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Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz K, Pilarczyk B, Kołodziejczyk L, Tkaczuk C, Twarużek M, Łopusiewicz Ł, Grajewski J, Dzika E, Kalisińska E. Effect of Selected Entomopathogenic Fungal Species on Embryonic Development of Ascaris suum (Nematoda). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3782. [PMID: 38136820 PMCID: PMC10740946 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of using five selected species of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Conidiobolus coronatus, Isaria fumosorosea, and Metarhizium robertsii) in the bioregulation of the dispersive stages of the parasitic nematode-Ascaris suum. Experimental cultures of each of the selected entomopathogenic fungi, as well as a control culture without fungi, were incubated with A. suum eggs at 26 °C for 28 days. Development of the A. suum eggs was observed using a light microscope on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of incubation. The API-ZYM® test was used to determine, semiquantitatively, the activity of 19 hydrolytic enzymes from the entomopathogenic fungi. The cytotoxicity of the fungi was determined using tetrazole salt MTT. It was found that none of the five tested strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed an ovicidal effect, and none of them colonized the A. suum egg shells. However, ovistatic activity was observed mainly until the 14th day of incubation by I. fumosorosea, M. robertsii, and B. bassiana. In the MTT test, M. robertsii showed moderate cytotoxicity, while the other species showed low cytotoxicity. Among the strains tested, I. fumosorosea showed the highest spectrum of hydrolase production (13 out of 19 enzymes gave a positive reaction from 3 to 5; 20-40 nM or more). The absence of morphological changes in the A. suum egg shells suggests that the antagonistic effect of the studied entomopathogenic fungi may be due to their cytotoxicity, associated with the production of secondary metabolites-toxins (M. robertsii) and enzymatic activity (I. fumosorosea).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Mazurkiewicz-Zapałowicz
- Department of Hydrobiology, Ichthyology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Kazimierza Królewicza 4, 71-550 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Bogumiła Pilarczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 29, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Lidia Kołodziejczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, University in Siedlce, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Łukasz Łopusiewicz
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Janickiego 35, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Ewa Dzika
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Żołnierska 14c, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Kalisińska
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (L.K.); (E.K.)
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Apirajkamol NB, Hogarty TM, Mainali B, Taylor PW, Walsh TK, Tay WT. Virulence of Beauveria sp. and Metarhizium sp. fungi towards fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:328. [PMID: 37676308 PMCID: PMC10495518 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective pest management strategies for Spodoptera frugiperda is a high priority for crop protection across its invasive ranges. Here, we examined six Beauveria and five Metarhizium fungal isolates against this pest. Two Beauveria isolates (B-0571, B-1311) induced high mortality toward 3rd and 6th instar caterpillars and adults. For B-0571 mortality was 82.81 ± 5.75%, 61.46 ± 6.83%, and 93.75 ± 3.61%, and 73.72 ± 2.51%, 71.88 ± 5.41%, and 97.92 ± 2.08% for B-1311, with deaths in caterpillars largely occurring under 24 h (3rd instar control 0.74 ± 0.33%, B-0571 73.96 ± 7.85% and B-1311 62.08 ± 3.67%; 6th instar control 0%, B-0571 66.67% ± 11.02% and B-1311 62.5% ± 9.55%). Infection from both Beauveria isolates fully prevented reproduction in surviving S. frugiperda females. In contrast, all five Metarhizium isolates tested and the remaining four Beauveria isolates exhibited lower virulence. The discovery of two highly virulent Beauveria fungal isolates to S. frugiperda opens avenues to develop novel biological control tools against this highly invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthakorn Beatrice Apirajkamol
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Timothy Michael Hogarty
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bishwo Mainali
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | | | - Thomas Kieran Walsh
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Wee Tek Tay
- Applied BioSciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Black Mountain Laboratories, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Insect-fungal-interactions: A detailed review on entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity to combat insect pests. Microb Pathog 2021; 159:105122. [PMID: 34352375 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Global food security is threatened by insect pests of economically important crops. Chemical pesticides have been used frequently for the last few decades to manage insect pests throughout the world. However, these chemicals are hazardous for human health as well as the ecosystem. In addition, several pests have evolved resistance to many chemicals. Finding environment friendly alternatives lead the researchers to introduce biocontrol agents such as entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). These fungi include various genera that can infect and kill insects efficiently. Moreover, EPFs have considerable host specificity with a mild effect on non-target organisms and can be produced in bulk quantity quickly. However, insights into the biology of EPF and mechanism of action are of prime significance for their efficient utilization as a biocontrol agent. This review focuses on EPF-mediated insect management by explaining particular EPF strains and their general mode of action. We have comprehensively discussed which criteria should be used for the selection of pertinent EPF, and which aspects can impact the EPF efficiency. Finally, we have outlined various advantages of EPF and their limitations. The article summarizes the prospects related to EPF utilization as biocontrol agents. We hope that future strategies for the management of insects will be safer for our planet.
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Gołębiowski M, Bojke A, Tkaczuk C. Effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii, Metarhizium flavoviride, and Isaria fumosorosea on the lipid composition of Galleria mellonella larvae. Mycologia 2021; 113:525-535. [PMID: 33783340 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1877520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Galleria mellonella is a pest of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and causes significant losses to the beekeeping industry; therefore, experiments are needed to decode the effects of entomopathogenic fungi on insect physiology. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was successful for the determination of the organic compounds of Galleria mellonella larvae, noninfected and infected by three fungal species: M. robertsii, M. flavoviride, and I. fumosorosea. A total of 46 compounds were identified in G. mellonella, including fatty acids, other acids, fatty acid methyl esters, monoacylglycerols, amino acids, sterols, and several other organic compounds. The lipids of G. mellonella larvae after M. robertsii, M. flavoviride, and I. fumosorosea exposure contained 40, 35, and 33 organic compounds, respectively. The following organic compounds, present in the noninfected larvae, were absent from the infected larvae: fatty acids C22:0 and C24:0, glutaric acid, urocanic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, dihydroxycinnamic acid, 10-oxodecanoic acid, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, 2-aminobutyric acid, and tyramine. These compounds can be used by fungi as an exogenous source of carbon. The following organic compounds, present in the infected larvae, were absent from the noninfected larvae: fatty acids C10:0, C11:0, C13:0, and C20:0, suberic acid, phenylacetic acid, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) C16:0, FAME C18:2, FAME C18:1, glycerol 2-monopalmitate, norvaline, proline, sitosterol, and 2-dekanal. These compounds can be synthesized as an insect response to fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bojke
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agriculture and Horticulture, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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McGuire AV, Northfield TD. Tropical Occurrence and Agricultural Importance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Gołębiowski M, Urbanek A, Pietrzak A, Naczk AM, Bojke A, Tkaczuk C, Stepnowski P. Effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride on the fat body lipid composition of Zophobas morio larvae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Naturwissenschaften 2020; 107:7. [PMID: 31900598 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1662-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Insects employ different defense strategies against fungal infections and chemicals. We aimed to identify the lipid compositions of the fat body of Zophobas morio larvae before and after fungal infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride. We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze lipid extracts of the fat body isolated of Z. morio 2, 5, and 7 days after fungal infection (treatment group) and compared it with the lipid extracts in a control group injected with physiological isotonic saline. In all the samples, fatty acids were the most abundant compound found in the fat body extracts, with hexadecanoic acid/C16:0 being the most abundant lipid. However, the types and concentrations of lipids changed after fungal infection, likely as an immune response. The most considerable changes occurred in the concentrations of long-chain fatty acids, i.e., hexadecanoic acid/C16:0, octadecenoic acid/C18:1, and octadecanoic acid/C18:0. Contents of methyl ester increased significantly after infection, but that of other esters, especially octanoic acid decyl ester/OADE, decreased on the 5th day after infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed analysis of the changes in the lipid composition of the fat body of Z. morio larvae as a result of fungal infection. Our results suggest that entomopathogenic fungal infection affects the internal lipid composition of insects, potentially as a way of adjusting to such infection. These results can help understand infection processes and defense strategies of insects against fungal infection. Ultimately, they can contribute to the creation of more effective chemicals against pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Urbanek
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Pietrzak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra M Naczk
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bojke
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Cezary Tkaczuk
- Department of Plant Protection and Breeding, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, B. Prusa 14, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tóthné Bogdányi F, Petrikovszki R, Balog A, Putnoky-Csicsó B, Gódor A, Bálint J, Tóth F. Current Knowledge of the Entomopathogenic Fungal Species Metarhizium flavoviride Sensu Lato and Its Potential in Sustainable Pest Control. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110385. [PMID: 31684065 PMCID: PMC6920967 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal entomopathogens are gaining increasing attention as alternatives to chemical control of arthropod pests, and the literature on their use under different conditions and against different species keeps expanding. Our review compiles information regarding the entomopathogenic fungal species Metarhizium flavoviride (Gams and Rozsypal 1956) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and gives account of the natural occurrences and target arthropods that can be controlled using M. flavoviride. Taxonomic problems around M. flavoviride species sensu lato are explained. Bioassays, laboratory and field studies examining the effect of fermentation, culture regimes and formulation are compiled along with studies on the effect of the fungus on target and non-target organisms and presenting the effect of management practices on the use of the fungus. Altogether, we provide information to help conducting basic studies, and by pointing out relatively uncharted territories, help to set new research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renáta Petrikovszki
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly srt. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Allea Sighișoarei 1C, 540485 Targu Mures/Corunca, Romania.
| | - Barna Putnoky-Csicsó
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Allea Sighișoarei 1C, 540485 Targu Mures/Corunca, Romania.
| | - Anita Gódor
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly srt. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Allea Sighișoarei 1C, 540485 Targu Mures/Corunca, Romania.
| | - Ferenc Tóth
- Plant Protection Institute, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent István University, Páter Károly srt. 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
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Ishii M, Takeshita J, Ishiyama M, Tani M, Koike M, Aiuchi D. Evaluation of the pathogenicity and infectivity of entomopathogenic hypocrealean fungi, isolated from wild mosquitoes in Japan and Burkina Faso, against female adult Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wyrebek M, Bidochka MJ. Variability in the insect and plant adhesins, Mad1 and Mad2, within the fungal genus metarhizium suggest plant adaptation as an evolutionary force. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59357. [PMID: 23516629 PMCID: PMC3596358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several species of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium are associated with certain plant types and genome analyses suggested a bifunctional lifestyle; as an insect pathogen and as a plant symbiont. Here we wanted to explore whether there was more variation in genes devoted to plant association (Mad2) or to insect association (Mad1) overall in the genus Metarhizium. Greater divergence within the genus Metarhizium in one of these genes may provide evidence for whether host insect or plant is a driving force in adaptation and evolution in the genus Metarhizium. We compared differences in variation in the insect adhesin gene, Mad1, which enables attachment to insect cuticle, and the plant adhesin gene, Mad2, which enables attachment to plants. Overall variation for the Mad1 promoter region (7.1%), Mad1 open reading frame (6.7%), and Mad2 open reading frame (7.4%) were similar, while it was higher in the Mad2 promoter region (9.9%). Analysis of the transcriptional elements within the Mad2 promoter region revealed variable STRE, PDS, degenerative TATA box, and TATA box-like regions, while this level of variation was not found for Mad1. Sequences were also phylogenetically compared to EF-1α, which is used for species identification, in 14 isolates representing 7 different species in the genus Metarhizium. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the Mad2 phylogeny is more congruent with 5′ EF-1α than Mad1. This would suggest that Mad2 has diverged among Metarhizium lineages, contributing to clade- and species-specific variation, while it appears that Mad1 has been largely conserved. While other abiotic and biotic factors cannot be excluded in contributing to divergence, these results suggest that plant relationships, rather than insect host, have been a major driving factor in the divergence of the genus Metarhizium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wyrebek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J. Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lomer C, Prior C, Kooyman C. DEVELOPMENT OF METARHIZIUM SPP. FOR THE CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4039/entm129171265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFour research programmes are investigating the entomopathogenic fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria for locust and grasshopper control in Africa. In the LUBILOSA programme, surveys for pathogen isolates revealed a morphologically distinctive Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal attacking acridoids in West Africa, Madagascar, and elsewhere. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin isolates with virulence to acridoids were also obtained, including several from non-orthopteran hosts. Natural epizootics of both genera are rare in acridoid populations, but do occur. A standardized screening method discriminated virulent from non-virulent isolates. The great majority of the most virulent isolates were from the acridoid group of M. flavoviride. A Niger isolate chosen for development from this group had low virulence to honey bees and parasitic Hymenoptera and was not infective to insects in several other orders. Field tests were carried out on formulations of oil mixtures, using ULV application rates of 1–2 L/ha and 2–5 × 1012 conidia per hectare. In preliminary tests, target insects were sprayed successfully in small field arenas and in large cages. Trials in 1993 on variegated grasshopper gave an approx. 90% reduction in field populations after 15 days. Trials on various acridids, predominantly Hieroglyphus daganensis Krauss, in dense grass in northern Benin showed slower mortality, although up to 70% population reduction was achieved. Trials using a vehicle-mounted ULV sprayer (the Ulva-Mast) in open grassland in Niger gave >90% mortality in samples of mixed acridids. In Mali, a Malian isolate of M. flavoviride was shown to be slightly more virulent than the standard Niger isolate; both isolates gave significant population reductions against nymphs of Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss and Kraussella amabile (Krauss) in 1-ha plots. Successful small-scale field trials have also been carried out using the standard M. flavoviride isolate in South Africa against brown locust and in Australia using an Australian isolate against wingless grasshopper. In Mauritania, a trial using the Niger isolate against desert locust nymph bands gave up to 90% mortality in caged samples by day 9 after spraying. The uncaged treated bands were completely destroyed by predators while untreated bands fledged. Oil-based ULV formulations of M. flavoviride are capable of causing high mortality in the field populations of all acridoids against which they have been field tested and show great promise for development as components of IPM strategies for these pests.
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Milner RJ. METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE (FI985) AS A PROMISING MYCOINSECTICIDE FOR AUSTRALIAN ACRIDIDS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4039/entm129171287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOnly one isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal group 3 has been isolated from a field-infected acridid in Australia. This is isolate FI985 (ARSEF 324) obtained from a spur-throated locust, Austracris guttulosa (Walker), near Rockhampton, Queensland, in 1979. In terms of conidial size and shape as well as phialide morphology, FI985 is intermediate between Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and M. flavoviride. It has been compared with other group 3 isolates using RAPDs and sequence analysis of the ITS region and found to be very similar. However the analysis shows that these group 3 isolates are genetically closer to M. anisopliae than to M. flavoviride sensu stricto. Laboratory bioassays have shown that FI985 is virulent for five species of acridid pests in Australia. Comparative bioassays with other isolates of Metarhizium, including other group 3 isolates from Africa and Asia, have not yet revealed any isolate more virulent than FI985. This isolate is amenable to mass-production on rice and has been formulated in oil as a mycoinsecticide. The results from six field tests, mostly against wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (SjÖstedt), using doses of 2–7 × 1012 conidia per hectare and plot sizes up to 50 ha are summarized. These trials (with the exception of the first against the Australian plague locust) have given high levels of disease-related mortality in caged samples of the target collected within 3 days of spraying. In the four trials with wingless grasshopper, population reductions were detected 10–30 days after application; however these reductions were much less than suggested by cage samples as a result of movement of the target acridids. In contrast, positive control plots sprayed with fenitrothion gave a very high initial kill (>90% in 1 day) but were then more rapidly reinvaded. Consequently, 3–4 weeks after spraying the density in the plots treated with chemical insecticide and those treated with mycoinsecticide were similar. Further field trials are needed especially against the Australian plague locust and evaluating lower doses. The results obtained to date show that a mycoinsecticide based on FI985 is likely to be effective over a wide range of target acridids and weather conditions.
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Magalhães B, Faria M, Tigano M, Sobral B. CHARACTERIZATION AND VIRULENCE OF A BRAZILIAN ISOLATE OF METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE GAMS AND ROZSYPAL (HYPHOMYCETES). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4039/entm129171313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA new isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Hyphomycetes) (CG 423) found in Northeast Brazil infecting Schistocerca pallens (Thunberg) was identified using arbitrarily primed PCR. Cluster analysis of DNA markers revealed a high level of homogeneity (>83% similarity) among the Brazilian (CG 423) and two other M. flavoviride isolates from Nigeria (CG 366 = IMI 330189) and Australia (CG 291). However, M. flavoviride isolates were very distinct when compared with two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (6.4% similarity). Bioassays showed that strain CG 423 is as virulent as other isolates of M. flavoviride (CG 291, CG 366), M. anisopliae (CG 087), and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (CG 425) against the grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), an important pest in Central Brazil. However, the Brazilian isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is more virulent than the Brazilian isolate of B. bassiana (CG 250). Because conidia used in bioassays were formulated in soybean oil containing 5% kerosene, the effect of the kerosene present in the oil formulation was tested. Kerosene (0–10%) did not affect the virulence (P > 0.3) of M. flavoviride against R. schistocercoides. The native isolate of M. flavoviride (CG 423) is now being developed as a mycoinsecticide against grasshoppers in Brazil.
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Wyrebek M, Huber C, Sasan RK, Bidochka MJ. Three sympatrically occurring species of Metarhizium show plant rhizosphere specificity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2904-2911. [PMID: 21778205 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.051102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we tested the hypothesis that species of the soil-inhabiting insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium are not randomly distributed in soils but show plant-rhizosphere-specific associations. We isolated Metarhizium from plant roots at two sites in Ontario, Canada, sequenced the 5' EF-1α gene to discern Metarhizium species, and developed an RFLP test for rapid species identification. Results indicated a non-random association of three Metarhizium species (Metarhizium robertsii, Metarhizium brunneum and Metarhizium guizhouense) with the rhizosphere of certain types of plant species (identified to species and categorized as grasses, wildflowers, shrubs and trees). M. robertsii was the only species that was found associated with grass roots, suggesting a possible exclusion of M. brunneum and M. guizhouense. Supporting this, in vitro experiments showed that M. robertsii conidia germinated significantly better in Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) root exudate than did M. brunneum or M. guizhouense. M. guizhouense and M. brunneum only associated with wildflower rhizosphere when co-occurring with M. robertsii. With the exception of these co-occurrences, M. guizhouense was found to associate exclusively with the rhizosphere of tree species, predominantly Acer saccharum (sugar maple), while M. brunneum was found to associate exclusively with the rhizosphere of shrubs and trees. These associations demonstrate that different species of Metarhizium associate with specific plant types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wyrebek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Cristina Huber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur Sasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Genetic diversity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae in southwestern British Columbia. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:101-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dong C, Zhang J, Chen W, Huang H, Hu Y. Characterization of a newly discovered China variety of Metarhizium anisopliae (M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium) for virulence to termites, isoenzyme, and phylogenic analysis. Microbiol Res 2006; 162:53-61. [PMID: 16949807 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of a new virulent Metarhizium anisopliae variety (M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium, DQ288247) obtained from Odontotermes formosanus in China was evaluated against the subterranean termite, O. formosanus, in the laboratory. The new variety was compared with four other virulent M. anisopliae isolates and was found to be highly infectious and virulent against termites. M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium could cause approximately 100% mortality of termites 3 days post-inoculation in the concentration of 3x10(8) conidia/ml. There were also differences in relative hyhal growth and isoenzymes. M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium showed a different isoenzyme band pattern from the four isolates of M. anisopliae (AB027337, AB099510, AB099941 and AF280631). The phylogenetic tree of the 18S rDNA sequences revealed the taxonomic and evolutionary position of M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium. M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium and four isolates of M. anisopliae formed a monophyletic group, supported by a 99% bootstrap value. M. anisopliae var. dcjhyium formed a distinct variety, which had a special characterization of unique bands of isoenzyme, high virulence and low repellency against termites when compared with four other isolates of M. anisopliae.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- China
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/isolation & purification
- Genes, rRNA
- Hyphae/growth & development
- Isoenzymes/analysis
- Isoptera/microbiology
- Metarhizium/classification
- Metarhizium/enzymology
- Metarhizium/isolation & purification
- Metarhizium/pathogenicity
- Microscopy
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Survival Analysis
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Valadares-Inglis M, Inglis PW. Transformation of the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium flavoviride strain CG423 to benomyl resistance. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb13878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Bidochka MJ, Small CLN, Spironello M. Recombination within sympatric cryptic species of the insect pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Environ Microbiol 2005; 7:1361-8. [PMID: 16104859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae is an insect pathogenic fungus with a worldwide distribution. It is being developed and used as a biocontrol agent against a wide range of insect pests but relatively little is known of the life history of this fungus. We tested hypotheses concerning reproductive isolation and recombination in a sample of heat-active (ability to grow at 37 degrees C) and cold-active (ability to grow at 8 degrees C) sympatrically occurring isolates of M. anisopliae from Ontario, Canada by assaying nucleotide sequence variation at six polymorphic loci: the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, and portions of calmodulin (CAL), chitin synthase (CHS), subtilisin-like protease (PR1), neutral trehalase (NTL) and actin (ACT)-encoding genes. The most parsimonious trees constructed showed a topology consistent with the heat-active and cold-active isolates as two monophyletic groups. We then applied Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition (GCPSR) to the genealogical trees and concluded that the transition from concordance among branches to incongruity among branches delimited two species of M. anisopliae within Ontario. The GCPSR of two species was supported by intraspecific incongruity within each species when tested using the Partition Homogeneity test, indicating recombination. The GCPSR of two species also corresponded to the heat-active and cold-active groups. As the groups are morphologically indistinguishable we applied the term 'cryptic species'. Therefore, the sympatrically occurring heat-active and cold-active isolates represent different cryptic species with a history of recombination among isolates within each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Roberts DW, St Leger RJ. Metarhizium spp., cosmopolitan insect-pathogenic fungi: mycological aspects. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 54:1-70. [PMID: 15251275 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald W Roberts
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-5305, USA
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Pantou MP, Mavridou A, Typas MA. IGS sequence variation, group-I introns and the complete nuclear ribosomal DNA of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium: excellent tools for isolate detection and phylogenetic analysis. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 38:159-74. [PMID: 12620253 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(02)00536-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complete nuclear rDNA gene complex of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolate ME1 is 8118bp long and contains the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes as well as the ITS and IGS regions. Variation in the ITS of isolates of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae and one each of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, Metarhizium flavoviride var. flavoviride, and Metarhizium flavoviride var. minus, clustered 39 out of 40 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates in one clade. Nucleotide sequence variation in the IGS among 21 of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates showing IGS length variation sorted them into three strongly supported clades, which were weakly correlated with insect hosts and were not correlated with geographic location. Two group-I introns, Ma-int4 and Ma-int5, were discovered in the 18S and the 3(') end of the 28S, in M. anisopliae var. anisopliae isolates ITALY-12 and IMBST 9601. The insertion sites and sub-group of these introns correlated with their closest relatives, as judged by phylogenetic analysis of intron nucleotide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena P Pantou
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Kouponia, 15701, Athens, Greece
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Ryan MJ, Bridge PD, Smith D, Jeffries P. Phenotypic degeneration occurs during sector formation in Metarhizium anisopliae. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:163-8. [PMID: 12067386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The formation of sectors was observed during subculturing of an isolate of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus used for biological control of insect pests. The aim of the investigation was to establish whether sector formation was accompanied by changes in physiological characters. METHODS AND RESULTS Four degenerative morphological states, with reduced sporulation capacity, were characterized. Subcultures were taken from each sector and four new culture lines established. The new lines were further subcultured every 21 d. A physiological assessment of each line was undertaken after 42 d using TLC of secondary metabolites and fluorogenic enzyme tests. Full sporulation capacity was not regained on subculture, although some cultures recovered partially. Changes in secondary metabolite profiles and the loss in detection of activity of specific enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Sector formation was frequently accompanied by changes in the ability to produce secondary metabolites and enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results illustrate the importance of maintaining the stability of important cultures during routine subculture. The consequences could have significant implications if degenerate cultures are used as inocula for liquid fermentation cultures or industrial scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ryan
- Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
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21
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Onofre SB, Miniuk CM, de Barros NM, Azevedo JL. Pathogenicity of four strains of entomopathogenic fungi against the bovine tick Boophilus microplus. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62:1478-80. [PMID: 11560280 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pathogenicity of 4 strains of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium flavoviride var flavoviride and Metarhizium anisopliae var anisopliae in vitro against the bovine tick Boophilus microplus. SAMPLE POPULATION 300 B. microplus females were used for each series of 5 conidial suspensions of the 4 fungal strains; a control group of 60 females was treated with sterilized water. PROCEDURE For each fungal strain, sporulating cultures were used to produce conidial suspensions containing 10(4), 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), and 10(8) conidia/ml. A bioassay was performed by immersing B. microplus females in conidial suspensions; the procedure was repeated with a new group of 60 females for each dilution (a total of 300). A control group was immersed in the same volume of sterilized distilled water. Ticks were maintained at 27 C and 80% relative humidity for 7 days, and the following variables were evaluated: weight before egging, egging weight, percentage eclosion, reproductive efficiency, and percentage control. RESULTS A low index of eclosion was found in the treated groups, with a progressive decrease in percentage eclosion (control = 100%) with increased conidial concentration. The highest level of effectiveness of biocontrol was detected in groups treated with concentrations of 10(7) and 10(8) conidia/ml. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Strains of the entomopathogenic fungi M. anisopliae var anisopliae and M. flavoviride var flavoviride were effective as biological control agents against B. microplus, with M. flavoviride strain CG-291 being the most effective. The pathogenicity of these strains and the development of an application method for this fungus for control of ticks may result in improved animal productivity and a reduction in environmental pollution through the use of fewer chemical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Onofre
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Center of Technological Education of Paraná, Pato Branco, Brazil
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22
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Bidochka MJ, Kamp AM, Lavender TM, Dekoning J, De Croos JN. Habitat association in two genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae: uncovering cryptic species? Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1335-42. [PMID: 11229929 PMCID: PMC92732 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1335-1342.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of insect-pathogenic fungi with high virulence toward certain pest insects have great potential for commercial biological control applications. Identifying such strains has been a central theme in using fungi for biological control. This theme is supported by a persistent paradigm in insect pathology which suggests that the host insect is the predominant influence on the population genetics of insect-pathogenic fungi. In this study, a population genetics analysis of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae from forested and agricultural habitats in Ontario, Canada, showed a nonrandom association of alleles between two distinct, reproductively isolated groups (index of multilocus association = 1.2). Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA showed no differences between the groups. The two groups were associated with different habitat types, and associations with insect hosts were not found. The group from forested areas showed an ability for cold-active growth (i.e., 8 degrees C), while the group from the agricultural area showed an ability for growth at high temperatures (i.e., 37 degrees C) and resilience to UV exposure. These results represent a significant paradigm shift; habitat selection, not host insect selection, drives the population structure of these insect-pathogenic deuteromycetous fungi. With each group we observed recombining population structures as well as clonally reproducing lineages. We discuss whether these groups may represent cryptic species. Worldwide, M. anisopliae may be an assembly of cryptic species, each adapted to certain environmental conditions. The association of fungal genotypes with habitat but not with host insects has implications on the criteria for utility of this, and perhaps other, fungal biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bidochka
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8.
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Lomer CJ, Bateman RP, Johnson DL, Langewald J, Thomas M. Biological control of locusts and grasshoppers. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2001; 46:667-702. [PMID: 11112183 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Control of grasshoppers and locusts has traditionally relied on synthetic insecticides, and for emergency situations this is unlikely to change. However, a growing awareness of the environmental issues associated with acridid control as well as the high costs of emergency control are expanding the demand for biological control. In particular, preventive, integrated control strategies with early interventions will reduce the financial and environmental costs associated with large-scale plague treatments. The recent development of effective oil formulations of Metarhizium anisopliae spores in Africa, Australia, and Brazil opens new possibilities for environmentally safe control operations. Metarhizium biopesticide kills 70%-90% of treated locusts within 14-20 days, with no measurable impact on nontarget organisms. An integrated pest management strategy, with an emphasis on the use of Metarhizium, that incorporates rational use of chemical pesticides with biological options such as the microsporidian Nosema locustae and the hymenopteran egg parasitoids Scelio spp., has become a realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Lomer
- Plant Health Management Division, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 08 BP 0932, Cotonou, Benin.
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Mavridou A, Cannone J, Typas MA. Identification of group-I introns at three different positions within the 28S rDNA gene of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. Fungal Genet Biol 2000; 31:79-90. [PMID: 11170737 DOI: 10.1006/fgbi.2000.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a set of heterologous primers designed from the 3'-end of the 28S rRNA gene of Verticillium dahliae the corresponding gene region of 30 isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae was amplified. The polymerase chain reaction products obtained could be classified into four groups varying in size from 1.0 to 2.2 kb. Sequence analyses of representative PCR products revealed the presence of five distinct introns, positioned in three different insertion sites. Fungal isolates 316 and 11 both harbored one intron each (374 and 337 bp in size, respectively), whereas isolate 33 harbored three introns (436, 334, and 412 bp) within the relevant 28S rRNA region. All five introns shared the conserved P, Q, R, S elements and all the other characteristic features of group-I introns in their deduced secondary structure; three (316-int, 33-int1, and 33-int3) belong to subgroup IC1 and two (33-int2 and 11-int) belong to subgroup IE. Further, reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions indicated that all these introns were absent from the mature RNA molecules. The appearance of the five introns at identical positions with those from other organisms belonging to various phyla is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mavridou
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistemiopolis, Athens, 157 01, Greece
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Inglis PW, Aragão FJ, Frazão H, Magalhães BP, Valadares-Inglis MC. Biolistic co-transformation of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum strain CG423 with green fluorescent protein and resistance to glufosinate ammonium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 191:249-54. [PMID: 11024271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (syn. M. flavoviride) is recognized as a highly specific and virulent mycopathogen of locusts and grasshoppers and is currently being developed as a biological control agent for this group of insects in Brazil. Intact conidia of M. anisopliae var. acridum strain CG423 were transformed using microparticle bombardment. Plasmids used were: (1) pBARKS1 carrying the bar gene of Streptomyces hygroscopicus fused to the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter, encoding resistance to glufosinate ammonium (or phosphinothricin) and modified by addition of the telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)(18) of Fusarium oxysporum and 2.pEGFP/gpd/tel carrying a red-shifted variant gene for Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (EGFP) which we have fused to the A. nidulans gpd promoter and trpC terminator. Highly fluorescent co-transformants were selected on solid minimal medium containing 100 microg ml(-1) glufosinate ammonium using an inverted microscope with 450-490 nm excitation/510 nm emission filter set. Southern blot analysis of co-transformants revealed varying multiple chromosomal integrations of both bar and egfp genes at both telomeric and non-telomeric loci. Transformants retained pathogenicity in bioassays against Rhammatocerus schistocercoides and showed unaltered lack of pathogenicity against larvae of the non-target insect Anticarsia gemmatalis. One co-transformant from four tested, however, showed a significant, but non-dose-dependent, elevation in virulence against Tenebrio molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Inglis
- Controle Biológico, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN), P.O. Box 02372, D.F., CEP 70770-900, Brasília, Brazil.
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A taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequence data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756299001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Inglis PW, Magalhães BP, Valadares-Inglis MC. Genetic variability in Metarhizium flavoviride revealed by telomeric fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 179:49-52. [PMID: 10481085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies using arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR/RAPD) analysis have shown only little genetic variation among isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride. In the current study, however, telomeric fingerprinting unambiguously differentiated several Brazilian strains of M. flavoviride as well as strains from Africa and Australia. Using this technique, similarity estimates of telomeric DNA among distinct strains were less than 50%, showing this locus to be highly mutable in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- PW Inglis
- Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory (LGM), EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (CENARGEN), C.P. 02372, Brasília, Brazil
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Intraspecific polymorphism in Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae revealed by analysis of rRNA gene complex and mtDNA RFLPs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756298006339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Nam JS, Lee DH, Lee KH, Park HM, Bae KS. Cloning and phylogenetic analysis of chitin synthase genes from the insect pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 159:77-84. [PMID: 9485597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb12844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerated PCR primers were used to amplify chitin synthase genes from genomic DNA of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae. Through cloning and sequencing of approximately 600-bp fragments amplified by PCR, we found three genes encoding different types of chitin synthases, designated MaCHS1, MaCHS2, and MaCHS3. Southern blot analysis performed on genomic DNA showed that each of the chitin synthases MaCHS1, MaCHS2, and MaCHS3 is encoded by a single copy gene. Alignment of their deduced amino acid sequences with those of other euascomycetes separated the sequences into three distinct classes. MaCHS1 was identified as a gene for class I chitin synthase, MaCHS2 for class II, and MaCHS3 for class III. The UPGMA dendrogram and phylogenetic tree of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed the taxonomic and evolutionary position of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nam
- Genetic Resources Center, KRIBB, Taejon, South Korea
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32
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Detection of genetic variation in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa isolates using RAPD analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756296002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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MILNER RJ, STAPLES JA, PRIOR C. Laboratory Susceptibility of Locusta migratoria (L.), Austracris guttulosa (Walker) and Valanga irregularis (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) to an Oil Formulation of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Variability in susceptibility to simulated sunlight of conidia among isolates of entomopathogenic Hyphomycetes. Mycopathologia 1996; 135:171-81. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00632339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1996] [Accepted: 10/21/1996] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Möller C, Bühler T, Dreyfuss M. Intraspecific genetic diversity of Chaunopycnis alba detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal RNA gene complex of isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Neuvéglise C, Brygoo Y. Identification of group-I introns in the 28s rDNA of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii. Curr Genet 1994; 27:38-45. [PMID: 7750145 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The length of the 28s ribosomal DNA differs significantly between two strains (Bt102 and Bt114) of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii. RFLP analysis on PCR products revealed the presence of three insertional elements of 350-450 bp in strain Bt114. One of the insertions has been cloned and sequenced and shown to possess all the characteristic sequences and secondary structures of a group-IC intron. Its length is 428 bp and it is devoid of any long open reading frame. The distribution of this intron elsewhere in the genome of Bt114, as well as in the chromosomal ribosomal DNA, was studied. It seems to be present as seven copies in different genes not corresponding to the mitochondrial DNA. The presence of the intron in other strains of B. brongniartii was examined by the hybridization method. Some of them seemed to possess introns with a similar core although others presented no homology with the cloned fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neuvéglise
- Station de Recherches en Lutte Biologique, INRA, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
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Hunt TR, Moore D, Higgins PM, Prior C. Effect of sunscreens, irradiance and resting periods on the germination ofMetarhizium flavoviride conidia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02373036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Characterization of isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae by RAPD-PCR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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