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Botha S, Fromme P. Review of serial femtosecond crystallography including the COVID-19 pandemic impact and future outlook. Structure 2023; 31:1306-1319. [PMID: 37898125 PMCID: PMC10842180 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) revolutionized macromolecular crystallography over the past decade by enabling the collection of X-ray diffraction data from nano- or micrometer sized crystals while outrunning structure-altering radiation damage effects at room temperature. The serial manner of data collection from millions of individual crystals coupled with the femtosecond duration of the ultrabright X-ray pulses enables time-resolved studies of macromolecules under near-physiological conditions to unprecedented temporal resolution. In 2020 the rapid spread of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019. This led to a shift in how serial femtosecond experiments were performed, along with rapid funding and free electron laser beamtime availability dedicated to SARS-CoV-2-related studies. This review outlines the current state of SFX research, the milestones that were achieved, the impact of the global pandemic on this field as well as an outlook into exciting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Botha
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, USA.
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA.
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Fransson T, Alonso-Mori R, Chatterjee R, Cheah MH, Ibrahim M, Hussein R, Zhang M, Fuller F, Gul S, Kim IS, Simon PS, Bogacz I, Makita H, de Lichtenberg C, Song S, Batyuk A, Sokaras D, Massad R, Doyle M, Britz A, Weninger C, Zouni A, Messinger J, Yachandra VK, Yano J, Kern J, Bergmann U. Effects of x-ray free-electron laser pulse intensity on the Mn K β 1,3 x-ray emission spectrum in photosystem II-A case study for metalloprotein crystals and solutions. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2021; 8:064302. [PMID: 34849380 PMCID: PMC8610604 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last ten years, x-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have been successfully employed to characterize metalloproteins at room temperature using various techniques including x-ray diffraction, scattering, and spectroscopy. The approach has been to outrun the radiation damage by using femtosecond (fs) x-ray pulses. An example of an important and damage sensitive active metal center is the Mn4CaO5 cluster in photosystem II (PS II), the catalytic site of photosynthetic water oxidation. The combination of serial femtosecond x-ray crystallography and Kβ x-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) has proven to be a powerful multimodal approach for simultaneously probing the overall protein structure and the electronic state of the Mn4CaO5 cluster throughout the catalytic (Kok) cycle. As the observed spectral changes in the Mn4CaO5 cluster are very subtle, it is critical to consider the potential effects of the intense XFEL pulses on the Kβ XES signal. We report here a systematic study of the effects of XFEL peak power, beam focus, and dose on the Mn Kβ1,3 XES spectra in PS II over a wide range of pulse parameters collected over seven different experimental runs using both microcrystal and solution PS II samples. Our findings show that for beam intensities ranging from ∼5 × 1015 to 5 × 1017 W/cm2 at a pulse length of ∼35 fs, the spectral effects are small compared to those observed between S-states in the Kok cycle. Our results provide a benchmark for other XFEL-based XES studies on metalloproteins, confirming the viability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fransson
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roberto Alonso-Mori
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Mun Hon Cheah
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory, Molecular Biomimetics, Uppsala University, SE 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rana Hussein
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franklin Fuller
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - In-Sik Kim
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Philipp S. Simon
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Isabel Bogacz
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Hiroki Makita
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - Sanghoon Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alexander Batyuk
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ramzi Massad
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - Athina Zouni
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Biology, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vittal K. Yachandra
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jan Kern
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Water-oxidizing complex in Photosystem II: Its structure and relation to manganese-oxide based catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractCyanobacteria and plants carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. They use water to generate the atmospheric oxygen we breathe and carbon dioxide to produce the biomass serving as food, feed, fibre and fuel. This paper scans the emergence of structural and mechanistic understanding of oxygen evolution over the past 50 years. It reviews speculative concepts and the stepped insight provided by novel experimental and theoretical techniques. Driven by sunlight photosystem II oxidizes the catalyst of water oxidation, a hetero-metallic Mn4CaO5(H2O)4 cluster. Mn3Ca are arranged in cubanoid and one Mn dangles out. By accumulation of four oxidizing equivalents before initiating dioxygen formation it matches the four-electron chemistry from water to dioxygen to the one-electron chemistry of the photo-sensitizer. Potentially harmful intermediates are thereby occluded in space and time. Kinetic signatures of the catalytic cluster and its partners in the photo-reaction centre have been resolved, in the frequency domain ranging from acoustic waves via infra-red to X-ray radiation, and in the time domain from nano- to milli-seconds. X-ray structures to a resolution of 1.9 Å are available. Even time resolved X-ray structures have been obtained by clocking the reaction cycle by flashes of light and diffraction with femtosecond X-ray pulses. The terminal reaction cascade from two molecules of water to dioxygen involves the transfer of four electrons, two protons, one dioxygen and one water. A rigorous mechanistic analysis is challenging because of the kinetic enslaving at millisecond duration of six partial reactions (4e−, 1H+, 1O2). For the time being a peroxide-intermediate in the reaction cascade to dioxygen has been in focus, both experimentally and by quantum chemistry. Homo sapiens has relied on burning the products of oxygenic photosynthesis, recent and fossil. Mankind's total energy consumption amounts to almost one-fourth of the global photosynthetic productivity. If the average power consumption equalled one of those nations with the highest consumption per capita it was four times greater and matched the total productivity. It is obvious that biomass should be harvested for food, feed, fibre and platform chemicals rather than for fuel.
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Petrie S, Stranger R, Pace RJ. What Mn K β spectroscopy reveals concerning the oxidation states of the Mn cluster in photosystem II. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:27682-27693. [PMID: 28983541 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04797e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen evolving complex, (OEC) in Photosystem II contains a Mn4Ca cluster and catalyses oxidation of water to molecular oxygen and protons, the most energetically demanding reaction in nature. The catalytic mechanism remains unresolved and the precise Mn oxidation levels through which the cluster cycles during functional turnover are controversial. Two proposals for these redox levels exist; the 'high' and 'low' oxidation state paradigms, which differ systematically by two oxidation equivalents throughout the redox accumulating catalytic S state cycle (states S0…S3). Presently the 'high' paradigm is more favored. For S1 the assumed mean redox levels of Mn are 3.5 (high) and 3.0 (low) respectively. Mn K region X-ray spectroscopy has been extensively used to examine the OEC Mn oxidation levels, with Kβ emission spectroscopy increasingly the method of choice. Here we review the results from application of this and closely related techniques to PS II, building on our earlier examination of these and other data on the OEC oxidation states (Pace et al., Dalton Trans., 2012, 41, 11145). We compare the most recent results with a range of earlier Mn Kβ experiments on the photosystem and related model Mn systems. New analyses of these data are given, highlighting certain key spectral considerations which appear not to have been sufficiently appreciated earlier. These show that the recent and earlier PS II Kβ results have a natural internal consistency, leading to the strong conclusion that the low paradigm oxidation state assignment for the functional OEC is favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Petrie
- Research School of Chemistry, College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Chernev P, Zaharieva I, Rossini E, Galstyan A, Dau H, Knapp EW. Merging Structural Information from X-ray Crystallography, Quantum Chemistry, and EXAFS Spectra: The Oxygen-Evolving Complex in PSII. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:10899-10922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petko Chernev
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivelina Zaharieva
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emanuele Rossini
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Artur Galstyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ernst-Walter Knapp
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Zaharieva I, Chernev P, Berggren G, Anderlund M, Styring S, Dau H, Haumann M. Room-Temperature Energy-Sampling Kβ X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of the Mn4Ca Complex of Photosynthesis Reveals Three Manganese-Centered Oxidation Steps and Suggests a Coordination Change Prior to O2 Formation. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4197-211. [PMID: 27377097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, water is oxidized and dioxygen is produced at a Mn4Ca complex bound to the proteins of photosystem II (PSII). Valence and coordination changes in its catalytic S-state cycle are of great interest. In room-temperature (in situ) experiments, time-resolved energy-sampling X-ray emission spectroscopy of the Mn Kβ1,3 line after laser-flash excitation of PSII membrane particles was applied to characterize the redox transitions in the S-state cycle. The Kβ1,3 line energies suggest a high-valence configuration of the Mn4Ca complex with Mn(III)3Mn(IV) in S0, Mn(III)2Mn(IV)2 in S1, Mn(III)Mn(IV)3 in S2, and Mn(IV)4 in S3 and, thus, manganese oxidation in each of the three accessible oxidizing transitions of the water-oxidizing complex. There are no indications of formation of a ligand radical, thus rendering partial water oxidation before reaching the S4 state unlikely. The difference spectra of both manganese Kβ1,3 emission and K-edge X-ray absorption display different shapes for Mn(III) oxidation in the S2 → S3 transition when compared to Mn(III) oxidation in the S1 → S2 transition. Comparison to spectra of manganese compounds with known structures and oxidation states and varying metal coordination environments suggests a change in the manganese ligand environment in the S2 → S3 transition, which could be oxidation of five-coordinated Mn(III) to six-coordinated Mn(IV). Conceivable options for the rearrangement of (substrate) water species and metal-ligand bonding patterns at the Mn4Ca complex in the S2 → S3 transition are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Zaharieva
- Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Petko Chernev
- Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Berggren
- Uppsala University , Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Anderlund
- Uppsala University , Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stenbjörn Styring
- Uppsala University , Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Holger Dau
- Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Haumann
- Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Physics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Gerey B, Gouré E, Fortage J, Pécaut J, Collomb MN. Manganese-calcium/strontium heterometallic compounds and their relevance for the oxygen-evolving center of photosystem II. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Pearson AR, von Stetten D, Huse N. If You Can Get a Crystal Structure, Why Bother with Anything Else? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2015.1101321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arwen R. Pearson
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nils Huse
- Institute for Nanostructure and Solid State Physics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- John C H Spence
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22607, Germany
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11
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Kern J, Hattne J, Tran R, Alonso-Mori R, Laksmono H, Gul S, Sierra RG, Rehanek J, Erko A, Mitzner R, Wernet P, Bergmann U, Sauter NK, Yachandra V, Yano J. Methods development for diffraction and spectroscopy studies of metalloenzymes at X-ray free-electron lasers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130590. [PMID: 24914169 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) open up new possibilities for X-ray crystallographic and spectroscopic studies of radiation-sensitive biological samples under close to physiological conditions. To facilitate these new X-ray sources, tailored experimental methods and data-processing protocols have to be developed. The highly radiation-sensitive photosystem II (PSII) protein complex is a prime target for XFEL experiments aiming to study the mechanism of light-induced water oxidation taking place at a Mn cluster in this complex. We developed a set of tools for the study of PSII at XFELs, including a new liquid jet based on electrofocusing, an energy dispersive von Hamos X-ray emission spectrometer for the hard X-ray range and a high-throughput soft X-ray spectrometer based on a reflection zone plate. While our immediate focus is on PSII, the methods we describe here are applicable to a wide range of metalloenzymes. These experimental developments were complemented by a new software suite, cctbx.xfel. This software suite allows for near-real-time monitoring of the experimental parameters and detector signals and the detailed analysis of the diffraction and spectroscopy data collected by us at the Linac Coherent Light Source, taking into account the specific characteristics of data measured at an XFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kern
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Johan Hattne
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rosalie Tran
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jens Rehanek
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Institute for Nanometre Optics and Technology, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Phillip Wernet
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Uwe Bergmann
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Nicholas K Sauter
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vittal Yachandra
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junko Yano
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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