Saccharomonospora halophila sp. nov., a novel halophilic actinomycete isolated from marsh soil in Kuwait

Assessment of coastal salt marsh plants on the Arabian Gulf region

Salt marshes form along coastlines and are very interesting ecosystems due to their function and services. In the future, salt marsh plants might provide food and medicine as crops irrigated via seawater in hyper-arid regions. In the Arabian Gulf, little is known about salt marsh vegetation. Therefore, a targeted search on scientific literature was performed to provide a comprehensive assessment. Hence, current knowledge of the extent and status of salt marsh in the Arabian Gulf region was reviewed, based on literature-based analysis. Then, historic trends of salt marsh publications were carefully inspected. This study provides a list of salt marsh families and their genera and species, with a total of 51 family 179 genera 316 species in the Arabian Gulf. The largest family was Chenopodiaceae followed by Poaceae, Asteraceae. Moreover, this study identified some of the gaps that could help future directions for scientific research, and help making decisions of conservation, management policies and procedures.

Saccharomonospora piscinae sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium from fishpond sediment in Taiwan

Strain 06168H-1^T was isolated from a fishpond sediment sample collected from the southern area of Taiwan, and a polyphasic approach was used to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate grew between 20-40 °C and 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl. It produced branched and unfragmented substrate mycelia. Short spore chains (3-10 spores per chain) formed on branched aerial mycelia. The spore chains contained non-motile, smooth-surfaced, oval spores. Galactose, arabinose and ribose were the whole-cell sugars and meso-diaminopimelic acid was present in its peptidoglycan. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, hydroxyphosphati dylethanolamine and a ninhydrin-positive phosphoglycolipid. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4) and minor components were MK-8(H4) and MK-9(H6). Mycolic acids were not detected. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω6c and C17 : 0ω8c. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 70.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed this strain clustered with the members of the genus Saccharomonospora and was closely related to Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis, Saccharomonospora azurea and Saccharomonosporacyanea. The levels of similarity between this strain and the closely related species were: Sxinjiangensis BCRC16887^T, 98.34 %; S. azurea BCRC 16220^T, 98.27 %; and S. cyanea BCRC 16886^T, 97.99 %. Based on phylogenetic characteristics, strain 06168H-1^T represents a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora. We thus propose the name Saccharomonospora piscinae sp. nov. for this novel strain, with strain 06168H-1^T (=BCRC 16893^T=KCTC 19743^T) as the type strain.

Saccharomonospora colocasiae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from the rhizosphere of Colocasia esculenta

A non-Streptomyces actinomycete, designated as strain S265^T, was isolated from rhizosphere collected under an elephant ear plant (Colocasia esculenta) in Bangkok, Thailand. The taxonomic position of this strain was determined by a polyphasic approach. Strain S265^T formed single globose spores on long, branching, aerial hyphae. It produced abundant aerial mycelium with green colour. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and diagnostic whole-cell sugars were arabinose and galactose. Phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol were detected predominantly as polar lipids, whereas mycolic acids were not found. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4), and principal cellular fatty acids were C15 : 1 B, iso-C16 : 1 H, anteiso-C15 : 0 and C15 : 0 2-OH. The DNA G+C content was 69 mol%. According to phylogenetic analysis, strain S265^T was clustered with Saccharomonospora glauca K62^T (98.1 %) and Saccharomonosporaviridis DSM 43017^T (97.1 %) despite its 16S rRNA gene sequence showing the highest similarity value to that of Saccharomonosporaazurea NA-128^T (98.6 %). DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain S265^T and the closely related strains were in the range of 7-50 %, thus strengthening the evidence derived from the polyphasic study that strain S265^T represents a novel species within the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonosporacolocasiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S265^T (=TBRC 7235^T=NBRC 112945^T).

Saccharomonospora xiaoerkulensis sp. nov., isolated from lake sediment

A novel actinomycete, strain TRM 41495T, was isolated from lake sediment of Xiaoerkule lake in Xinjiang province, China, and was examined using a polyphasic approach. Strain TRM 41495T was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, growing best on ISP medium 7 with abundant white aerial mycelium formed and brown soluble pigments produced. The optimum NaCl concentration for growth was 3.0 % (w/v), and the optimum temperature for growth was 37 °C. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain TRM 41495T was shown to belong to the genus Saccharomonospora with a sequence similarity of 97.50 % with the most closely related species, Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis. The organism had chemical and morphological features typical of the genus Saccharomonospora. The cell wall of strain TRM 41495T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, and galactose, arabinose, ribose and mannose were the major whole-cell sugars. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown phosphoglycolipid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω6c, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 1H. The G+C content of the DNA was 72.9 mol%. However, DNA-DNA hybridization studies between strain TRM 41495T and Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis showed only 43.9 % relatedness. Whole-cell sugars, menaquinones and fatty acids differentiate strain TRM 41495T from Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence, strain TRM 41495T represents a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonospora xiaoerkulensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 41495T (=CCTCC AA 2015038T=KCTC 39727T).

Halopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from sediment

A novel halophilic, filamentous actinomycete, designated strain AFM 10251(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Dead Sea, Israel. The isolate grew with 10-35% multi-salts, and did not grow without NaCl or MgCl2. The isolate formed a white aerial mycelium, and long chains of arthrospores with more than 10 spores per chain. The spores were spherical or oval with warty surfaces, and sterile mycelium was present between individual spores. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and a small proportion of LL-diaminopimelic acid as cell-wall diamino acids, and galactose and arabinose as whole-cell sugars. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H4). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and three unknown phospholipids. Major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0). The DNA G+C content of strain AFM 10251(T) was 66.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AFM 10251(T) and the genus Actinopolyspora formed a distinct lineage. Analysis of the secondary structures of variable areas of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AFM 10251(T) was different from all recognized species of the genus Actinopolyspora and members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. Analysis of the signature nucleotides of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AFM 10251(T) and Actinopolyspora halophila formed a single group, but with base pair differences at positions 127 : 234 and 183 : 194. On the basis of analysis of chemical and molecular characteristics, strain AFM 10251(T) is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Actinopolysporaceae, for which the name Halopolyspora alba gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halopolyspora alba is AFM 10251(T) ( = DSM 45976(T) = CGMCC 4.7114(T)).

Screening and characterization of protease producing actinomycetes from marine saltern

In the course of systematic screening program for bioactive actinomycetes, an alkaline protease producing halophilic strain Actinopolyspora sp. VITSDK2 was isolated from marine saltern, Southern India. The strain was identified as Actinopolyspora based on its phenotypic and phylogenetic characters. The protease was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequently by DEAE cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme was further purified using HPLC and the molecular weight was found to be 22 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The purified protease exhibited pH stability in a wide range of 4-12 with optimum at 10.0. The enzyme was found to be stable between 25 and 80 °C and displayed a maximum activity at 60 °C. The enzyme activity was increased marginally in presence of Mn(2+) , Mg(2+) , and Ca(2+) and decreased in presence of Cu(2+) . PMSF and DFP completely inhibited the activity suggesting it belongs to serine protease. Further, the proteolytic activity was abolished in presence of N-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone suggesting this might be chymotrypsin-like serine protease. The protease was 96% active when kept for 10 days at room temperature. The results indicate that the enzyme belong to chymotrypsin-like serine protease exhibiting both pH and thermostability, which can be used for various applications in industries.

Genome sequence of the chemoheterotrophic soil bacterium Saccharomonospora cyanea type strain (NA-134(T))

Saccharomonospora cyanea Runmao et al. 1988 is a member of the genus Saccharomonospora in the family Pseudonocardiaceae that is moderately well characterized at the genome level thus far. Members of the genus Saccharomonospora are of interest because they originate from diverse habitats, such as soil, leaf litter, manure, compost, surface of peat, moist, over-heated grain, and ocean sediment, where they probably play a role in the primary degradation of plant material by attacking hemicellulose. Species of the genus Saccharomonospora are usually Gram-positive, non-acid fast, and are classified among the actinomycetes. S. cyanea is characterized by a dark blue (= cyan blue) aerial mycelium. After S. viridis, S. azurea, and S. marina, S. cyanea is only the fourth member in the genus for which a completely sequenced (non-contiguous finished draft status) type strain genome will be published. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the draft genome sequence, and annotation. The 5,408,301 bp long chromosome with its 5,139 protein-coding and 57 RNA genes was sequenced as part of the DOE funded Community Sequencing Program (CSP) 2010 at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI).

Saccharomonospora amisosensis sp. nov., isolated from deep marine sediment

A novel actinomycete, strain DS3030(T), was isolated from a deep sediment sample, collected from the southern Black Sea coast, Turkey, and was examined using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain DS3030(T) was shown to belong to the genus Saccharomonospora and to be related most closely to Saccharomonospora marina XMU15(T) (99.6 % similarity). Sequence similarities with other strains of the genus Saccharomonospora were lower than 97.0 %. The organism had chemical and morphological features typical of the genus Saccharomonospora. The cell wall of the novel strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose as diagnostic sugars. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 2-OH and C16 : 1cis 9. Phenotypic data clearly distinguished the new isolate from its closest relative, S. marina XMU15(T). The combined genotypic and phenotypic data and low DNA-DNA relatedness with its closest related strain reveal that strain DS3030(T) represents a novel species of the genus, for which the name Saccharomonospora amisosensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DS3030(T) ( = DSM 45685(T) = KCTC 29069(T) = NRRL B-24885(T)).

Saccharomonospora oceani sp. nov. isolated from marine sediments in Little Andaman, India

Two actinomycete strains, designated YIM M11168(T) and YIM M11177, were isolated from marine sediment samples from Little Andaman, Indian Ocean, and their taxonomic position was determined by a polyphasic approach. The two Gram-positive, aerobic strains were observed to produce branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae but did not fragment, and no diffusible pigment was produced on the media tested. At maturity, spores were formed singly or in pairs on aerial hyphae and substrate mycelium, and occasionally the single ones were borne on long sporophores. The optimum growth was determined to occur at 28 °C, 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl and pH 7.0-8.0. Whole-cell hydrolysates of both strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the diagnostic sugars were determined to be galactose, glucose and arabinose. Their predominant menaquinone was found to be MK-9(H4). The polar lipids detected in the two strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unknown phosphoglycolipids. The major fatty acids (>10 %) identified were iso-C16:0, iso-C16:1 H, iso-C16:0, C17:1 ω6c for strain YIM M11168(T), iso-C16:0 and Summed Feature 3 for strain YIM M11177. The G + C contents of the genomic DNAs of both strains were determined to be 71.4 %. DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness values (78.4 ± 3.7 %) of these two isolates supported the conclusion that they belong to the same species. Based on phylogenetic analysis, phenotypic and genotypic data, it is concluded that the two isolates belong to a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. The name Saccharomonospora oceani sp. nov. (Type strain YIM M11168(T) = DSM 45700(T) = JCM 18128(T)) is proposed for the novel species.

Biodegradation of specified risk material and fate of scrapie prions in compost

Composting may be a viable alternative to rendering and land filling for the disposal of specified risk material (SRM) provided that infectious prion proteins (PrP(TSE)) are inactivated. This study investigated the degradation of SRM and the fate of scrapie prions (PrP(Sc)) over 28 days in laboratory-scale composters, with and without feathers in the compost matrices. Compost was mixed at day 14 to generate a second heating cycle, with temperatures exceeding 65°C in the first cycle and 50°C in the second cycle. Approximately 63% and 77% of SRM was degraded after the first and second cycles, respectively. Inclusion of feathers in the compost matrices did not alter compost properties during composting other than increasing (P < 0.05) total nitrogen and reducing (P < 0.05) the C/N ratio. However, addition of feathers enhanced (P < 0.05) SRM degradation by 10% upon completion of experiment. Scrapie brain homogenates were spiked into manure at the start of composting and extracted using sodium dodecyl sulphate followed by detection using Western blotting (WB). Prior to composting, PrP(Sc) was detectable in manure with 1-2 log(10) sensitivity, but was not observable after 14 or 28 days of composting. This may have been due to either biological degradation of PrP(Sc) or the formation of complexes with compost components that precluded its detection.

Systematic and biotechnological aspects of halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes

More than 70 species of halotolerant and halophilic actinomycetes belonging to at least 24 genera have been validly described. Halophilic actinomycetes are a less explored source of actinomycetes for discovery of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. Degradation of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds, detoxification of pollutants, production of new enzymes and other metabolites such as antibiotics, compatible solutes and polymers are other potential industrial applications of halophilic and halotolerant actinomycetes. Especially new bioactive secondary metabolites that are derived from only a small fraction of the investigated halophilic actinomycetes, mainly from marine habitats, have revealed the huge capacity of this physiological group in production of new bioactive chemical entities. Combined high metabolic capacities of actinomycetes and unique features related to extremophilic nature of the halophilic actinomycetes have conferred on them an influential role for future biotechnological applications.

Genome sequence of the soil bacterium Saccharomonospora azurea type strain (NA-128(T))

Saccharomonospora azurea Runmao et al. 1987 is a member of the genus Saccharomonospora, which is in the family Pseudonocardiaceae and thus far poorly characterized genomically. Members of the genus Saccharomonospora are of interest because they originate from diverse habitats, such as leaf litter, manure, compost, the surface of peat, and moist and over-heated grain, and may play a role in the primary degradation of plant material by attacking hemicellulose. Next to S. viridis, S. azurea is only the second member in the genus Saccharomonospora for which a completely sequenced type strain genome will be published. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence with project status 'Improved high quality draft', and the annotation. The 4,763,832 bp long chromosome with its 4,472 protein-coding and 58 RNA genes was sequenced as part of the DOE funded Community Sequencing Program (CSP) 2010 at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI).

Genome sequence of the ocean sediment bacterium Saccharomonospora marina type strain (XMU15(T))

Saccharomonospora marina Liu et al. 2010 is a member of the genus Saccharomonospora, in the family Pseudonocardiaceae that is poorly characterized at the genome level thus far. Members of the genus Saccharomonospora are of interest because they originate from diverse habitats, such as leaf litter, manure, compost, surface of peat, moist, over-heated grain, and ocean sediment, where they might play a role in the primary degradation of plant material by attacking hemicellulose. Organisms belonging to the genus are usually Gram-positive staining, non-acid fast, and classify among the actinomycetes. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence (permanent draft status), and annotation. The 5,965,593 bp long chromosome with its 5,727 protein-coding and 57 RNA genes was sequenced as part of the DOE funded Community Sequencing Program (CSP) 2010 at the Joint Genome Institute (JGI).

Yuhushiella deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the suborder Pseudonocardineae

A thermotolerant, Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, sporangium-forming actinomycete, strain RA45(T), was isolated from a desert region in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region, north-western China. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic characterization revealed that strain RA45(T) belonged phylogenetically to the family Pseudonocardiaceae of the suborder Pseudonocardineae. Strain RA45(T) showed more than 5  % 16S rRNA gene sequence divergence from recognized species of genera in the family Pseudonocardiaceae, forming a distinct lineage within the evolutionary radiation occupied by the genera Amycolatopsis, Prauserella, Thermocrispum, Saccharomonospora, Saccharopolyspora and Sciscionella, but distinct from each of them. The affiliation to the family was supported by the presence of suborder- and family-specific 16S rRNA signature nucleotides, a DNA G+C content of 69.9 mol%, the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid, ribose, arabinose, glucose and galactose, which are characteristic components of cell-wall chemotype IV of actinomycetes, the presence of menaquinone MK-9(H₄) as the major respiratory lipoquinone, a lack of mycolic acids and the presence of an N-acetylated type of muramic acid. However, strain RA45(T) differed from known genera of the family in its polar lipid composition: the major phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phospholipids of unknown structure and phospholipids of unknown structure containing glucosamine (phospholipid type IV). Based on its morphological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain RA45(T) is considered to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Pseudonocardiaceae, for which the name Yuhushiella deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Yuhushiella deserti is RA45(T) (=CGMCC 4.5579(T) =JCM 16584(T)).

Saccharomonospora marina sp. nov., isolated from an ocean sediment of the East China Sea

A novel, aerobic, Gram-positive actinomycete strain, designated XMU15T, was isolated from an ocean sediment collected from Zhaoan Bay in the East China Sea and was subjected to a polyphasic approach to determine its taxonomic position. The isolate grew optimally at 28 degrees C and at pH 7.0 in the presence of 3% (w/v) NaCl on ISP medium 2. Gelatin liquefaction, milk coagulation and nitrate reduction were positive. Cellulose and starch hydrolysis, hydrogen sulfide and melanin production, and catalase, urease and oxidase activities were negative. The predominant menaquinone of the isolate was MK-9 (H4), and meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid in the cell wall. The phospholipids of the isolate comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and a minor amount of phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids of the strain were iso-C16:0 (26.36%), C17:1omega6c (16.80%), C15:0 (16.2%), C16:0 (8.90%), C17:1omega8c (7.69%) and iso-C16:1 H (5.95%). The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 68.1 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Saccharomonospora and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.7%) to Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis DSM 44391T. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and phenotypic and genotypic characterization, strain XMU15T (=KCTC 19701T =CCTCC AA 209048T) represents a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonospora marina sp. nov. is proposed.

Prauserella marina sp. nov., isolated from ocean sediment of the South China Sea

A novel actinomycete strain, designated MS498(T), was isolated from an ocean sediment sample collected from the South China Sea. It was subjected to a polyphasic analysis to determine its taxonomic position. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MS498(T) had the highest similarity (96.5 %) with members of the genus Prauserella and was loosely associated with Prauserella rugosa DSM 43194(T) and Saccharomonospora halophila DSM 44411(T). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, phenotypic characteristics and chemotaxonomic data, the new isolate is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Prauserella, named Prauserella marina sp. nov. (type strain MS498(T)=CCTCC AA 208056( T) =DSM 45268(T)).

Actinomadura keratinilytica sp. nov., a keratin-degrading actinobacterium isolated from bovine manure compost

A novel keratinolytic actinobacterium, strain WCC-2265(T), was isolated from bovine hoof keratin 'baited' into composting bovine manure from southern Alberta, Canada, and subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Strain WCC-2265(T) produced well-developed, non-fragmenting and extensively branched hyphae within substrates and aerial hyphae, from which spherical spores possessing spiny cell sheaths were produced in primarily flexuous or straight chains. The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, whole-cell sugars were galactose, glucose, madurose and ribose, and the major menaquinones were MK-9(H(6)), MK-9(H(8)), MK-9(H(4)) and MK-9(H(2)). These characteristics suggested that the organism belonged to the genus Actinomadura and a comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that it formed a distinct clade within the genus. Strain WCC-2265(T) could be differentiated from other species of the genus Actinomadura by DNA-DNA hybridization, morphological and physiological characteristics and the predominance of iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(17 : 0) and 10-methyl C(17 : 0) fatty acids. The broad range of phenotypic and genetic characters supported the suggestion that this organism represents a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura keratinilytica sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is strain WCC-2265(T) (=DSM 45195(T)=CCUG 56181(T)).

Saccharomonospora saliphila sp. nov., a halophilic actinomycete from an Indian soil

A Gram-positive, moderately halophilic actinomycete strain, designated YIM 90502(T), was isolated from a sample of muddy soil collected from Gulbarga, Karnataka Province, India, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomical analysis. The isolate grew optimally at 28 degrees C and in the presence of 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The isolate was characterized chemotaxonomically as having meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and galactose and arabinose as whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)), while MK-8(H(4)) was found in smaller amounts. The phospholipids were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0) (49.2 %) and C(17 : 1)omega6c (9.1 %). The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 71.8 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate fell within the evolutionary radiation encompassed by the genus Saccharomonospora. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain YIM 90502(T) and the type strains of Saccharomonospora species ranged from 92.42 % (with Saccharomonospora xinjiangensis CCTCC AA 97021(T)) to 97.45 % (with Saccharomonospora azurea KCTC 9693(T)). Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YIM 90502(T) and S. azurea KCTC 9693(T), Saccharomonospora halophila DSM 44411(T) and Saccharomonospora paurometabolica DSM 44619(T) were 46.0, 41.0 and 42.5 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic and genotypic data, strain YIM 90502(T) was classified in the genus Saccharomonospora as a member of a novel species, for which the name Saccharomonospora saliphila sp. nov. is proposed, with YIM 90502(T) (=KCTC 19234(T) =DSM 45087(T)) as the type strain.

Saccharomonospora paurometabolica sp. nov., a moderately halophilic actinomycete isolated from soil in China

A novel, moderately halophilic actinomycete, strain YIM 90007(T), was isolated from a soil sample collected from the Xinjiang Province, China, and characterized. The optimum growth temperature of the strain was between 35 and 37 degrees C and growth occurred optimally in 10 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell wall of strain YIM 90007(T) contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Whole-cell sugars were galactose, arabinose and ribose. The principal menaquinone was MK-9(H(4)), while MK-9(H(2)) was found in smaller amounts. The phospholipids were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were of the iso- and anteiso-branched and unbranched types; significant amounts of 2-hydroxy fatty acids were also found but 10-methyl-branched fatty acids were missing. The DNA G+C content of strain YIM 900007(T) was 71 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed strain YIM 90007(T) to be closely related to Saccharomonospora halophila (98.7 % similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization revealed a relatedness of 53.8 % between strain YIM 90007(T) and S. halophila DSM 44411(T). Based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, phylogenetic analysis (based on 16S rRNA gene sequences) and DNA-DNA relatedness, it is concluded that strain YIM 90007(T) represents a novel species of the genus Saccharomonospora, for which the name Saccharomonospora paurometabolica (type strain YIM 90007(T)=CCTCC AA001018(T)=CCRC 16315(T)=DSM 44619(T)) is proposed.