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Yu X, Li H. Origin of ethnic groups, linguistic families, and civilizations in China viewed from the Y chromosome. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:783-797. [PMID: 34037863 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
East Asia, geographically extending to the Pamir Plateau in the west, to the Himalayan Mountains in the southwest, to Lake Baikal in the north and to the South China Sea in the south, harbors a variety of people, cultures, and languages. To reconstruct the natural history of East Asians is a mission of multiple disciplines, including genetics, archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology. Geneticists confirm the recent African origin of modern East Asians. Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa and immigrated into East Asia via a southern route approximately 50,000 years ago. Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 12,000 years ago, rice and millet were domesticated in the south and north of East Asia, respectively, which allowed human populations to expand and linguistic families and ethnic groups to develop. These Neolithic populations produced a strong relation between the present genetic structures and linguistic families. The expansion of the Hongshan people from northeastern China relocated most of the ethnic populations on a large scale approximately 5300 years ago. Most of the ethnic groups migrated to remote regions, producing genetic structure differences between the edge and center of East Asia. In central China, pronounced population admixture occurred and accelerated over time, which subsequently formed the Han Chinese population and eventually the Chinese civilization. Population migration between the north and the south throughout history has left a smooth gradient in north-south changes in genetic structure. Observation of the process of shaping the genetic structure of East Asians may help in understanding the global natural history of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, Datong, 037006, China.
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Wen SQ, Yao HB, Du PX, Wei LH, Tong XZ, Wang LX, Wang CC, Zhou BY, Shi MS, Zhabagin M, Wang J, Xu D, Jin L, Li H. Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu's family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan's eldest son. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:815-820. [PMID: 31164702 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genghis Khan's lineage has attracted both academic and general interest because of its mystery and large influence. However, the truth behind the mystery is complicated and continues to confound the scientific study. In this study, we surveyed the molecular genealogy of Northwestern China's Lu clan who claim to be the descendants of the sixth son of Genghis Khan, Toghan. We also investigated living members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of Lu clan. Using network analysis, we found that the Y-chromosomal haplotypes of Lu clan mainly belong to haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756, widely prevalent in Altaic-speaking populations, and are closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim to be the descendants of the first son of Genghis Khan, Jochi. The most recent common ancestor of the special haplotype cluster that includes the Lu clan and Tore clan lived about 1000 years ago (YA), while the Huo and Tuo clans do not share any Y lineages with the Lu clan. In addition to the reported lineages, such as C3*-Star Cluster, R1b-M343, and Q, our results indicate that haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 might be another candidate of the true Y lineage of Genghis Khan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qing Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Archaeological Science, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu Institute of Political Science and Law, 730070, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pan-Xin Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anthropology and Ethnology Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin-Zhu Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anthropology and Ethnology Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Bo-Yan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Sen Shi
- Institute of the Investigation School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, 100088, Beijing, China
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Jiucun Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Centre de Recherches de Linguistique d'Asie Orientale, Institut Universitaire de France, 65 rue des Grands Moulins, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Li Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
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Monroy Kuhn JM, Jakobsson M, Günther T. Estimating genetic kin relationships in prehistoric populations. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195491. [PMID: 29684051 PMCID: PMC5912749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeogenomic research has proven to be a valuable tool to trace migrations of historic and prehistoric individuals and groups, whereas relationships within a group or burial site have not been investigated to a large extent. Knowing the genetic kinship of historic and prehistoric individuals would give important insights into social structures of ancient and historic cultures. Most archaeogenetic research concerning kinship has been restricted to uniparental markers, while studies using genome-wide information were mainly focused on comparisons between populations. Applications which infer the degree of relationship based on modern-day DNA information typically require diploid genotype data. Low concentration of endogenous DNA, fragmentation and other post-mortem damage to ancient DNA (aDNA) makes the application of such tools unfeasible for most archaeological samples. To infer family relationships for degraded samples, we developed the software READ (Relationship Estimation from Ancient DNA). We show that our heuristic approach can successfully infer up to second degree relationships with as little as 0.1x shotgun coverage per genome for pairs of individuals. We uncover previously unknown relationships among prehistoric individuals by applying READ to published aDNA data from several human remains excavated from different cultural contexts. In particular, we find a group of five closely related males from the same Corded Ware culture site in modern-day Germany, suggesting patrilocality, which highlights the possibility to uncover social structures of ancient populations by applying READ to genome-wide aDNA data. READ is publicly available from https://bitbucket.org/tguenther/read.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Monroy Kuhn
- Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University, SciLifeLab, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MJ); (TG)
| | - Torsten Günther
- Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18C, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MJ); (TG)
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Ma Y, Fuller BT, Wei D, Shi L, Zhang X, Hu Y, Richards MP. Isotopic perspectives (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) of diet, social complexity, and animal husbandry during the proto-shang period (ca. 2000-1600 BC) of China. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:433-45. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Benjamin T. Fuller
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Dong Wei
- Research Centre for Chinese Frontier Archaeology; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lei Shi
- Research Centre for Chinese Frontier Archaeology; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiaozheng Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology; Shijiazhuang 050031 China
| | - Yaowu Hu
- Department of Archaeology and Anthropology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100044 China
| | - Michael P. Richards
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Department of Anthropology; University of British Columbia; 6303 NW Marine Drive Vancouver V6T 1Z1 BC Canada
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Hagelberg E, Hofreiter M, Keyser C. Introduction. Ancient DNA: the first three decades. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130371. [PMID: 25487324 PMCID: PMC4275880 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hagelberg
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Christine Keyser
- Institut de Médecine Légale, Laboratoire AMIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 5288, Strasbourg, France
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