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Ingman ER, Laurinavicius D, Zhang J, Schrauwen JGM, Redlich B, Noble JA, Ioppolo S, McCoustra MRS, Brown WA. Infrared photodesorption of CO from astrophysically relevant ices studied with a free-electron laser. Faraday Discuss 2023; 245:446-466. [PMID: 37314039 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The infrared excitation and photodesorption of carbon monoxide (CO) and water-containing ices have been investigated using the FEL-2 free-electron laser light source at the FELIX laboratory, Radboud University, The Netherlands. CO-water mixed ices grown on a gold-coated copper substrate at 18 K were investigated. No CO photodesorption was observed, within our detection limits, following irradiation with light resonant with the C-O vibration (4.67 μm). CO photodesorption was seen as a result of irradiation with infrared light resonant with water vibrational modes at 2.9 μm and 12 μm. Changes to the structure of the water ice, which modifies the environment of the CO in the mixed ice, were also seen subsequent to irradiation at these wavelengths. No water desorption was observed at any wavelength of irradiation. Photodesorption at both wavelengths is due to a single-photon process. Photodesorption arises due to a combination of fast and slow processes of indirect resonant photodesorption (fast), and photon-induced desorption resulting from energy accumulation in the librational heat bath of the solid water (slow) and metal-substrate-mediated laser-induced thermal desorption (slow). Estimated cross-sections for the slow processes at 2.9 μm and 12 μm were found to be ∼7.5 × 10-18 cm2 and ∼4.5 × 10-19 cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Ingman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | | | - Jin Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | | | - Britta Redlich
- FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer A Noble
- Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires (PIIM), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Sergio Ioppolo
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Wendy A Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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Carvalho GA, Pilling S. Chemical changes induced during heating of acetonitrile-rich ice pre-irradiated by X-rays and its implication in astrochemistry. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120495. [PMID: 34700156 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects induced by the heating of acetonitrile-rich ice from 13 K to 350 K. Before the heating, the sample was irradiated at 13 K by broadband X-rays (6 eV to 2 keV), which trigger the production of new molecules, such as HCN, H2CCNH, CH4 and CH3NC (see Carvalho and Pilling, 2020) and also induced desorption of frozen species to gas-phase. New spectra were collected during heating to investigate whether new species, not present before at lower temperatures, appear due to thermal processing. New infrared bands were identified at temperatures around 120 K and 300 K, from which it was possible to notice the possible presence of HCN/CN radical, ammonia and C2N2. It was also verified that acetonitrile has a thermal desorption peak between 120 K and 200 K, which yields to the vanishing of acetonitrile within the sample for temperatures of 200 K and above. Some infrared features assigned before solely to acetonitrile remain for sample temperatures >200 K, which indicates the presence of blended species with similar infrared features. From analyzing those blended peaks, we also perceived the possible presence of aminoacetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geanderson A Carvalho
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos 12244-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Pilling
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos 12244-000, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ingman ER, Shepherd A, Brown WA. Using Surface Science Techniques to Investigate the Interaction of Acetonitrile with Dust Grain Analogue Surfaces : Behaviour of acetonitrile and water on a graphitic surface. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651321x16264409352535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Surface science methodologies, such as reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), are ideally suited to studying the interaction of molecules with model astrophysical surfaces. Here we describe the use of RAIRS and TPD to investigate
the adsorption, interactions and thermal processing of acetonitrile and water containing model ices grown under astrophysical conditions on a graphitic dust grain analogue surface. Experiments show that acetonitrile physisorbs on the graphitic surface at all exposures. At the lowest coverages,
repulsions between the molecules lead to a decreasing desorption energy with increasing coverage. Analysis of TPD data gives monolayer desorption energies ranging from 28.8‐39.2 kJ mol−1 and an average multilayer desorption energy of 43.8 kJ mol−1.
When acetonitrile is adsorbed in the presence of water ice, the desorption energy of monolayer acetonitrile shows evidence of desorption with a wide range of energies. An estimate of the desorption energy of acetonitrile from crystalline ice (CI) shows that it is increased to ~37 kJ mol−1
at the lowest exposures of acetonitrile. Amorphous water ice also traps acetonitrile on the graphite surface past its natural desorption temperature, leading to volcano and co-desorption. RAIRS data show that the C≡N vibration shifts, indicative of an interaction between the acetonitrile
and the water ice surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Ingman
- Department of Chemistry Arundel Building 305, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Amber Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry Arundel Building 305, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ UK
| | - Wendy A. Brown
- Department of Chemistry Arundel Building 305, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ UK
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Volosatova AD, Lukianova MA, Zasimov PV, Feldman VI. Direct evidence for a radiation-induced synthesis of acetonitrile and isoacetonitrile from a 1 : 1 CH 4HCN complex at cryogenic temperatures: is it a missing link between inorganic and prebiotic astrochemistry? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18449-18460. [PMID: 34612385 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitriles are important constituents of extraterrestrial media. Nitriles are supposed to play a crucial role in prebiotic chemistry occurring in the interstellar medium. In this work, we have investigated the low-temperature radiation-induced transformations of a 1 : 1 CH4HCN complex as a plausible precursor of the simplest nitriles using the matrix isolation approach with FTIR spectroscopic detection. The parent complexes isolated in a noble gas (Ng) matrix were obtained by deposition of the CH4/HCN/Ng gaseous mixture and characterized by comparison of experimental complexation-induced shifts of the HCN fundamentals with the results of the ab initio calculations. It was found that the X-ray irradiation of low-temperature matrices containing the isolated 1 : 1 CH4HCN complex resulted in the formation of acetonitrile (CH3CN) and isoacetonitrile (CH3NC) and it appears to be the first experimental evidence for the formation of C2 nitriles (acetonitrile and isoacetonitrile) from such a "building block". Additionally, a 1 : 1 CH4HNC complex was tentatively assigned to the irradiated Ar and Kr matrices. It is demonstrated that the matrix has a strong effect on the CH3CN/CH3NC yield ratio, which dramatically increases in the row Ar < Kr < Xe. Also, the efficiency of the radiation-induced formation of the CH4HNC complex was shown to decrease from Ar to Kr. It is believed that the proposed pathway for acetonitrile formation may be a significant step in the radiation-induced evolution leading to complex organic molecules and biomolecules under astrochemical conditions. Furthermore, the obtained results provide a prominent example of the impact of very weak intermolecular interactions on the radiation-induced transformations in cold media.
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5
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Carvalho GA, Pilling S. Photolysis of CH 3CN Ices by Soft X-rays: Implications for the Chemistry of Astrophysical Ices at the Surroundings of X-ray Sources. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8574-8584. [PMID: 32924515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, broad-band soft X-ray (6-2000 eV) was employed to irradiate frozen acetonitrile CH3CN, at the temperature 13 K, with different photon fluences up to 1.5 × 1018 photons cm-2. Here, acetonitrile is considered as a representative complex organic molecule (COM) present in astrophysical water-rich ices. The experiments were conduced at the Brazilian synchrotron facility (LNLS/CNPEM) employing infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor chemical changes induced by radiation. The effective destruction cross section of acetonitrile and effective formation cross section for daughter species formed inside the ice were obtained. The identified radiation products were HCN, CH4, H2CCNH, and CH3NC showing that fragmentation and rearrangement contribute to acetonitrile destruction. Chemical equilibrium and molecular abundances at this stage were determined, which also includes the abundance estimates of unknown molecules, produced but not directly detected, in the ice. The chemical equilibrium was reached at fluence around 1.5 × 1018 photons cm-2. Time scales for ices, at hypothetical snow line distances, to reach chemical equilibrium around compact objects, young stellar objects, and O/B stars and inside solar system were given. Among the obtained results are the time scales for reaching chemical equilibrium around different astronomical strong X-ray emitters, e.g., 14 days (for the Sun at 5 AU), 41 and 82 days (for O/B stars at 5 AU), 109-1011 years (for white dwarfs at 1 LY), 450 years (for Crab pulsar at 2.25 LY), around 107 years (for Vela pulsar at 2.25 LY), and 7.5 × 106 years (for Sagittarius A* at 3 LY).
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Carvalho
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraı́ba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
| | - S Pilling
- Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D), Universidade do Vale do Paraı́ba (UNIVAP), Av. Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12244-000, Brazil
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6
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Cerqueira HBA, Santos JC, Fantuzzi F, Ribeiro FDA, Rocco MLM, Oliveira RR, Rocha AB. Structure, Stability, and Spectroscopic Properties of Small Acetonitrile Cation Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6845-6855. [PMID: 32702984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionization and fragmentation pathways induced by ionizing agents are key to understanding the formation of complex molecules in astrophysical environments. Acetonitrile (CH3CN), the simplest organic nitrile, is an important molecule present in the interstellar medium. In this work, DFT and MP2 calculations were performed in order to obtain the low energy structures of the most relevant cations formed from electron-stimulated ion desorption of CH3CN ices. Selected reaction pathways and spectroscopic properties were also calculated. Our results indicate that the most stable acetonitrile cation structure is CH2CNH+ and that hydrogenation can occur successively without isomerization steps until its complete saturation. Moreover, the stability of distinct cluster families formed from the interaction of acetonitrile with small fragments, such as CHn+, C2Hn+, and CHnCNH+, is discussed in terms of their respective binding energies. Some of these molecular clusters are stabilized by hydrogen bonds, leading to species whose infrared features are characterized by a strong redshift of the N-H stretching mode. Finally, the rotational spectra of CH3CN and protonated acetonitrile, CH3CNH+, were simulated using distinct computational protocols based on DFT, MP2, and CCSD(T) considering centrifugal distortion, vibrational-rotational coupling, and vibrational anharmonicity corrections. By adopting an empirical scaling procedure for calculating spectroscopic parameters, we were able to estimate the rotational frequencies of CH3CNH+ with an expected average error below 1 MHz for J values up to 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique B A Cerqueira
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Julia C Santos
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Luiza M Rocco
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Oliveira
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Alexandre B Rocha
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909, Brazil
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7
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Pilling S, Rocha WRM, Freitas FM, da Silva PA. Photochemistry and desorption induced by X-rays in water rich astrophysical ice analogs: implications for the moon Enceladus and other frozen space environments. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28823-28840. [PMID: 35529606 PMCID: PMC9071188 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft X-rays are an important agent for chemical processing in the Solar System and in the interstellar medium. The photolysis and photodesorption processes of H2O-rich ices triggered by soft X-rays was, experimentally, addressed in this paper. The experiments were performed at the Brazilian synchrotron facility LNLS/CNPEN employing broadband radiation (from 6 to 2000 eV; mainly soft X-rays and a small fraction of VUV) in solid samples at temperatures of 20 and 80 K. The icy samples were monitored by infrared spectroscopy. We determined the effective destruction cross section (in the order 10−18 cm2) as well as the formation cross section for the new species produced after the irradiation. Among them, we list OCN−, CO, CO3, CH3OH, H2O2, HCOO−, NH4+, HCONH2 and CH3HCO, mostly formed in the experiment at 80 K. The chemical equilibrium stage was characterized and molecular abundances were quantified. In addition, we discuss a methodology to estimate the amount of unknown species in the ice produced by photolysis. The samples reach chemical equilibrium at fluences around 2–3 × 1018 cm−2. Timescales for reaching chemical equilibrium in space environments illuminated by X-rays were given, as well as the desorption yields induced by X-rays. The astrophysical implication on the surface chemistry and desorption processes at the moon Enceladus are provided. Soft X-rays are an important agent for chemical processing in the Solar System and in the interstellar medium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pilling
- Laboratório de Astroquímica e Astrobiologia (LASA), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP) Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911 São José dos Campos SP Brazil .,Departamento de Física, Instituto Tecnólogico de Aeronáutica, ITA - DCTA Vila das Acácias São José dos Campos 12228-900 SP Brazil
| | - W R M Rocha
- Niels Bohr Institute Centre for Star and Planet Formation, University of Copenhagen Øster Voldgade 5-7 DK-1350 Copenhagen K. Denmark
| | - F M Freitas
- Laboratório de Astroquímica e Astrobiologia (LASA), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP) Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911 São José dos Campos SP Brazil
| | - P A da Silva
- Laboratório de Astroquímica e Astrobiologia (LASA), Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP) Av. Shishima Hifumi, 2911 São José dos Campos SP Brazil .,Escola de Engenharia de Lorena da Univ. de São Paulo EEL Estrada Municipal do Campinho, s/n - Pte. Nova, Lorena SP 12602-810 Brazil
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8
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Shingledecker CN, Herbst E. A general method for the inclusion of radiation chemistry in astrochemical models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:5359-5367. [PMID: 29067367 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a general formalism that allows for the estimation of radiolysis decomposition pathways and rate coefficients suitable for use in astrochemical models, with a focus on solid phase chemistry. Such a theory can help increase the connection between laboratory astrophysics experiments and astrochemical models by providing a means for modelers to incorporate radiation chemistry into chemical networks. The general method proposed here is targeted particularly at the majority of species now included in chemical networks for which little radiochemical data exist; however, the method can also be used as a starting point for considering better studied species. We here apply our theory to the irradiation of H2O ice and compare the results with previous experimental data.
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9
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Urso RG, Scirè C, Baratta GA, Brucato JR, Compagnini G, Kaňuchová Z, Palumbo ME, Strazzulla G. Infrared study on the thermal evolution of solid state formamide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:21759-21768. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03959j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formamide synthesized in interstellar ice analogues after energetic processing remains trapped in the refractory residue simultaneously produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Giovanni Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
| | - Carlotta Scirè
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
- 95123 Catania
- Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Compagnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università degli Studi di Catania
- 95125 Catania
- Italy
| | - Zuzana Kaňuchová
- INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania
- 95123 Catania
- Italy
- Astronomical Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences
- 05960 Tatranská Lomnica
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Marchione D, Thrower JD, McCoustra MRS. Efficient electron-promoted desorption of benzene from water ice surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4026-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We study the desorption of benzene from solid water surfaces during irradiation of ultrathin solid films with low energy electrons.
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Marchione D, McCoustra MRS. Electrons, excitons and hydrogen bonding: electron-promoted desorption from molecular ice surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29747-29755. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05814k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desorption of benzene from methanol and diethyl ether ices during irradiation with 250 eV electrons is reported and compared with our previous work on benzene/water ices to highlight the role of hydrogen bonding in excitation transport.
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12
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13
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Ribeiro FDA, Almeida GC, Garcia-Basabe Y, Wolff W, Boechat-Roberty HM, Rocco MLM. Non-thermal ion desorption from an acetonitrile (CH3CN) astrophysical ice analogue studied by electron stimulated ion desorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27473-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-thermal desorption by electron impact constitutes an important route by which neutral and ionic fragments from simple nitrile-bearing ices may be delivered back to the gas-phase of astrophysical environments, contributing to the production of more complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. de A. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação
| | - G. C. Almeida
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- Departamento de Física
| | - Y. Garcia-Basabe
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza
| | - W. Wolff
- Instituto de Física
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | | | - M. L. M. Rocco
- Instituto de Química
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
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14
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Siemer B, Roling S, Frigge R, Hoger T, Mitzner R, Zacharias H. Free-electron laser induced processes in thin molecular ice. Faraday Discuss 2014; 168:553-69. [PMID: 25302398 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular reactions in and on icy films on silicate and carbonaceous grains constitute a major route for the formation of new molecular constituents in interstellar molecular clouds. In more diffuse regions and in protoplanetary discs, energetic radiation can trigger reaction routes far from thermal equilibrium. As an analog of interstellar ice-covered dust grains, highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) covered with D2O, NO, and H atoms is irradiated by ultrashort XUV pulses and the desorbing ionic and neutral products are analysed. The yields of several products show a nonlinear intensity dependence and thus enable the elucidation of reaction dynamics by two-pulse correlated desorption.
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