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Erkes DA, Smith CJ, Wilski NA, Caldeira-Dantas S, Mohgbeli T, Snyder CM. Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells Infiltrate Melanoma Lesions and Retain Function Independently of PD-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2979-2988. [PMID: 28202614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are correlated with positive prognoses in cancer patients and are used to determine the efficacy of immune therapies. Although it is generally assumed that CD8+ TILs will be tumor-associated Ag (TAA) specific, it is unknown whether CD8+ T cells with specificity for common pathogens also infiltrate tumors. If so, the presence of these T cells could alter the interpretation of prognostic and diagnostic TIL assays. We compared TAA-specific and virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the same tumors using murine CMV, a herpesvirus that causes a persistent/latent infection, and vaccinia virus, a poxvirus that is cleared by the host. Virus-specific CD8+ TILs migrated into cutaneous melanoma lesions during acute infection with either virus, after a cleared vaccinia virus infection, and during a persistent/latent murine CMV infection. Virus-specific TILs developed independently of viral Ag in the tumor and, interestingly, expressed low or intermediate levels of full-length PD-1 in the tumor environment. Importantly, PD-1 expression could be markedly induced by Ag but did not correlate with dysfunction for virus-specific TILs, in sharp contrast to TAA-specific TILs in the same tumors. These data suggest that CD8+ TILs can reflect an individual's immune status, rather than exclusively representing TAA-specific T cells, and that PD-1 expression on CD8+ TILs is not always associated with repeated Ag encounter or dysfunction. Thus, functional virus-specific CD8+ TILs could skew the results of prognostic or diagnostic TIL assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan A Erkes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Nicole A Wilski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; and.,ICVS/3Bs, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Toktam Mohgbeli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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Ardeniz Ö, Unger S, Onay H, Ammann S, Keck C, Cianga C, Gerçeker B, Martin B, Fuchs I, Salzer U, İkincioğulları A, Güloğlu D, Dereli T, Thimme R, Ehl S, Schwarz K, Schmitt-Graeff A, Cianga P, Fisch P, Warnatz K. β2-Microglobulin deficiency causes a complex immunodeficiency of the innate and adaptive immune system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:392-401. [PMID: 25702838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with MHC class I (MHC-I) deficiency carry genetic defects in transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) or TAP2. The clinical presentation can vary, and about half of the patients have severe skin disease. Previously, one report described β2-microglobulin (β2m) deficiency as another monogenetic cause of MHC-I deficiency, but no further immunologic evaluation was performed. OBJECTIVE We sought to describe the molecular and immunologic features of β2m deficiency in 2 Turkish siblings with new diagnoses. METHODS Based on clinical and serologic findings, the genetic defect was detected by means of candidate gene analysis. The immunologic characterization comprises flow cytometry, ELISA, functional assays, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Here we provide the first extensive clinical and immunologic description of β2m deficiency in 2 siblings. The sister had recurrent respiratory tract infections and severe skin disease, whereas the brother was fairly asymptomatic but had bronchiectasis. Not only polymorphic MHC-I but also the related CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and neonatal Fc receptor molecules were absent from the surfaces of β2m-deficient cells. Absent neonatal Fc receptor surface expression led to low serum IgG and albumin levels in both siblings, whereas the heterozygous parents had normal results for all tested parameters except β2m mRNA (B2M) expression. Similar to TAP deficiency in the absence of a regular CD8 T-cell compartment, CD8(+) γδ T cells were strongly expanded. Natural killer cells were normal in number but not "licensed to kill." CONCLUSION The clinical presentation of patients with β2m deficiency resembles that of patients with other forms of MHC-I deficiency, but because of the missing stabilizing effect of β2m on other members of the MHC-I family, the immunologic defect is more extensive than in patients with TAP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ömür Ardeniz
- Internal Medicine Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ege University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Susanne Unger
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hüseyin Onay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Keck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corina Cianga
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Bengü Gerçeker
- Department of Dermatology, Ege University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Bianca Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Fuchs
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aydan İkincioğulları
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Güloğlu
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğrul Dereli
- Department of Dermatology, Ege University Medical Faculty, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schwarz
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, and the Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service, Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Petru Cianga
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Immunology, Iasi, Romania
| | - Paul Fisch
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) exhibits an exceptionally broad cellular tropism as it is capable of infecting most major organ systems and cell types. Definitive proof of an essential role for a cellular molecule that serves as an entry receptor has proven very challenging. It is widely hypothesized that receptor utilization, envelope glycoprotein requirements and entry pathways may all vary according to cell type, which is partially supported by the data. What has clearly emerged in recent years is that virus entry is not going undetected by the host. Robust and rapid induction of innate immune response is intimately associated with entry-related events. Here we review the state of knowledge on HCMV cellular entry mediators confronting the scientific challenges by accruing a definitive data set. We also review the roles of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors in activation of specific innate immune response and discuss how entry events are tightly coordinated with innate immune initiation steps.
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