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Kyogoku D, Dobata S, Takashima R, Sota T. Female-limited responses in remating rate and mating duration in the experimental evolution of a beetle Callosobruchus chinensis. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:309-314. [PMID: 36514853 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mating rate optima often differ between the sexes: males may increase their fitness by multiple mating, but for females multiple mating confers little benefit and can often be costly (especially in taxa without nuptial gifts or mala parental care). Sexually antagonistic evolution is thus expected in traits related to mating rates under sexual selection. This prediction has been tested by multiple studies that applied experimental evolution technique, which is a powerful tool to directly examine the evolutionary consequences of selection. Yet, the results so far only partly support the prediction. Here, we provide another example of experimental evolution of sexual selection, by applying it for the first time to the mating behaviour of a seed beetle Callsorobruchus chinensis. We found a lower remating rate in polygamy-line females than in monogamy-line (i.e. no sexual selection) females after 21 generations of selection. Polygamy-line females also showed a longer duration of first mating than monogamy-line females. We found no effect of male evolutionary lines on the remating rate or first mating duration. Though not consistent with the original prediction, the current and previous studies collectively suggest that the observed female-limited responses may be a norm, which is also consistent with the conceptual advances in the last two decades of the advantages and limitations of experimental evolution technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeto Dobata
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rui Takashima
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Palka JK, Fiok K, Antoł W, Prokop ZM. Competitive fitness analysis using Convolutional Neural Network. J Nematol 2021; 52:e2020-108. [PMID: 33829182 PMCID: PMC8015326 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a procedure for estimating competitive fitness by using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as a tool. Competitive fitness is usually the most informative fitness measure, and competitive fitness assays often rely on green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker strains. CNNs are a class of deep learning neural networks, which are well suited for image analysis and object classification. Our model analyses involved image classification of nematodes as wild-type vs. GFP-expressing, and counted both categories. The performance was analyzed with (i) precision and recall parameters, and (ii) comparison of the wild-type frequency calculated from the model against that obtained by visual scoring of the same images. The average precision and recall varied from 0.79 to 0.87 and from 0.84 to 0.92, respectively, depending on worm density in the images. Compared with manual counting, the model decreased counting time at least 20-fold while preventing human errors. Given the rapid development in the field of CNN, the model, which is fully available on GitHub, can be further optimized and adapted for other image-based uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Palka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Fiok
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Weronika Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zofia M Prokop
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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3
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Kyogoku D, Sota T. Sexual selection increased offspring production via evolution of male and female traits. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:501-511. [PMID: 33314378 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic evolution driven by sexual selection can impact the fitness of individuals and thus population performance through multiple mechanisms, but it is unresolved how and when sexual selection affects offspring production by females. We examined the effects of sexual selection on offspring production by females using replicated experimental evolutionary lines of Callosobruchus chinensis that were kept under polygamy (with sexual selection) or monogamy (without sexual selection) for 21 generations. We found that polygamous-line pairs produced more offspring than monogamous-line pairs, because polygamous-line beetles evolved to be larger than monogamous-line beetles, and larger females were more fecund. Egg hatchability did not differ between polygamous- and monogamous-line pairs, as a result of the positive and negative effects of sexual selection cancelling out. When mated with an individual from a common tester line, both polygamous-line females and males showed higher hatchability in resultant eggs than monogamous ones. Further, cohabitation with a male reduced egg hatchability, and this effect was more pronounced in polygamous-line than in monogamous-line males. These results demonstrate multiple mechanisms by which sexual selection affects female fitness, with the net effect being positive. Analyses of how development time, body size and male genital morphology were influenced by selection regime suggest that these results arose from both evolution via good-gene processes and sexually antagonistic selection. Our results are also consistent with the hypothesis that the fitness consequences of sexual selection for females are dependent on the evolutionary history of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Ecological Integration, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Stångberg J, Immonen E, Moreno PP, Bolund E. Experimentally induced intrasexual mating competition and sex-specific evolution in female and male nematodes. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1677-1688. [PMID: 32945028 PMCID: PMC7756511 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in life history traits and their trade-offs is widespread among sexually reproducing animals and is strongly influenced by the differences in reproductive strategies between the sexes. We investigated how intrasexual competition influenced specific life history traits, important to fitness and their trade-offs in the outcrossing nematode Caenorhabditis remanei. Here, we altered the strength of sex-specific selection through experimental evolution with increased potential for intrasexual competition by skewing the adult sex ratio towards either females or males (1:10 or 10:1) over 30 generations and subsequently measured the phenotypic response to selection in three traits related to fitness: body size, fecundity and tolerance to heat stress. We observed a greater evolutionary change in females than males for body size and peak fitness, suggesting that females may experience stronger net selection and potentially harbour higher amounts of standing genetic variance compared to males. Our study highlights the importance of investigating direct and indirect effects of intrasexual competition in both sexes in order to capture sex-specific responses and understand the evolution of sexual dimorphism in traits expressed by both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Stångberg
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elina Immonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pilar Puimedon Moreno
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Bolund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Genevcius BC, Baker J, Bianchi FM, Marvaldi AE. Female‐driven intersexual coevolution in beetle genitalia. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:957-965. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C. Genevcius
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Joanna Baker
- School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Reading UK
| | - Filipe M. Bianchi
- Department of Zoology Institute of Biosciences Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Adriana E. Marvaldi
- División Entomología Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata CONICET Buenos Aires Argentina
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6
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Zwoinska MK, Larva T, Sekajova Z, Carlsson H, Meurling S, Maklakov AA. Artificial selection for increased dispersal results in lower fitness. J Evol Biol 2019; 33:217-224. [PMID: 31677316 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal often covaries with other traits, and this covariation was shown to have a genetic basis. Here, we wanted to explore to what extent genetic constraints and correlational selection can explain patterns of covariation between dispersal and key life-history traits-lifespan and reproduction. A prediction from the fitness-associated dispersal hypothesis was that lower genetic quality is associated with higher dispersal propensity as driven by the benefits of genetic mixing. We wanted to contrast it with a prediction from a different model that individuals putting more emphasis on current rather than future reproduction disperse more, as they are expected to be more risk-prone and exploratory. However, if dispersal has inherent costs, this will also result in a negative genetic correlation between higher rates of dispersal and some aspects of performance. To explore this issue, we used the dioecious nematode Caenorhabditis remanei and selected for increased and decreased dispersal propensity for 10 generations, followed by five generations of relaxed selection. Dispersal propensity responded to selection, and females from high-dispersal lines dispersed more than females from low-dispersal lines. Females selected for increased dispersal propensity produced fewer offspring and were more likely to die from matricide, which is associated with a low physiological condition in Caenorhabditis nematodes. There was no evidence for differences in age-specific reproductive effort between high- and low-dispersal females. Rather, reproductive output of high-dispersal females was consistently reduced. We argue that our data provide support for the fitness-associated dispersal hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna K Zwoinska
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tuuli Larva
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zuzana Sekajova
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanne Carlsson
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Sara Meurling
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexei A Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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7
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Kyogoku D, Sota T. The evolution of between-species reproductive interference capability under different within-species mating regimes. Evolution 2017; 71:2721-2727. [PMID: 28884796 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection sometimes favors male traits that benefit their bearers, but harm their mates. The harmful effects of male traits may also extend to females of other species via heterospecific mating interactions. This could affect the coexistence of closely related species during secondary contact. We examined the evolution of the interspecific interfering capability of a beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis) with a congener (C. maculatus) using C. chinensis males reared under conditions of monogamy and polygamy for 17 generations. After experimental evolution, C. chinensis males reared under polygamous conditions imposed greater impacts on offspring production by C. maculatus females than did C. chinensis males reared under monogamous conditions. However, the mechanism by which differential mating regimes altered the effect of C. chinensis males on C. maculatus females was unclear, because we did not find evidence for the expected genital evolution in C. chinensis, despite their body size divergence. Our findings suggest that traits that originally evolved through sexual selection in two allopatric species could influence the coexistence of these species or the likelihood of reinforcement during secondary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kyogoku
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.,Current Address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan
| | - Teiji Sota
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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8
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Fritzsche K, Booksmythe I, Arnqvist G. Sex Ratio Bias Leads to the Evolution of Sex Role Reversal in Honey Locust Beetles. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2522-2526. [PMID: 27593373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reversal of conventional sex roles was enigmatic to Darwin, who suggested that it may evolve when sex ratios are female biased [1]. Here we present direct evidence confirming Darwin's hypothesis. We investigated mating system evolution in a sex-role-reversed beetle (Megabruchidius dorsalis) using experimental evolution under manipulated sex ratios and food regimes. In female-biased populations, where reproductive competition among females was intensified, females evolved to be more attractive and the sex roles became more reversed. Interestingly, female-specific mating behavior evolved more rapidly than male-specific mating behavior. We show that sexual selection due to reproductive competition can be strong in females and can target much the same traits as in males of species with conventional mating systems. Our study highlights two central points: the role of ecology in directing sexual selection and the role that females play in mating system evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Fritzsche
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Isobel Booksmythe
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Reynolds A, Lindström J, Johnson PCD, Mable BK. Evolution of drug-tolerant nematode populations in response to density reduction. Evol Appl 2016; 9:726-38. [PMID: 27247622 PMCID: PMC4869413 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to xenobiotics remains a pressing issue in parasite treatment and global agriculture. Multiple factors may affect the evolution of resistance, including interactions between life‐history traits and the strength of selection imposed by different drug doses. We experimentally created replicate selection lines of free‐living Caenorhabditis remanei exposed to Ivermectin at high and low doses to assess whether survivorship of lines selected in drug‐treated environments increased, and if this varied with dose. Additionally, we maintained lines where mortality was imposed randomly to control for differences in density between drug treatments and to distinguish between the evolutionary consequences of drug‐treatment versus ecological processes due to changes in density‐dependent feedback. After 10 generations, we exposed all of the selected lines to high‐dose, low‐dose and drug‐free environments to evaluate evolutionary changes in survivorship as well as any costs to adaptation. Both adult and juvenile survival were measured to explore relationships between life‐history stage, selection regime and survival. Intriguingly, both drug‐selected and random‐mortality lines showed an increase in survivorship when challenged with Ivermectin; the magnitude of this increase varied with the intensity of selection and life‐history stage. Our results suggest that interactions between density‐dependent processes and life history may mediate evolved changes in susceptibility to control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Reynolds
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Jan Lindström
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Paul C D Johnson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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10
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Zwoinska MK, Lind MI, Cortazar-Chinarro M, Ramsden M, Maklakov AA. Selection on learning performance results in the correlated evolution of sexual dimorphism in life history. Evolution 2016; 70:342-57. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna K. Zwoinska
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin I. Lind
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Cortazar-Chinarro
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mark Ramsden
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Alexei A. Maklakov
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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11
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Castillo DM, Burger MK, Lively CM, Delph LF. Experimental evolution: Assortative mating and sexual selection, independent of local adaptation, lead to reproductive isolation in the nematodeCaenorhabditis remanei. Evolution 2015; 69:3141-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dean M. Castillo
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 East Third Street Bloomington Indiana 47405
| | - Melissa K. Burger
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 East Third Street Bloomington Indiana 47405
- Current Address: Department of Natural Resources Science; University of Rhode Island; Kingston Rhode Island 02881
| | - Curtis M. Lively
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 East Third Street Bloomington Indiana 47405
| | - Lynda F. Delph
- Department of Biology; Indiana University; 1001 East Third Street Bloomington Indiana 47405
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12
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Palopoli MF, Peden C, Woo C, Akiha K, Ary M, Cruze L, Anderson JL, Phillips PC. Natural and experimental evolution of sexual conflict within Caenorhabditis nematodes. BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:93. [PMID: 25994934 PMCID: PMC4455605 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although males and females need one another in order to reproduce, they often have different reproductive interests, which can lead to conflict between the sexes. The intensity and frequency of male-male competition for fertilization opportunities is thought to be an important contributor to this conflict. The nematode genus Caenorhabditis provides an opportunity to test this hypothesis because the frequency of males varies widely among species with different mating systems. Results We find evidence that there is strong inter- and intra-sexual conflict within C. remanei, a dioecious species composed of equal frequencies of males and females. In particular, some C. remanei males greatly reduce female lifespan following mating, and their sperm have a strong competitive advantage over the sperm of other males. In contrast, our results suggest that both types of conflict have been greatly reduced within C. elegans, which is an androdioecious species that is composed of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites and rare males. Using experimental evolution in mutant C. elegans populations in which sperm production is blocked in hermaphrodites (effectively converting them to females), we find that the consequences of sexual conflict observed within C. remanei evolve rapidly within C. elegans populations experiencing high levels of male-male competition. Conclusions Together, these complementary data sets support the hypothesis that the intensity of intersexual conflict varies with the intensity of competition among males, and that male-induced collateral damage to mates can evolve very rapidly within populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin Peden
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, OR 97403, Eugene, USA.
| | - Caitlin Woo
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, ME 04011, Brunswick, USA.
| | - Ken Akiha
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, ME 04011, Brunswick, USA.
| | - Megan Ary
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, OR 97403, Eugene, USA. .,Current address: South Lane School District, OR 97424, Cottage Grove, USA.
| | - Lori Cruze
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, OR 97403, Eugene, USA. .,Current address: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC 29412, Charleston, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Anderson
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, OR 97403, Eugene, USA. .,Current address: INRA, UR1037 LPGP, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Patrick C Phillips
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, OR 97403, Eugene, USA.
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