1
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Toffoli A, Pitt JPA, Alberello A, Bennetts LG. Modelling attenuation of irregular wave fields by artificial ice floes in the laboratory. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210255. [PMID: 36088929 PMCID: PMC9653260 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A summary is given on the utility of laboratory experiments for gaining understanding of wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone, as a complement to field observations, theory and numerical models. It is noted that most results to date are for regular incident waves, which, combined with the highly nonlinear wave-floe interaction phenomena observed and measured during experimental tests, implies that the attenuation of regular waves cannot necessarily be used to infer the attenuation of irregular waves. Two experiments are revisited in which irregular wave tests were conducted but not previously reported, one involving a single floe and the other a large number of floes, and the transmission coefficients for the irregular and regular wave tests are compared. The transmission spectra derived from the irregular wave tests agree with the regular wave data but are overpredicted by linear models due to nonlinear dissipative processes, regardless of floe configuration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Toffoli
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J. P. A. Pitt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - A. Alberello
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - L. G. Bennetts
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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2
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Horvat C. Floes, the marginal ice zone and coupled wave-sea-ice feedbacks. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210252. [PMID: 36088924 PMCID: PMC9464513 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Marginal ice zones (MIZs) are qualitatively distinct sea-ice-covered areas that play a critical role in the interaction between the polar oceans and the broader Earth system. MIZ regions have high spatial and temporal variability in oceanic, atmospheric and ecological conditions. The salient qualitative feature of MIZs is their composition as a mosaic of individual floes that range in horizontal extent from centimetres to tens of kilometres. Thus the floe size distribution (FSD) can be used to quantitatively identify and describe them. Here, the history of FSD observations and theory, and the processes (particularly the impact of ocean waves) that determine floe sizes and size distribution, are reviewed. Coupled wave-FSD feedbacks are explored using a stochastic model for thermodynamic wave-sea-ice interactions in the MIZ, and some of the key open questions in this rapidly growing field are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Horvat
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Cooper VT, Roach LA, Thomson J, Brenner SD, Smith MM, Meylan MH, Bitz CM. Wind waves in sea ice of the western Arctic and a global coupled wave-ice model. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210258. [PMID: 36088918 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The retreat of Arctic sea ice is enabling increased ocean wave activity at the sea ice edge, yet the interactions between surface waves and sea ice are not fully understood. Here, we examine in situ observations of wave spectra spanning 2012-2021 in the western Arctic marginal ice zone (MIZ). Swells exceeding 30 cm are rarely observed beyond 100 km inside the MIZ. However, local wind waves are observed in patches of open water amid partial ice cover during the summer. These local waves remain fetch-limited between ice floes with heights less than 1 m. To investigate these waves at climate scales, we conduct experiments varying wave attenuation and generation in ice with a global model including coupled interactions between waves and sea ice. A weak high-frequency attenuation rate is required to simulate the local waves in observations. The choices of attenuation scheme and wind input in ice have a remarkable impact on the extent of wave activity across ice-covered oceans, particularly in the Antarctic. As well as demonstrating the need for stronger constraints on wave attenuation, our results suggest that further attention should be directed towards locally generated wind waves and their role in sea ice evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Cooper
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - L A Roach
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - J Thomson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - S D Brenner
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - M M Smith
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - M H Meylan
- School of Information and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - C M Bitz
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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4
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Toffoli A, Pitt JPA, Alberello A, Bennetts LG. Modelling attenuation of irregular wave fields by artificial ice floes in the laboratory. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210255. [PMID: 36088929 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6332923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A summary is given on the utility of laboratory experiments for gaining understanding of wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone, as a complement to field observations, theory and numerical models. It is noted that most results to date are for regular incident waves, which, combined with the highly nonlinear wave-floe interaction phenomena observed and measured during experimental tests, implies that the attenuation of regular waves cannot necessarily be used to infer the attenuation of irregular waves. Two experiments are revisited in which irregular wave tests were conducted but not previously reported, one involving a single floe and the other a large number of floes, and the transmission coefficients for the irregular and regular wave tests are compared. The transmission spectra derived from the irregular wave tests agree with the regular wave data but are overpredicted by linear models due to nonlinear dissipative processes, regardless of floe configuration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toffoli
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J P A Pitt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - A Alberello
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - L G Bennetts
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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5
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Shen HH. Wave-in-ice: theoretical bases and field observations. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210254. [PMID: 36088927 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
There has been a significant increase of studies on wave-ice interactions in the past decades. Through a close look at a representative set of theories, this paper investigates different physical processes that have produced different wave dispersion and attenuation. The existing theories have considered four major processes: scattering, flexural damping, viscoelastic damping and basal friction. Each theory looked into one of these processes and used a different mathematical formulation to model these processes. The low-frequency behaviours of the resulting spectral attenuation in these theories are fundamentally different from each other. Recent field observations have produced a large amount of data to calibrate and validate these theories. The uncertainties in using field measurements to determine attenuation due to ice covers are discussed. Both observational data and applications of these theories in field conditions suggest a multi-physics approach. A number of studies to further the theoretical development are recommended. It will take time for wave-in-ice models to reach the same level of performance as wave models for the open ocean, relying on the combined effort of theoretical, modelling and observational studies. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley H Shen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Bennetts LG, Bitz CM, Feltham DL, Kohout AL, Meylan MH. Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210265. [PMID: 36088926 PMCID: PMC9464511 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The marginal ice zone (MIZ) is the dynamic interface between the open ocean and sea ice-covered ocean. It is characterized by interactions between surface gravity waves and granular ice covers consisting of relatively small, thin chunks of sea ice known as floes. This structure gives the MIZ markedly different properties to the thicker, quasi-continuous ice cover of the inner pack that waves do not reach, strongly influencing various atmosphere-ocean fluxes, especially the heat flux. The MIZ is a significant component of contemporary sea ice covers in both the Antarctic, where the ice cover is surrounded by the Southern Ocean and its fierce storms, and the Arctic, where the MIZ now occupies vast expanses in areas that were perennial only a decade or two ago. The trend towards the MIZ is set to accelerate, as it reinforces positive feedbacks weakening the ice cover. Therefore, understanding the complex, multiple-scale dynamics of the MIZ is essential to understanding how sea ice is evolving and to predicting its future. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G. Bennetts
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Cecilia M. Bitz
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alison L. Kohout
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michael H. Meylan
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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Waseda T, Alberello A, Nose T, Toyota T, Kodaira T, Fujiwara Y. Observation of anomalous spectral downshifting of waves in the Okhotsk Sea Marginal Ice Zone. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210256. [PMID: 36088931 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Waves in the Marginal Ice Zone in the Okhotsk Sea are less studied compared to the Antarctic and Arctic. In February 2020, wave observations were conducted for the first time in the Okhotsk Sea, during the observational program by Patrol Vessel Soya. A wave buoy was deployed on the ice, and in situ wave observations were made by a ship-borne stereo imaging system and Inertial Measurement Unit. Sea ice was observed visually and by aerial photographs by drone, while satellite synthetic aperture radar provided basin-wide spatial distribution. On 12 February, a swell system propagating from east northeast was detected by both the stereo imaging system and the buoy-on-ice. The wave system attenuated from 0.34 m significant wave height to 0.25 m in about 90 km, while the wave period increased from 10 s to 15-17 s. This anomalous spectral downshifting was not reproduced by numerical hindcast and by applying conventional frequency-dependent exponential attenuation to the incoming frequency spectrum. The estimated rate of spectral downshifting, defined as a ratio of momentum and energy losses, was close to that of uni-directional wave evolution accompanied by breaking dissipation: this indicates that dissipation-driven nonlinear downshifting may be at work for waves propagating in ice. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Waseda
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Alberto Alberello
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Takehiko Nose
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Takenobu Toyota
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kodaira
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, 658-0022, Japan
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Thomson J. Wave propagation in the marginal ice zone: connections and feedback mechanisms within the air-ice-ocean system. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210251. [PMID: 36088921 PMCID: PMC9464515 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The propagation of ocean surface waves within the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is a defining phenomenon of this dynamic zone. Over decades of study, a variety of methods have been developed to observe and model wave propagation in the MIZ, with a common focus of determining the attenuation of waves with increasing distance into the MIZ. More recently, studies have begun to explore the consequences of wave attenuation and the coupled processes in the air-ice-ocean-land system. Understanding these coupled processes and effects is essential for accurate high-latitude forecasts. As waves attenuate, their momentum and energy are transferred to the sea ice and upper ocean. This may compact or expand the MIZ, depending on the conditions, while simultaneously modulating the wind work on the system. Wave attenuation is also a key process in coastal dynamics, where land-fast ice has historically protected both natural coasts and coastal infrastructure. With observed trends of increasing wave activity and retreating seasonal ice coverage, the propagation of waves within the MIZ is increasingly important to regional and global climate trends. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Thomson
- Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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9
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Toffoli A, Pitt JPA, Alberello A, Bennetts LG. Modelling attenuation of irregular wave fields by artificial ice floes in the laboratory. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210255. [PMID: 36088929 DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6135558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A summary is given on the utility of laboratory experiments for gaining understanding of wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone, as a complement to field observations, theory and numerical models. It is noted that most results to date are for regular incident waves, which, combined with the highly nonlinear wave-floe interaction phenomena observed and measured during experimental tests, implies that the attenuation of regular waves cannot necessarily be used to infer the attenuation of irregular waves. Two experiments are revisited in which irregular wave tests were conducted but not previously reported, one involving a single floe and the other a large number of floes, and the transmission coefficients for the irregular and regular wave tests are compared. The transmission spectra derived from the irregular wave tests agree with the regular wave data but are overpredicted by linear models due to nonlinear dissipative processes, regardless of floe configuration. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Toffoli
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J P A Pitt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - A Alberello
- School of Mathematics, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - L G Bennetts
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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10
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Squire VA. A prognosticative synopsis of contemporary marginal ice zone research. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20220094. [PMID: 36088917 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Commentary narrated in this theme issue is recast to contextualize the diverse themes presented into a forward-looking conversation that synthesizes, debates opportunities for multidisciplinary advances and highlights topics that deserve enduring sharpened attention. Research oriented towards foundational elements of the marginal ice zone that relates to three unifying topic subclasses-namely (i) wave propagation through sea ice, (ii) floe size distributions and (iii) ice dynamics and break-up-and is encapsulated in mini-reviews provided by Thomson, Horvat and Dumont is revisited to distill it into a blueprint for the future guided by the cutting-edge, present-day knowledge documented herein by leading practitioners in the field. Six threads are signalled as imperative for prospective research, each with a bearing on Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice canopies in which the propensity for marginal ice zones to coexist with pack ice is greater as a result of global climate change reducing sea-ice resilience while increasing the prevalence and forcefulness of injurious storm winds and waves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon A Squire
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Bennetts LG, Bitz CM, Feltham DL, Kohout AL, Meylan MH. Marginal ice zone dynamics: future research perspectives and pathways. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210267. [PMID: 36088930 PMCID: PMC9629164 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perspectives are discussed on future directions for the field of marginal ice zone (MIZ) dynamics, based on the extraordinary progress made over the past decade in its theory, modelling and observations. Research themes are proposed that would shift the field's focus towards the broader implications of MIZ dynamics in the climate system. In particular, pathways are recommended for research that highlights the impacts of trends in the MIZ on the responses of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice to climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Theory, modelling and observations of marginal ice zone dynamics: multidisciplinary perspectives and outlooks'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. G. Bennetts
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - C. M. Bitz
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D. L. Feltham
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - A. L. Kohout
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M. H. Meylan
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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