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Toosey WJ, Williamson TE, Shelley SL, Brusatte SL. The osteology of Triisodon crassicuspis (Cope, 1882): New insights into the enigmatic "archaic" placental mammal group "Triisodontidae". PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311187. [PMID: 39527771 PMCID: PMC11554371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, mammals underwent an increase in body size, taxonomic diversity and ecological specialization throughout the Paleocene, exemplifying their adaptability. One especially enigmatic group is the "Triisodontidae", medium- to large-sized ungulate-like placentals from the Paleocene which are best known from their teeth that exhibit adaptations towards carnivory. The "triisodontids" were the first large carnivorous mammals and pre-date, and may have given rise to, Mesonychia, a group of more specialized placental carnivores. The "triisodontids" have been well-described from dental material, although very little is known about their postcrania. Here, we describe the postcrania of Triisodon crassicuspis-the most completely represented species of the genus to date-from a specimen (NMMNH P-72096) recovered from basal Torrejonian strata of the Nacimiento Formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Anatomical comparisons reveal that the forelimb long bones of Tri. crassicuspis are robust relative to its size, more so than other "triisodontids". Attachment sites on the ulna are evidence of well-developed muscles involved in powerful extension and flexion of the manus. In Tri. crassicuspis, the range of pronation-supination was limited as evident from the humeroradial morphology. Qualitative functional assessment of osteological features of the forelimb of Tri. crassicuspis is suggestive of terrestrial locomotion with at least moderate digging ability. Re-analyses of the dentition confirmed that Tri. crassicuspis had specializations for carnivory, and provide a body mass estimate of ca. 32-44 kg based on dental proxies. In summary, Tri. crassicuspis was a relatively large and powerful terrestrial animal, and one of the first known placentals to fill a largely carnivorous niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Toosey
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Williamson
- New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Shelley
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen L. Brusatte
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Button DJ, Zanno LE. Neuroanatomy of the late Cretaceous Thescelosaurus neglectus (Neornithischia: Thescelosauridae) reveals novel ecological specialisations within Dinosauria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19224. [PMID: 37932280 PMCID: PMC10628235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithischian dinosaurs exhibited a diversity of ecologies, locomotory modes, and social structures, making them an ideal clade in which to study the evolution of neuroanatomy and behaviour. Here, we present a 3D digital reconstruction of the endocranial spaces of the latest Cretaceous neornithischian Thescelosaurus neglectus, in order to interpret the neuroanatomy and paleobiology of one of the last surviving non-avian dinosaurs. Results demonstrate that the brain of Thescelosaurus was relatively small compared to most other neornithischians, instead suggesting cognitive capabilities within the range of extant reptiles. Other traits include a narrow hearing range, with limited ability to distinguish high frequencies, paired with unusually well-developed olfactory lobes and anterior semicircular canals, indicating acute olfaction and vestibular sensitivity. This character combination, in conjunction with features of the postcranial anatomy, is consistent with specializations for burrowing behaviours in the clade, as evidenced by trace and skeletal fossil evidence in earlier-diverging thescelosaurids, although whether they reflect ecological adaptations or phylogenetic inheritance in T. neglectus itself is unclear. Nonetheless, our results provide the first evidence of neurological specializations to burrowing identified within Ornithischia, and non-avian dinosaurs more generally, expanding the range of ecological adaptations recognized within this major clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Button
- Bristol Palaeobiology Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Lindsay E Zanno
- Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Funston GF, dePolo PE, Sliwinski JT, Dumont M, Shelley SL, Pichevin LE, Cayzer NJ, Wible JR, Williamson TE, Rae JWB, Brusatte SL. The origin of placental mammal life histories. Nature 2022; 610:107-111. [PMID: 36045293 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After the end-Cretaceous extinction, placental mammals quickly diversified1, occupied key ecological niches2,3 and increased in size4,5, but this last was not true of other therians6. The uniquely extended gestation of placental young7 may have factored into their success and size increase8, but reproduction style in early placentals remains unknown. Here we present the earliest record of a placental life history using palaeohistology and geochemistry, in a 62 million-year-old pantodont, the clade including the first mammals to achieve truly large body sizes. We extend the application of dental trace element mapping9,10 by 60 million years, identifying chemical markers of birth and weaning, and calibrate these to a daily record of growth in the dentition. A long gestation (approximately 7 months), rapid dental development and short suckling interval (approximately 30-75 days) show that Pantolambda bathmodon was highly precocial, unlike non-placental mammals and known Mesozoic precursors. These results demonstrate that P. bathmodon reproduced like a placental and lived at a fast pace for its body size. Assuming that P. bathmodon reflects close placental relatives, our findings suggest that the ability to produce well-developed, precocial young was established early in placental evolution, and that larger neonate sizes were a possible mechanism for rapid size increase in early placentals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Funston
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paige E dePolo
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jakub T Sliwinski
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Matthew Dumont
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Sarah L Shelley
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Nicola J Cayzer
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John R Wible
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - James W B Rae
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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Calede JJM. The oldest semi-aquatic beaver in the world and a new hypothesis for the evolution of locomotion in Castoridae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220926. [PMID: 36016911 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6154283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The North American rodent fossil record includes hundreds of species representing both an incredible taxonomic diversity and great ecological disparity. Although it is during the Oligocene that taxonomic diversity first peaks, it is not until the Miocene, almost 10 Myr later, that many ecologies, particularly locomotory ecologies, are recorded. Here, I present a new Oligocene-aged species of beaver from Montana, Microtheriomys articulaquaticus sp. nov., which represents the oldest semi-aquatic rodent in North America and the oldest amphibious beaver in the world, pushing the advent of semi-aquatic ecology in beavers by 7 Myr. I also provide morphological data supporting a terrestrial ecology for the sister taxon to Castoridae. Together with existing data, these findings lead to a new hypothesis for the evolutionary ecology of castorids whereby swimming was exapted from burrowing during the Oligocene. This evolution of semi-aquatic locomotion may have taken place in North America instead of Eurasia. It started in small beavers with gigantism achieved only much later. Indeed, body size evolution in castoroids follows a directional drift. Beavers obey Cope's rule, a selection for larger size over time that appears associated with semi-aquatic ecology and may well explain their low modern diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J M Calede
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Marion, 1459 Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH 43302, USA
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Calede JJM. The oldest semi-aquatic beaver in the world and a new hypothesis for the evolution of locomotion in Castoridae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220926. [PMID: 36016911 PMCID: PMC9399697 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The North American rodent fossil record includes hundreds of species representing both an incredible taxonomic diversity and great ecological disparity. Although it is during the Oligocene that taxonomic diversity first peaks, it is not until the Miocene, almost 10 Myr later, that many ecologies, particularly locomotory ecologies, are recorded. Here, I present a new Oligocene-aged species of beaver from Montana, Microtheriomys articulaquaticus sp. nov., which represents the oldest semi-aquatic rodent in North America and the oldest amphibious beaver in the world, pushing the advent of semi-aquatic ecology in beavers by 7 Myr. I also provide morphological data supporting a terrestrial ecology for the sister taxon to Castoridae. Together with existing data, these findings lead to a new hypothesis for the evolutionary ecology of castorids whereby swimming was exapted from burrowing during the Oligocene. This evolution of semi-aquatic locomotion may have taken place in North America instead of Eurasia. It started in small beavers with gigantism achieved only much later. Indeed, body size evolution in castoroids follows a directional drift. Beavers obey Cope's rule, a selection for larger size over time that appears associated with semi-aquatic ecology and may well explain their low modern diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. M. Calede
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University at Marion, 1459 Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH 43302, USA
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Hughes JJ, Berv JS, Chester SGB, Sargis EJ, Field DJ. Ecological selectivity and the evolution of mammalian substrate preference across the K-Pg boundary. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14540-14554. [PMID: 34765124 PMCID: PMC8571592 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction 66 million years ago was characterized by a worldwide ecological catastrophe and rapid species turnover. Large-scale devastation of forested environments resulting from the Chicxulub asteroid impact likely influenced the evolutionary trajectories of multiple clades in terrestrial environments, and it has been hypothesized to have biased survivorship in favour of nonarboreal lineages across the K-Pg boundary. Here, we evaluate patterns of substrate preferences across the K-Pg boundary among crown group mammals, a group that underwent rapid diversification following the mass extinction. Using Bayesian, likelihood, and parsimony reconstructions, we identify patterns of mammalian ecological selectivity that are broadly similar to those previously hypothesized for birds. Models based on extant taxa indicate predominant K-Pg survivorship among semi- or nonarboreal taxa, followed by numerous independent transitions to arboreality in the early Cenozoic. However, contrary to the predominant signal, some or all members of total-clade Euarchonta (Primates + Dermoptera + Scandentia) appear to have maintained arboreal habits across the K-Pg boundary, suggesting ecological flexibility during an interval of global habitat instability. We further observe a pronounced shift in character state transitions away from plesiomorphic arboreality associated with the K-Pg transition. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that predominantly nonarboreal taxa preferentially survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and emphasize the pivotal influence of the K-Pg transition in shaping the early evolutionary trajectories of extant terrestrial vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J. Hughes
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jacob S. Berv
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- University of Michigan Museum of PaleontologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Stephen G. B. Chester
- Department of AnthropologyBrooklyn CollegeCity University of New YorkBrooklynNew YorkUSA
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary PrimatologyNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Eric J. Sargis
- Department of AnthropologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Divisions of Vertebrate Paleontology and Vertebrate ZoologyYale Peabody Museum of Natural HistoryNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Yale Institute for Biospheric StudiesNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Daniel J. Field
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Museum of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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