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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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2
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Di Felice R, Mayes ML, Richard RM, Williams-Young DB, Chan GKL, de Jong WA, Govind N, Head-Gordon M, Hermes MR, Kowalski K, Li X, Lischka H, Mueller KT, Mutlu E, Niklasson AMN, Pederson MR, Peng B, Shepard R, Valeev EF, van Schilfgaarde M, Vlaisavljevich B, Windus TL, Xantheas SS, Zhang X, Zimmerman PM. A Perspective on Sustainable Computational Chemistry Software Development and Integration. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:7056-7076. [PMID: 37769271 PMCID: PMC10601486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The power of quantum chemistry to predict the ground and excited state properties of complex chemical systems has driven the development of computational quantum chemistry software, integrating advances in theory, applied mathematics, and computer science. The emergence of new computational paradigms associated with exascale technologies also poses significant challenges that require a flexible forward strategy to take full advantage of existing and forthcoming computational resources. In this context, the sustainability and interoperability of computational chemistry software development are among the most pressing issues. In this perspective, we discuss software infrastructure needs and investments with an eye to fully utilize exascale resources and provide unique computational tools for next-generation science problems and scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Felice
- Departments
of Physics and Astronomy and Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- CNR-NANO
Modena, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Maricris L. Mayes
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, United States
| | | | | | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Wibe A. de Jong
- Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hermes
- Department
of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Karol Kowalski
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Karl T. Mueller
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Erdal Mutlu
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics, and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Anders M. N. Niklasson
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mark R. Pederson
- Department
of Physics, The University of Texas at El
Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ron Shepard
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Edward F. Valeev
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | | | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, United States
| | - Theresa L. Windus
- Department
of Chemistry, Iowa State University and
Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sotiris S. Xantheas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Advanced
Computing, Mathematics and Data Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xing Zhang
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Relativistic effects on the chemical bonding properties of the heavier elements and their compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.215000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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4
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Neve F. Chemistry of superheavy transition metals. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2084394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Neve
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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5
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Basten M, Aulenbacher K, Barth W, Burandt C, Dziuba F, Gettmann V, Kürzeder T, Lauber S, List J, Miski-Oglu M, Yaramyshev S. Continuous wave interdigital H-mode cavities for alternating phase focusing heavy ion acceleration. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:063303. [PMID: 35778048 DOI: 10.1063/5.0094859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the future, a new superconducting (SC) continuous wave (CW) high intensity heavy ion HElmholtz LInear ACcelerator (HELIAC) should provide ion beams with maximum beam energy above the Coulomb barrier for the Super Heavy Element program at GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, in Engl.: Association for Heavy Ion Research). The HELIAC consists of a SC main accelerator supplied by a normal conducting injector, which comprises an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a radio-frequency quadrupole, and two separate interdigital H-mode drift-tube linear accelerator cavities, based on an Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) scheme. Together, both cavities will accelerate ions from 300 to 1400 keV/u with only one external quadrupole triplet for transverse focusing in between. Due to the demanding requirements of the APF concept on the voltage distribution along the beam axis on the one hand and the CW operation on the other hand, the optimization of each cavity concerning RF, mechanical, and thermal properties is crucial for the successful operation of the HELIAC injector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Basten
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - K Aulenbacher
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - W Barth
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - C Burandt
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - F Dziuba
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - V Gettmann
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - T Kürzeder
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - S Lauber
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - J List
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - M Miski-Oglu
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - S Yaramyshev
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
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6
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Sato TK, Nagame Y. Chemistry of the elements at the end of the actinide series using their low-energy ion-beams. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies of the chemical properties of the elements at the uppermost end of the Periodic Table are extremely challenging both experimentally and theoretically. One of the most important and interesting subjects is to clarify the basic chemical properties of these elements as well as to elucidate the influence of relativistic effects on their electronic configuration. Isotopes of these elements produced at accelerators, however, are short-lived, and the number of produced atoms is so small; any chemistry to be performed must be done on an atom-at-a-time basis that imposes stringent limits on experimental procedures. Here we describe our recent achievements in the effective production of low-energy ion-beams of the elements at the end of the actinide series, fermium (Fm, atomic number Z = 100), mendelevium (Md, Z = 101), nobelium (No, Z = 102), and lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), using a surface ionization ion-source installed in the ISOL (Isotope Separator On-Line) at the Tandem accelerator facility of JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency). Then the successful measurements of the first ionization potentials (IP1) of these elements with the ISOL setup are reviewed. The measured IP1 values increased up to No via Fm and Md, while that of Lr was the lowest among the actinides. Based on the variation of the IP1 values of the heavy actinides with the atomic number in comparison with those of the heavy lanthanides, the results clearly demonstrated that the 5f orbitals are fully filled at No, and the actinide series ends with Lr. Furthermore, the IP1 value of Lr provoked controversy over its position in the Periodic Table, so a short introduction to this issue is presented. The feasibility of the extension of chemical studies to still heavier elements with their ion-beams generated by ISOL is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya K. Sato
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ibaraki University , Mito , Ibaraki 310-8512 , Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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7
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Watanabe E, Kasamatsu Y, Yokokita T, Hayami S, Tonai K, Ninomiya H, Kondo N, Shigekawa Y, Haba H, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M, Shinohara A. Anion-exchange Experiment of Zr, Hf, and Th in HNO3 and Quantum Chemical Study on the Nitrate Complexes toward Chemical Research on Element 104, Rf. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.2020956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Yokokita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sho Hayami
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuma Tonai
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ninomiya
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Narumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Ferrier MG, Valdez CA, Singh SK, Hok S, Ray D, Gagliardi L, Despotopulos JD. Unsaturated Sulfur Crown Ethers Can Extract Mercury(II) and Show Promise for Future Copernicium(II) Studies: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:807-817. [PMID: 34965111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unsaturated hexathia-18-crown-6 (UHT18C6) molecule was investigated for the extraction of Hg(II) in HCl and HNO3 media. This extractant can be directly compared to the recently studied saturated hexathia-18-crown-6 (HT18C6). The default conformation of the S lone pairs in UHT18C6 is endodentate, where the pocket of the charge density, according to the crystal structures, is oriented toward the center of the ring, which should allow better extraction for Hg(II) compared to the exodentate HT18C6. Batch study experiments showed that Hg(II) had better extraction at low acid molarity (ca. 99% in HCl and ca. 95% in HNO3), while almost no extraction was observed above 0.4 M HCl and 4 M HNO3 (<5%). Speciation studies were conducted with the goal of delineating a plausible extraction mechanism. Density functional theory calculations including relativistic effects were carried out on both Hg(II)-encapsulated HT18C6 and UHT18C6 complexes to shed light on the binding strength and the nature of bonding. Our calculations offer insights into the extraction mechanism. In addition to Hg(II), calculations were performed on the hypothetical divalent Cn(II) ion, and showed that HT18C6 and UHT18C6 could extract Cn(II). Finally, the extraction kinetics were explored to assess whether this crown can extract the short-lived Cn(II) species in a future online experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline G Ferrier
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Carlos A Valdez
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Saurabh Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Saphon Hok
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, James Franck Institute, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.,Argonne National Laboratory, 97000 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John D Despotopulos
- Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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9
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Zingg R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of gas purification and addition of macro amounts of metal-carbonyl complexes on the formation of single-atom metal-carbonyl-complexes. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Using the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA), the influence of various gas-purification columns onto the formation of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions was investigated. MCCs were synthesized from single atoms of Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh being produced by the spontaneous fission of 252Cf and recoiling into a CO-gas containing carrier gas atmosphere. The in-situ synthesized MCCs were volatile enough to be transported by the carrier gas to a charcoal trap where they were adsorbed and their subsequent decay was registered by γ-spectrometry. It was found that the type and combination of purification columns used to clean the applied CO-gas strongly influences the obtained formation and transport yields for all MCCs. With the exception of Rh-carbonyl, intense gas-purification strategies resulted in reduced formation and transport yields for MCCs in comparison with less efficient or even completely missing purification setups. It was postulated that the observed reduction in yield might depend on the content of Fe(CO)5 and Ni(CO)4, as well as potentially other MCCs, in the CO-gas, being formed by the interaction between CO and the steel-surfaces of FORA as well as from impurities in the used charcoal traps. Subsequently, it was shown that macro amounts of Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO)4, Mo(CO)6 and Re2(CO)10 added to the used process gas indeed increase significantly the overall yields for MCCs produced by 252Cf fission products. Ni(CO)4 appeared the most potent to increase the yield. Therefore, it was used in more detailed investigations. Using isothermal chromatography, it was shown that Ni(CO)4 does not affect the speciation of carbonyl species produced by the 252Cf fission product 104Mo. For 107Tc, 110Ru and 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. For 111Rh a speciation change cannot be excluded. An inter-carbonyl transfer mechanism is suggested boosting the formation of MCCs. The current discovery might allow for new opportunities in various research fields, which are currently restricted by the low overall yields for MCCs produced under single-atom chemistry conditions. Examples are the chemical investigation of transactinides or the generation of radioactive ion beams from refractory metals at accelerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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10
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Pinheiro AS, Gargano R, Santos PHGD, de Macedo LGM. Fully relativistic study of polyatomic closed shell E121X 3 (X = F, Cl, Br) molecules: effects of Gaunt interaction, relativistic effects and advantages of an exact-two component (X2C) hamiltonian. J Mol Model 2021; 27:262. [PMID: 34435260 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, all electron relativistic calculations with 4-component Dirac-Coulomb-Breit (DCB), 4-component Dirac-Coulomb (DC), Dyall's spin-free Dirac-Coulomb (SFDC), exact two-component (X2C) and Levy-Leblond non-relativistic hamiltonians calculations were performed in polyatomic closed shell E121X3 (X = F, Cl, Br) within density functional theory (DFT) with hybrid functional B3LYP, where E121 is the superheavy element (SHE) with Z = 121. The aims of this study were to investigate relativistic effects in polyatomic E121X3 (X = F, Cl, Br) and verify the importance of Gaunt effects. The results demonstrate that although the effect of Gaunt interaction is small on change equilibrium bond lengths and bonding, it is important to obtain reliable vibrational frequencies. Moreover, it is possible to use the X2C spin-free hamiltonian to lower computational costs in a fully relativistic investigation of polyatomics including the SHE of the 8th period. Finally, a comparison between electron localization function (ELF) analysis and Mulliken population analysis suggests bonding similarity between LaBr3 and E121Br3. Graphical Abstract Relativistic 4-Component calculations suggest bond similarity between LaBr3 and E121Br3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sena Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química/PPGQ, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais (ICEN), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gargano
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), P.O. Box 04455, Brasília, DF, 70919-970, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Gomes Dos Santos
- Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu (CCO/UFSJ) Divinópolis, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme Machado de Macedo
- Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu (CCO/UFSJ) Divinópolis, Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, 35501-296, Brazil.
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11
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Wittwer Y, Eichler R, Herrmann D, Türler A. The influence of physical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) was used to investigate the influence of various reaction parameters onto the formation and transport of metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) under single-atom chemistry conditions. FORA is based on a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes. Those are recoiling from the spontaneous fission source into a reaction chamber flushed with a gas-mixture containing CO. Upon contact with CO, fission products form volatile MCCs which are further transported by the gas stream to the detection setup, consisting of a charcoal trap mounted in front of a HPGe γ-detector. Depending on the reaction conditions, MCCs are formed and transported with different efficiencies. Using this setup, the impact of varying physical parameters like gas flow, gas pressure, kinetic energy of fission products upon entering the reaction chamber and temperature of the reaction chamber on the formation and transport yields of MCCs was investigated. Using a setup similar to FORA called Miss Piggy, various gas mixtures of CO with a selection of noble gases, as well as N2 and H2, were investigated with respect to their effect onto MCC formation and transport. Based on this measurements, optimized reaction conditions to maximize the synthesis and transport of MCCs are suggested. Explanations for the observed results supported by simulations are suggested as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Wittwer
- Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland
- University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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12
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Kasamatsu Y, Toyomura K, Haba H, Yokokita T, Shigekawa Y, Kino A, Yasuda Y, Komori Y, Kanaya J, Huang M, Murakami M, Kikunaga H, Watanabe E, Yoshimura T, Morita K, Mitsugashira T, Takamiya K, Ohtsuki T, Shinohara A. Co-precipitation behaviour of single atoms of rutherfordium in basic solutions. Nat Chem 2021; 13:226-230. [PMID: 33589784 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
All superheavy elements (SHEs), with atomic numbers (Z) ≥104, have been artificially synthesized one atom at a time and their chemical properties are largely unknown. Because these heavy nuclei have short lifetimes as well as extremely low production rates, chemical experiments need to be carried out on single atoms and have mostly been limited to adsorption and extraction. We have now investigated the precipitation properties of the SHE Rf (Z = 104). A co-precipitation method with samarium hydroxide had previously established that the co-precipitation behaviour of a range of elements reflected these elements' tendency to form hydroxide precipitates and/or ammine complex ions. Here we investigated co-precipitation of Rf in basic solutions containing NH3 or NaOH. Comparisons between the behaviour of Rf with that of Zr and Hf (lighter homologues of Rf) and actinide Th (a pseudo-homologue of Rf) showed that Rf does not coordinate strongly with NH3, but forms a hydroxide (co)precipitate that is expected to be Rf(OH)4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keigo Toyomura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yudai Shigekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Aiko Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yasuda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kanaya
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Minghui Huang
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | | | - Kosuke Morita
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Takamiya
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ohtsuki
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Japan
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13
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The influence of chemical parameters on the in-situ metal carbonyl complex formation studied with the fast on-line reaction apparatus (FORA). RADIOCHIM ACTA 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new setup named Fast On-line Reaction Apparatus (FORA) is presented which allows for the efficient investigation and optimization of metal carbonyl complex (MCC) formation reactions under various reaction conditions. The setup contains a 252Cf-source producing short-lived Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh isotopes at a rate of a few atoms per second by its 3% spontaneous fission decay branch. Those atoms are transformed within FORA in-situ into volatile metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) by using CO-containing carrier gases. Here, the design, operation and performance of FORA is discussed, revealing it as a suitable setup for performing single-atom chemistry studies. The influence of various gas-additives, such as CO2, CH4, H2, Ar, O2, H2O and ambient air, on the formation and transport of MCCs was investigated. O2, H2O and air were found to harm the formation and transport of MCCs in FORA, with H2O being the most severe. An exception is Tc, for which about 130 ppmv of H2O caused an increased production and transport of volatile compounds. The other gas-additives were not influencing the formation and transport efficiency of MCCs. Using an older setup called Miss Piggy based on a similar working principle as FORA, it was additionally investigated if gas-additives are mostly affecting the formation or only the transport stability of MCCs. It was found that mostly formation is impacted, as MCCs appear to be much less sensitive to reacting with gas-additives in comparison to the bare Mo, Tc, Ru and Rh atoms.
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Cao C, Vernon RE, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables. Front Chem 2021; 8:813. [PMID: 33490030 PMCID: PMC7818537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical elements are the "conserved principles" or "kernels" of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from "chemical tables of chemical elements." Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14 valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the "fix-points" of chemical periodicity; (iv) peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsu Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Ferrier MG, Kmak KN, Kerlin WM, Valdez CA, Despotopulos JD. Transactinide studies with sulfur macrocyclic extractant using mercury. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Abstract
Mendeleev's introduction of the periodic table of elements is one of the most important milestones in the history of chemistry, as it brought order into the known chemical and physical behaviour of the elements. The periodic table can be seen as parallel to the Standard Model in particle physics, in which the elementary particles known today can be ordered according to their intrinsic properties. The underlying fundamental theory to describe the interactions between particles comes from quantum theory or, more specifically, from quantum field theory and its inherent symmetries. In the periodic table, the elements are placed into a certain period and group based on electronic configurations that originate from the Pauli and Aufbau principles for the electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus. This order enables us to approximately predict the chemical and physical properties of elements. Apparent anomalies can arise from relativistic effects, partial-screening phenomena (of type lanthanide contraction) and the compact size of the first shell of every l-value. Further, ambiguities in electron configurations and the breakdown of assigning a dominant configuration, owing to configuration mixing and dense spectra for the heaviest elements in the periodic table. For the short-lived transactinides, the nuclear stability becomes an important factor in chemical studies. Nuclear stability, decay rates, spectra and reaction cross sections are also important for predicting the astrophysical origin of the elements, including the production of the heavy elements beyond iron in supernova explosions or neutron-star mergers. In this Perspective, we critically analyse the periodic table of elements and the current status of theoretical predictions and origins for the heaviest elements, which combine both quantum chemistry and physics.
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Santiago RT, Haiduke RLA. Determination of molecular properties for moscovium halides (McF and McCl). Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Pershina V. Relativity in the electronic structure of the heaviest elements and its influence on periodicities in properties. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theoretical chemical studies demonstrated crucial importance of relativistic effects in the physics and chemistry of superheavy elements (SHEs). Performed, with many of them, in a close link to the experimental research, those investigations have shown that relativistic effects determine periodicities in physical and chemical properties of the elements in the chemical groups and rows of the Periodic Table beyond the 6th one. They could, however, also lead to some deviations from the established trends, so that the predictive power of the Periodic Table in this area may be lost. Results of those studies are overviewed here, with comparison to the recent experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstr. 1 , D-64291 Darmstadt , Germany
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19
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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20
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Trombach L, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Schwerdtfeger P, Mewes JM. Exploring the chemical nature of super-heavy main-group elements by means of efficient plane-wave density-functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18048-18058. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02455g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Presenting an accurate yet efficient plane-wave DFT approach for the computational exploration of the bulk properties of the super-heavy main-group elements including copernicium (Cn–Og, Z = 112–118).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trombach
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
- Universität Bonn
- D-53115 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Peter Schwerdtfeger
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
- The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study
- Massey University Auckland
- 0632 Auckland
- New Zealand
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21
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Extraction behavior of Mo and W from H2SO4 and HF/HCl solutions into toluene with Aliquat336: sulfate and fluoride complex formation of Mo and W towards chemical studies of seaborgium (Sg). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Dasgupta-Schubert N. Predictability analysis of α decay formulae and the α partial half-lives of exotic nuclei. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201818202115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the ability of 3 phenomenological alpha decay formulae, the Generalised Liquid Drop Model, the Sobiczewski- Parkhomenko and the Viola-Seaborg-Sobiczewski formulae, to predict the α partial half-lives Tα of 100 exotic alpha radioactive nuclei by the statistical quantification of their accuracy and precision. These quantities were derived using a method based on standard experimental quality assurance wherein the alpha spectroscopic data of 313 well-established alpha decaying nuclei (calibration and test data sets) were used. Experimental masses as well as Finite Range Droplet Model masses were used to compute Qα. Improved coefficients for the three formulae were derived resulting in modified formulae. A simple linear optimization allowed adjustment of the modified formulae for the insufficient statistics of the odd-even and odd-odd decays of the calibration data set, without changing the modified formulae. Relatively better figures of merit for the odd-odd and the SHE were obtained using the modified GLDM formula.
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24
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Schädel M. Prospects of heavy and superheavy element production via inelastic nucleus-nucleus collisions – from238U+238U to18O+254Es. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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25
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Nagame Y, Kratz JV, Schädel M. Chemical properties of rutherfordium (Rf) and dubnium (Db) in the aqueous phase. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Amador DH, de Oliveira HC, Sambrano JR, Gargano R, de Macedo LGM. 4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on rovibrational spectra. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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28
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Rudolph D, Forsberg U, Sarmiento L, Golubev P, Fahlander C. Superheavy-element spectroscopy: Correlations along element 115 decay chains. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611701001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Hall HL, Auxier JD. Exploring rapid radiochemical separations at the University of Tennessee Radiochemistry Center of Excellence. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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30
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Even J. Chemistry aided nuclear physics studies. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Poliakoff M, Tang S. The periodic table: icon and inspiration. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0211. [PMID: 25666072 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To start this discussion meeting on the new chemistry of the elements held on 12 May 2014, Martyn Poliakoff, Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society, was invited to give the opening remarks. As a chemist and a presenter of the popular online video channel 'The periodic table of videos', Martyn communicates his personal and professional interest in the elements to the public, who in turn use these videos both as an educational resource and for entertainment purposes. Ever since Mendeleev's first ideas for the periodic table were published in 1869, the table has continued to grow as new elements have been discovered, and it serves as both icon and inspiration; its form is now so well established that it is recognized the world over as a symbol for science. This paper highlights but a few of the varied forms that the table can take, such as an infographic, which can convey the shortage of certain elements with great impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Poliakoff
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Samantha Tang
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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