Mya), but estimates of their age based on fossil-calibrated molecular phylogenetic studies place their origin at 440–370 Mya during the Silurian or Devonian. This discrepancy would require that winged insects evaded fossilization for at least the first ~50 Myr of their history. Here, we examine the plausibility of such a gap in the fossil record, and possible explanations for it, based on comparisons with the fossil records of other arthropod groups, the distribution of first occurrence dates of pterygote families, phylogenetically informed simulations of the fossilization of Palaeozoic insects, and re-analysis of data presented by Misof and colleagues using updated fossil calibrations under a variety of prior probability settings. We do not find support for the mechanisms previously suggested to account for such an extended gap in the pterygote fossil record, including sampling bias, preservation bias, and body size. We suggest that inference of an early origin of Pterygota long prior to their first appearance in the fossil record is probably an analytical artefact of taxon sampling and choice of fossil calibration points, possibly compounded by heterogeneity in rates of sequence evolution or speciation, including radiations or ‘bursts’ during their early history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Schachat
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Paul Z Goldstein
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
| | - Rob Desalle
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics , New York, NY , USA
| | - Dean M Bobo
- American Museum of Natural History, Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics , New York, NY , USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University , New York, NY , USA
| | - C Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Jonathan L Payne
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford, CA , USA
| | - Conrad C Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution , Washington, DC , USA
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park , MD , USA
- Capital Normal University, School of Life Sciences , Beijing , China
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Siveter DJ, Briggs DEG, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD. A well-preserved respiratory system in a Silurian ostracod. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0464. [PMID: 30404865 PMCID: PMC6283931 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracod crustaceans are diverse and ubiquitous in aqueous environments today but relatively few known species have gills. Ostracods are the most abundant fossil arthropods but examples of soft-part preservation, especially of gills, are exceptionally rare. A new ostracod, Spiricopia aurita (Myodocopa), from the marine Silurian Herefordshire Lagerstätte (430 Mya), UK, preserves appendages, lateral eyes and gills. The respiratory system includes five pairs of gill lamellae with hypobranchial and epibranchial canals that conveyed haemolymph. A heart and associated vessels had likely evolved in ostracods by the Mid-Silurian.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Siveter
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Derek J Siveter
- Earth Collections, University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
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Xing L, Sames B, McKellar RC, Xi D, Bai M, Wan X. A gigantic marine ostracod (Crustacea: Myodocopa) trapped in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1365. [PMID: 29358761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (~99 Ma, Myanmar), widely known for exquisite preservation of theropods, also yields microfossils, which can provide important contextual information on paleoenvironment and amber formation. We report the first Cretaceous ostracod in amber—the gigantic (12.9 mm) right valve of an exclusively marine group (Myodocopa: Myodocopida) preserved in Burmese amber. Ostracods are usually small (0.5–2 mm), with well-calcified carapaces that provide an excellent fossil record extending to at least the Ordovician (~485 million years ago), but they are rarely encountered in amber. The new specimen effectively doubles the age of the ostracod amber record, offering the first representative of the Myodocopa, a weakly calcified group with a poor fossil record. Its carapace morphology is atypical and likely plesiomorphic. The preserved valve appears to be either a moulted exuvium or a dead and disarticulated specimen, and subsequent resin flows contain forest floor inclusions with terrestrial arthropods, i.e., fragmentary remains of spiders, and insect frass. These features resolve an enigmatic taphonomic pathway, and support a marginal marine setting for resin production.
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Siveter DJ, Briggs DEG, Siveter DJ, Sutton MD, Legg D. A new crustacean from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK, and its significance in malacostracan evolution. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170279. [PMID: 28330926 PMCID: PMC5378094 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascolus ravitis gen. et sp. nov. is a three-dimensionally preserved fossil crustacean with soft parts from the Herefordshire (Silurian) Lagerstätte, UK. It is characterized by a head with a head shield and five limb pairs, and a thorax (pereon) with nine appendage-bearing segments followed by an apodous abdomen (pleon). All the appendages except the first are biramous and have a gnathobase. The post-mandibular appendages are similar one to another, and bear petal-shaped epipods that probably functioned as a part of the respiratory-circulatory system. Cladistic analysis resolves the new taxon as a stem-group leptostracan (Malacostraca). This well-preserved arthropod provides novel insights into the evolution of appendage morphology, tagmosis and the possible respiratory-circulatory physiology of a basal malacostracan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Siveter
- Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA
| | - Derek J Siveter
- Earth Collections, University Museum of Natural History, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Mark D Sutton
- Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, UK
| | - David Legg
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Matzke-Karasz R, Neil JV, Smith RJ, Symonová R, Mořkovský L, Archer M, Hand SJ, Cloetens P, Tafforeau P. Subcellular preservation in giant ostracod sperm from an early Miocene cave deposit in Australia. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0394. [PMID: 24827442 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypridoidean ostracods are one of a number of animal taxa that reproduce with giant sperm, up to 10 000 µm in length, but they are the only group to have aflagellate, filamentous giant sperm. The evolution and function of this highly unusual feature of reproduction with giant sperm are currently unknown. The hypothesis of long-term evolutionary persistence of this kind of reproduction has never been tested. We here report giant sperm discovered by propagation phase contrast X-ray synchrotron micro- and nanotomography, preserved in five Miocene ostracod specimens from Queensland, Australia. The specimens belong to the species Heterocypris collaris Matzke-Karasz et al. 2013 (one male and three females) and Newnhamia mckenziana Matzke-Karasz et al. 2013 (one female). The sperm are not only the oldest petrified gametes on record, but include three-dimensional subcellular preservation. We provide direct evidence that giant sperm have been a feature of this taxon for at least 16 Myr and provide an additional criterion (i.e. longevity) to test hypotheses relating to origin and function of giant sperm in the animal kingdom. We further argue that the highly resistant, most probably chitinous coats of giant ostracod sperm may play a role in delaying decay processes, favouring early mineralization of soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Matzke-Karasz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilian-University and GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Strasse 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - John V Neil
- School of Civil Engineering and Physical Sciences, La Trobe University, PO Box 199, Bendigo, Victoria 3552, Australia
| | - Robin J Smith
- Lake Biwa Museum, Oroshimo 1091, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-0001, Japan
| | - Radka Symonová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mořkovský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Archer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Suzanne J Hand
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter Cloetens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38043 Grenoble, France
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Misof B, Liu S, Meusemann K, Peters RS, Donath A, Mayer C, Frandsen PB, Ware J, Flouri T, Beutel RG, Niehuis O, Petersen M, Izquierdo-Carrasco F, Wappler T, Rust J, Aberer AJ, Aspock U, Aspock H, Bartel D, Blanke A, Berger S, Bohm A, Buckley TR, Calcott B, Chen J, Friedrich F, Fukui M, Fujita M, Greve C, Grobe P, Gu S, Huang Y, Jermiin LS, Kawahara AY, Krogmann L, Kubiak M, Lanfear R, Letsch H, Li Y, Li Z, Li J, Lu H, Machida R, Mashimo Y, Kapli P, McKenna DD, Meng G, Nakagaki Y, Navarrete-Heredia JL, Ott M, Ou Y, Pass G, Podsiadlowski L, Pohl H, von Reumont BM, Schutte K, Sekiya K, Shimizu S, Slipinski A, Stamatakis A, Song W, Su X, Szucsich NU, Tan M, Tan X, Tang M, Tang J, Timelthaler G, Tomizuka S, Trautwein M, Tong X, Uchifune T, Walzl MG, Wiegmann BM, Wilbrandt J, Wipfler B, Wong TKF, Wu Q, Wu G, Xie Y, Yang S, Yang Q, Yeates DK, Yoshizawa K, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhou C, Zhou L, Ziesmann T, Zou S, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Wang J, Kjer KM, Zhou X. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 2014; 346:763-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1257570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Haug C, Briggs DEG, Mikulic DG, Kluessendorf J, Haug JT. The implications of a Silurian and other thylacocephalan crustaceans for the functional morphology and systematic affinities of the group. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:159. [PMID: 25927449 PMCID: PMC4448278 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thylacocephala is a group of enigmatic extinct arthropods. Here we provide a full description of the oldest unequivocal thylacocephalan, a new genus and species Thylacares brandonensis, which is present in the Silurian Waukesha fauna from Wisconsin, USA. We also present details of younger, Jurassic specimens, from the Solnhofen lithographic limestones, which are crucial to our interpretation of the systematic position of Thylacocephala. In the past, Thylacocephala has been interpreted as a crustacean ingroup and as closely related to various groups such as cirripeds, decapods or remipeds. Results The Waukesha thylacocephalan, Thylacares brandonensis n. gen. n. sp., bears compound eyes and raptorial appendages that are relatively small compared to those of other representatives of the group. As in other thylacocephalans the large bivalved shield encloses much of the entire body. The shield lacks a marked optical notch. The eyes, which project just beyond the shield margin, appear to be stalked. Head appendages, which may represent antennulae, antennae and mandibles, appear to be present. The trunk is comprised of up to 22 segments. New details observed on thylacocephalans from the Jurassic Solnhofen lithographic limestones include antennulae and antennae of Mayrocaris bucculata, and endites on the raptorial appendages and an elongate last trunk appendage in Clausocaris lithographica. Preserved features of the internal morphology in C. lithographica include the muscles of the raptorial appendage and trunk. Conclusions Our results indicate that some ‘typical’ thylacocephalan characters are unique to the group; these autapomorphies contribute to the difficulty of determining thylacocephalan affinities. While the new features reported here are consistent with a eucrustacean affinity, most previous hypotheses for the position of Thylacocephala within Eucrustacea (as Stomatopoda, Thecostraca or Decapoda) are shown to be unlikely. A sister group relationship to Remipedia appears compatible with the observed features of Thylacocephala but more fossil evidence is required to test this assertion. The raptorial appendages of Thylacocephala most likely projected 45 degrees abaxially instead of directly forward as previously reconstructed. The overall morphology of thylacocephalans supports a predatory mode of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Haug
- Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany.
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, PO Box 208109-06511, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, 06520, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Joanne Kluessendorf
- Weis Earth Science Museum, University of Wisconsin - Fox Valley, 54952, Menasha, WI, USA.
| | - Joachim T Haug
- Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany.
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Siveter D, Tanaka G, Farrell Ú, Martin M, Siveter D, Briggs D. Exceptionally Preserved 450-Million-Year-Old Ordovician Ostracods with Brood Care. Curr Biol 2014; 24:801-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
A new arthropod, Enalikter aphson gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Silurian (Wenlock Series) Herefordshire Lagerstätte of the UK. It belongs to the Megacheira (=short-great-appendage group), which is recognized here, for the first time, in strata younger than mid-Cambrian age. Discovery of this new Silurian taxon allows us to identify a Devonian megacheiran representative, Bundenbachiellus giganteus from the Hunsrück Slate of Germany. The phylogenetic position of megacheirans is controversial: they have been interpreted as stem chelicerates, or stem euarthropods, but when Enalikter and Bundenbachiellus are added to the most comprehensive morphological database available, a stem euarthropod position is supported. Enalikter represents the only fully three-dimensionally preserved stem-group euarthropod, it falls in the sister clade to the crown-group euarthropods, and it provides new insights surrounding the origin and early evolution of the euarthropods. Recognition of Enalikter and Bundenbachiellus as megacheirans indicates that this major arthropod group survived for nearly 100 Myr beyond the mid-Cambrian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Siveter
- Earth Collections, University Museum of Natural History, , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, UK, Department of Geology and Geophysics and Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, , PO Box 208109, New Haven, CT 06520-8109, USA, Department of Geology, University of Leicester, , Leicester LE1 7RH, UK, Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, , London SW7 2BP, UK
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Wolfe JM, Hegna TA. Testing the phylogenetic position of Cambrian pancrustacean larval fossils by coding ontogenetic stages. Cladistics 2013; 30:366-390. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M. Wolfe
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; 210 Whitney Avenue New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology & Sackler Institute of Comparative Genomics; American Museum of Natural History; Central Park West at 79th Street New York NY 10024 USA
| | - Thomas A. Hegna
- Department of Geology and Geophysics; Yale University; 210 Whitney Avenue New Haven CT 06520 USA
- Department of Geology; Western Illinois University; Tillman Hall 1 University Circle Macomb IL 61455 USA
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