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Viúdez-Moreiras D, Zorzano MP, Lemmon MT, Fairén AG, Saiz-Lopez A, Smith MD. Ultraviolet and biological effective dose observations at Gale Crater, Mars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2426611122. [PMID: 40354557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2426611122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
The incident ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on the surface of Mars is strongly sterilizing and plays a critical role in atmospheric and near-surface photochemistry. The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) instrument, which includes the first UV sensor sent to Mars on board the Curiosity rover, has been measuring the UV irradiance at Gale Crater since 2012, providing ground-truth data regarding seasonal and short-term variability of the UV radiation at the surface of another planet. Here, we analyze the REMS UV measurements for a period of >5 Martian years to retrieve biological effective doses and other UV radiation quantities on the planetary surface that are key for different physicochemical processes. Our results reveal a previously unidentified complex UV radiation environment on the Martian surface, with dramatic short-term fluctuations capable of changing UV radiation doses by >30% in a few sols. We assess the viability of terrestrial microorganisms exposed to this UV radiation field and dispersed through the Martian atmosphere from a robotic spacecraft or human habitat. Our findings show that reducing microbial viability by 99% would require several hours of exposure to the Martian environment including during the daytime, a finding that may call for a reinforcement of planetary protection policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Viúdez-Moreiras
- Centro de Astrobiología, Spanish National Research Council - National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid 28850, Spain
| | - Maria-Paz Zorzano
- Centro de Astrobiología, Spanish National Research Council - National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid 28850, Spain
| | | | - Alberto G Fairén
- Centro de Astrobiología, Spanish National Research Council - National Institute for Aerospace Technology, Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid 28850, Spain
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Blas Cabrera, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Michael D Smith
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Spaceflight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771
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2
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Garcia A, Rivera R, Simpson AC, Singh NK, Green S, Venkateswaran K. Whole-genome sequencing of Paenibacillus phoenicis isolated from the Phoenix Mars Lander spacecraft assembly facility. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0126523. [PMID: 38742883 PMCID: PMC11237736 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01265-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The genome of Paenibacillus phoenicis, a spore-forming bacterium isolated from the spacecraft assembly facility of the Phoenix mission, was generated via hybrid assembly by merging short and long reads. Examining this genome may shed light on strategies to minimize the risk of contaminating extraterrestrial environments with Earth-based microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Garcia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Romar Rivera
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anna C. Simpson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nitin K. Singh
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Stefan Green
- Rush University Medical Center, Genomics and Microbiome Core Facility, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Li Q, Zuo YZ, Gao M, Chen SF. Paenibacillus caui sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a peach tree. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A nitrogen-fixing, endospore-forming, motile, rod-shaped, facultative aerobic bacterium, designated 81-11T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a peach tree collected from Handan, Hebei, PR China. From the comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain is most closely related to
Paenibacillus phoenicis
DSM 27463T (96.9 %) and
Paenibacillus faecis
DSM 23593T (96.7 %). The genome size of strain 81-11T was 4.4 Mb, comprising 4879 predicted genes with a DNA G+C content of 50.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values of genome sequences between the novel isolate and the type strains of related species
P. phoenicis
DSM 27463T and
P. faecis
DSM 23593T were 71.8 and 72.1 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0(47.8 %), iso-C16 : 0 (15.5 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (13.0 %). Menaquinone-7 was the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, aminoglycopid, unknown polar lipids and unidentified aminophosphoglycolipid. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, strain 81-11T was classified as a novel species within the genus
Paenibacillus
, for which the name Paenibacillus caui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Paenibacillus caui is 81-11T (=JCM 34618T=CGMCC 1.18907T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yin-zhao Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Miao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Collection and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - San-feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Velazquez LF, Rajbanshi S, Guan S, Hinchee M, Welsh A. Paenibacillus ottowii sp. nov. isolated from a fermentation system processing bovine manure. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:1463-1469. [PMID: 31961287 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain MS2379T was isolated from a pasteurized solution sample from a predominantly anaerobic fermentation system processing bovine manure in Pilot Point, Texas. Phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA gene and rpoB gene sequences showed that MS2379T was most closely related to Paenibacillus polymyxa (DSM 36T), P. jamilae (DSM 13815T), and P. peoriae (DSM 8320T), yet DNA-DNA relatedness through DNA-DNA hybridization revealed only 22.6, 32.0 and 24.7 % relatedness to these three species respectively. Rod-shaped cells of strain MS2379T are Gram-stain variable with sub-terminal, ellipsoidal, deforming endospores. The peptidoglycan contains meso-diaminopimelic acid (mDAP) and the predominant fatty acids are anteiso-C15 : 0 (61.9 %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (11.6 %), confirming that strain MS2379T has diagnostic features of other Paenibacillus species. The G+C content of MS2379T is 45.9 mol%. Fermentation of glucose yields acid and gas end-products. The polar lipids found were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and glycolipids, but also included some unidentified lipids, aminolipids, aminoglycolipid, and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. The growth range of MS2379T was observed from 10-45 °C with optimal growth temperature at 30 °C. Growth was observed between pH 6-10 and up to 3 % NaCl. Unlike the most closely related Paenibacillus species, strain MS2379T was negative in the Voges-Proskauer reaction. Nucleic acid, chemotaxonomic and biochemical features support the distinctiveness of strain MS2379T. Thus, strain MS2379T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus for which the name Paenibacillus ottowii sp. nov. is proposed with the type strain MS2379T (=DSM 107750T=ATCC TSD-165T).
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Seuylemezian A, Ott L, Wolf S, Fragante J, Yip O, Pukall R, Schumann P, Vaishampayan P. Bacillus glennii sp. nov. and Bacillus saganii sp. nov., isolated from the vehicle assembly building at Kennedy Space Center where the Viking spacecraft were assembled. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:71-76. [PMID: 31622233 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, aerobic strains, designated V44-8T and V47-23aT, were isolated from environmental air sampling at the vehicle assembly building at Cape Canaveral, Florida, where the Viking spacecraft were assembled. Growth was observed at pH 7-9 (optimum, pH 9) for strain V44-8T, and pH 5-10 (pH 9) for strain V47-23aT. Both strains displayed growth in 0-5 % NaCl with an optimum at 1 % for strain V44-8T; 0 % for strain V47-23aT. Strains V44-8T and V47-23aT grew optimally at 32 °C, (15-32 °C) and 25 °C (20-45 °C), respectively. The cell wall of both strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. Both strains contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C14 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Strain V47.23aT shared its highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Bacillus cavernae DSM-105484T at 96.9%, and V44.8T with Bacillus zeae DSM-103964T at 96.6 %. Based on their phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic position inferred from 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, the isolates were identified as being a members of the genus Bacillus that forms a separate clade when compared to close relatives. Average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between strains V44-8T and DSM-103964T were 72.1% and 67.5 %; V47-23aT and DSM-105484T were 62.4% and 69.1%, respectively. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and biochemical data, strains V44-8T and V47-23aT represent two novel species in the genus Bacillus for which the names Bacillus glennii sp. nov. [type strain, V44-8T (=ATCC BAA-2860T =DSM 105192T)], and Bacillus saganii sp. nov. [V47-23aT (=ATCC BAA-2861T=DSM 105190T)] are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Seuylemezian
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Logan Ott
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Sarah Wolf
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Jomel Fragante
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Rüdiger Pukall
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Schumann
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Parag Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
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Rettberg P, Antunes A, Brucato J, Cabezas P, Collins G, Haddaji A, Kminek G, Leuko S, McKenna-Lawlor S, Moissl-Eichinger C, Fellous JL, Olsson-Francis K, Pearce D, Rabbow E, Royle S, Saunders M, Sephton M, Spry A, Walter N, Wimmer Schweingruber R, Treuet JC. Biological Contamination Prevention for Outer Solar System Moons of Astrobiological Interest: What Do We Need to Know? ASTROBIOLOGY 2019; 19:951-974. [PMID: 30762429 PMCID: PMC6767865 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that scientific investments in space exploration are not compromised by terrestrial contamination of celestial bodies, special care needs to be taken to preserve planetary conditions for future astrobiological exploration. Significant effort has been made and is being taken to address planetary protection in the context of inner Solar System exploration. In particular for missions to Mars, detailed internationally accepted guidelines have been established. For missions to the icy moons in the outer Solar System, Europa and Enceladus, the planetary protection requirements are so far based on a probabilistic approach and a conservative estimate of poorly known parameters. One objective of the European Commission-funded project, Planetary Protection of Outer Solar System, was to assess the existing planetary protection approach, to identify inherent knowledge gaps, and to recommend scientific investigations necessary to update the requirements for missions to the icy moons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rettberg
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Petra Rettberg, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Research Group Astrobiology, Linder Höhe, 51147 Köln, Germany
| | - André Antunes
- GEMM—Group for Extreme and Marine Microbiology, Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - John Brucato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Astrophysical Observatory of Arcetri, National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF), Florence, Italy
| | - Patricia Cabezas
- Science Connect–European Science Foundation (ESF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Geoffrey Collins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wheaton College, Massachusetts, Norton, Massachusetts
| | - Alissa Haddaji
- Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Montpellier, France
| | - Gerhard Kminek
- Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Leuko
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Fellous
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wheaton College, Massachusetts, Norton, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Olsson-Francis
- Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, School of Environment, Earth & Ecosystem Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - David Pearce
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Rabbow
- Research Group Astrobiology, Radiation Biology Department, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Köln, Germany
| | - Samuel Royle
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Saunders
- Independent Consultant for the US National Academies of Sciences (NAS), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark Sephton
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Spry
- Carl Sagan Center, SETI, Mountain View, California
| | - Nicolas Walter
- Science Connect–European Science Foundation (ESF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert Wimmer Schweingruber
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Abteilung Extraterrestrische Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Yang D, Cha S, Choi J, Seo T. Paenibacillus mobilis sp. nov., a Gram-stain-negative bacterium isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:1140-1145. [PMID: 29458522 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain S8T, was isolated from a soil sample obtained in Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Cells of strain S8T were endospore-forming, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, and rod-shaped. S8T colonies were round, convex, wavy and white. Strain S8T grew optimally at 37 °C, pH 6-8, and up to 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain S8T was affiliated with the genus Paenibacillus in the family Paenibacillaceae and was most closely related to Paenibacillus yonginensis DCY84T and Paenibacillus physcomitrellae XBT (98.8 and 97.1 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 53.1±0.3 mol%. Strain S8T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two phospholipids, four aminophospholipids, an aminolipid and three unidentified lipids. The major fatty acid was anteiso-branched C15 : 0. The quinone was menaquinone MK-7. The peptidoglycan of strain S8T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA-DNA hybridization values of strain S8T with P. yonginensis KCTC 33428T and P. physcomitrellae DSM 29851T were 44 % and 32 %, respectively. Data from the DNA-DNA hybridization, biochemical, phylogenetic and physiological analyses indicate that strain S8T (=KCTC 33848T=JCM 31672T) represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus mobilis sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Yang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Cha
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegun Seo
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
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Non-Toxin-Producing Bacillus cereus Strains Belonging to the B. anthracis Clade Isolated from the International Space Station. mSystems 2017; 2:mSystems00021-17. [PMID: 28680972 PMCID: PMC5487513 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00021-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The International Space Station Microbial Observatory (Microbial Tracking-1) study is generating a microbial census of the space station’s surfaces and atmosphere by using advanced molecular microbial community analysis techniques supported by traditional culture-based methods and modern bioinformatic computational modeling. This approach will lead to long-term, multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics in a closed environment and address key questions, including whether microgravity influences the evolution and genetic modification of microorganisms. The spore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato group consists of pathogenic (B. anthracis), food poisoning (B. cereus), and biotechnologically useful (B. thuringiensis) microorganisms; their presence in a closed system such as the ISS might be a concern for the health of crew members. A detailed characterization of these potential pathogens would lead to the development of suitable countermeasures that are needed for long-term future missions and a better understanding of microorganisms associated with space missions. In an ongoing Microbial Observatory investigation of the International Space Station (ISS), 11 Bacillus strains (2 from the Kibo Japanese experimental module, 4 from the U.S. segment, and 5 from the Russian module) were isolated and their whole genomes were sequenced. A comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates showed the highest similarity (>99%) to the Bacillus anthracis-B. cereus-B. thuringiensis group. The fatty acid composition, polar lipid profile, peptidoglycan type, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight profiles were consistent with the B. cereus sensu lato group. The phenotypic traits such as motile rods, enterotoxin production, lack of capsule, and resistance to gamma phage/penicillin observed in ISS isolates were not characteristics of B. anthracis. Whole-genome sequence characterizations showed that ISS strains had the plcR non-B. anthracis ancestral “C” allele and lacked anthrax toxin-encoding plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, excluding their identification as B. anthracis. The genetic identities of all 11 ISS isolates characterized via gyrB analyses arbitrarily identified them as members of the B. cereus group, but traditional DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) showed that the ISS isolates are similar to B. anthracis (88% to 90%) but distant from the B. cereus (42%) and B. thuringiensis (48%) type strains. The DDH results were supported by average nucleotide identity (>98.5%) and digital DDH (>86%) analyses. However, the collective phenotypic traits and genomic evidence were the reasons to exclude the ISS isolates from B. anthracis. Nevertheless, multilocus sequence typing and whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analyses placed these isolates in a clade that is distinct from previously described members of the B. cereus sensu lato group but closely related to B. anthracis. IMPORTANCE The International Space Station Microbial Observatory (Microbial Tracking-1) study is generating a microbial census of the space station’s surfaces and atmosphere by using advanced molecular microbial community analysis techniques supported by traditional culture-based methods and modern bioinformatic computational modeling. This approach will lead to long-term, multigenerational studies of microbial population dynamics in a closed environment and address key questions, including whether microgravity influences the evolution and genetic modification of microorganisms. The spore-forming Bacillus cereus sensu lato group consists of pathogenic (B. anthracis), food poisoning (B. cereus), and biotechnologically useful (B. thuringiensis) microorganisms; their presence in a closed system such as the ISS might be a concern for the health of crew members. A detailed characterization of these potential pathogens would lead to the development of suitable countermeasures that are needed for long-term future missions and a better understanding of microorganisms associated with space missions.
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Sáez-Nieto J, Medina-Pascual M, Carrasco G, Garrido N, Fernandez-Torres M, Villalón P, Valdezate S. Paenibacillus spp. isolated from human and environmental samples in Spain: detection of 11 new species. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 19:19-27. [PMID: 28702198 PMCID: PMC5484988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred thirty-six isolates, 88 human and 48 environmental, that met the requirements to belong to the genus Paenibacillus were identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach known as 16S rRNA plus phenotypic traits. Thirty-seven Paenibacillus species were identified; some had not been previously reported from clinical samples. The main species were P. pabuli (13 isolates), P. provencensis (11), P. phoenicis (9) and P. lautus (8). P. pabuli (11/13) and P. provencensis (8/11) were mainly environmental isolates, while P. phoenicis (9/9) and P. lautus (6/8) were mainly human isolates. Despite the difficulties in assigning to human Paenibacillus isolates a role as a pathogen or contaminant, here 25% of the isolates were involved in true infections, especially in those cases that affected abscesses, wound exudates, ocular infections and diverse fluids. In addition, 15 isolates were identified as 11 'Candidatus' to a new species, all of them from human specimens except one that was obtained from laboratory air. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed 95.6% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, 44% were resistant to cotrimoxazole, 20 to 30% were resistant to cefotaxime and vancomycin and 13% were resistant to rifampicin and erythromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Sáez-Nieto
- Corresponding author. J. A. Sáez-Nieto, Laboratorio de Taxonomía, Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, SpainLaboratorio de Taxonomía, Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de MicrobiologíaInstituto de Salud Carlos III28220 MajadahondaMadridSpain
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Tidjani Alou M, Rathored J, Nguyen T, Andrieu C, Couderc C, Brah S, Diallo B, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Dubourg G. Paenibacillus phocaensis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a healthy infant. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 16:13-24. [PMID: 28116105 PMCID: PMC5233791 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paenibacillus phocaensis sp. nov. strain mt24T (= CSUR P2238 = DSM 101777) is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, spore-forming and motile bacilli. This strain was isolated from the stool sample of a healthy infant from Niger. Its genome was estimated to a size of 5 521 415 bp with a 53.54% GC content. It contains 4835 protein-coding genes and 89 RNAs, among which two were 16S rRNA genes. There were also 101 genes (2.09%) identified as ORFans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tidjani Alou
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - J. Rathored
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - T.T. Nguyen
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - C. Andrieu
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - C. Couderc
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - S. Brah
- Hôpital National de Niamey, BP 238, Niamey, Niger
| | - B.A. Diallo
- Laboratoire de microbiologie, département de biologie, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, BP 237, Niamey, Niger
| | - P.-E. Fournier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
| | - D. Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - G. Dubourg
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France
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11
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Sitdhipol J, Paek J, Sin Y, Park IS, Thamacharoensuk T, Wannissorn B, Tanasupawat S, Chang YH. Paenibacillus cathormii sp. nov., isolated from tree bark. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 66:1187-1192. [PMID: 26675308 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium, strain BK114-2T isolated from tree bark in Thailand was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Analysis based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BK114-2T was affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, and was closely related to Paenibacillus timonensis 2301032T (96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus phoenicis 3PO2SAT (96.6 %) and Paenibacillus barengoltzii SAFN-016T (96.4 %). Strain BK114-2T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in its cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown phospholipids, five unknown aminophospholipids and six unknown lipids. The only menaquinone detected was MK-7 and the dominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 (22.9 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (22.6 %), iso-C16 : 0 (19.4 %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (14.7 %). The DNA G+C content was 52.0 mol%. Based on these results, strain BK114-2T repreesents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus cathormii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BK114-2T ( = KCTC 33251T = TISTR 2282T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Sitdhipol
- Bioscience Department, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jayoung Paek
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures/ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Sin
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures/ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Park
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures/ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Tanatip Thamacharoensuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bhusita Wannissorn
- Bioscience Department, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Somboon Tanasupawat
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Young-Hyo Chang
- Korean Collection for Type Cultures/ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gao JL, Lv FY, Wang XM, Qiu TL, Yuan M, Li JW, Zhou Y, Sun JG. Paenibacillus wenxiniae sp. nov., a nifH gene -harbouring endophytic bacterium isolated from maize. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 108:1015-22. [PMID: 26346477 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated 373(T) was isolated from surface-sterilised root tissue of a maize planted in Fangshan District of Beijing, Peopole's Republic of China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on the new isolate. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, this isolate belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was found between strain 373(T) and Paenibacillus hunanensis (98.1%), meanwhile the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain 373(T) and the type strains of other recognised members of the genus Paenibacillus were all below 95.6%. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 373(T) and the type strain P. hunanensis DSM 22170(T) was 30.2%. The DNA G+C content of strain 373(T) was determined to be 46.0 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-7 and the polar lipid profile was found to be composed of the major lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were found to consist of anteiso-C15: 0 (59.6%), anteiso-C17: 0 (12.8%) and C16: 0 (6.7%). The results of physiological and biochemical tests and minor differences in the fatty acid profiles allowed a clear phenotypic differentiation of strain 373(T) from the closely related species in this genus Paenibacillus. Strain 373(T) is concluded to represent a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus wenxiniae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 373(T) (= CGMCC 1.15007 (T) = DSM100576 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-lian Gao
- Beijing Agro- Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan-yang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-ming Wang
- Beijing Agro- Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-lei Qiu
- Beijing Agro- Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-wei Li
- Beijing Agro- Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Beijing Agro- Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry/Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agricultural Gene Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-guang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Li J, Lu Q, Liu T, Zhou S, Yang G, Zhao Y. Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov., an Fe(III)- and humus-reducing bacterium from a forest soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3891-3896. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.067173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-reaction-variable, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain GSS02T, was isolated from a forest soil. Strain GSS02T was capable of reducing humic substances and Fe(III) oxides. Strain GSS02T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 78 and in the presence of 1 % NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 and the polar lipid profile contained mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, with moderate amounts of two unknown aminophospholipids and a minor amount of one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content was 53.4 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GSS02T was related most closely to
Paenibacillus terrigena
JCM 21741T (98.1 % similarity). Mean DNA–DNA relatedness between strain GSS02T and
P. terrigena
JCM 21741T was 58.8±0.5 %. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain GSS02T belongs to the genus
Paenibacillus
and represents a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS02T ( = KCTC 33171T = CCTCC AB 2013236T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibing Li
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Qin Lu
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Orient Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Guiqin Yang
- Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
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14
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Paenibacillus yonginensis sp. nov., a potential plant growth promoting bacterium isolated from humus soil of Yongin forest. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 106:935-45. [PMID: 25169799 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strain DCY84(T), a Gram-stain positive, rod-shaped, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, was isolated from humus soil from Yongin forest in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. Strain DCY84(T) shared the highest sequence similarity with Paenibacillus barengoltzii KACC 15270(T) (96.86 %), followed by Paenibacillus timonensis KACC 11491(T) (96.49 %) and Paenibacillus phoenicis NBRC 106274(T) (95.77 %). Strain DCY84(T) was found to able to grow best in TSA at temperature 30 °C, at pH 8 and at 0.5 % NaCl. MK-7 menaquinone was identified as the isoprenoid quinone. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and an unidentified polar lipid. The peptidoglycan was found to contain the amino acids meso-diaminopimelic acid, alanine and D-glutamic acid. The major fatty acids of strain DCY84(T) were identified as branched chain anteiso-C15:0, saturated C16:0 and branched chain anteiso-C17:0. The cell wall sugars of strain DCY84(T) were found to comprise of ribose, galactose and xylose. The major polyamine was identified as spermidine. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 62.6 mol%. After 6 days of incubation, strain DCY84(T) produced 52.96 ± 1.85 and 72.83 ± 2.86 µg/ml L-indole-3-acetic acid, using media without L-tryptophan and supplemented with L-tryptophan, respectively. Strain DCY84(T) was also found to be able to solubilize phosphate and produce siderophores. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics, genotypic analysis and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain DCY84(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus yonginensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY84(T) (=KCTC 33428(T) = JCM 19885(T)).
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15
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Xiang W, Wang G, Wang Y, Yao R, Zhang F, Wang R, Wang D, Zheng S. Paenibacillus selenii sp. nov., isolated from selenium mineral soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2662-2667. [PMID: 24827707 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.063701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain W126(T), a Gram-reaction-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, was isolated from selenium mineral soil in Hubei province of China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, with 97.9 % sequence similarity to Paenibacillus anaericanus MH21(T), while compared with the other species of the genus Paenibacillus, the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were less than 96.0%. DNA-DNA hybridization between strain W126(T) and Paenibacillus anaericanus DSM 15890(T) was 24%. The major isoprenoid menaquinone was menaquinone-7. Anteiso-C(15 : 0) was the major fatty acid. The DNA G+C content was 42.3 mol%. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown aminophospholipids and an unknown lipid. Strain W126(T) contained A1γ-meso-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data indicate that strain W126(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus selenii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W126(T) ( = KCTC 33420(T) = CCTCC AB 2014003(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Gejiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yuantao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Rong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Tobacco Company of Enshi, Hubei Province, Enshi, 445000, Hubei, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Shixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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16
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Kim JH, Kang H, Kim W. Paenibacillus doosanensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:1271-1277. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.050716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated CAU 1055T, was isolated from soil and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that the strain formed a distinct lineage within the genus
Paenibacillus
and was most closely related to
Paenibacillus contaminans
CKOBP-6T (similarity, 95.2 %) and
Paenibacillus terrigena
A35T (similarity, 95.2 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other species of the genus
Paenibacillus
, including the type species of the genus,
Paenibacillus polymyxa
IAM 13419T (similarity, 91.7 %), were all <94.6 %. Strain CAU 1055T contained MK-7 as the only isoprenoid quinone and anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain CAU 1055T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phospatidylglycerol and three unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 48.3 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain CAU 1055T from closely related recognized species. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, strain CAU 1055T should be classified in the genus
Paenibacillus
, as a member of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus doosanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1055T ( = KCTC 33036T = CCUG 63270T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hwa Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonji Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Venkateswaran K, Vaishampayan P, Benardini JN, Rooney AP, Spry JA. Deposition of extreme-tolerant bacterial strains isolated during different phases of Phoenix spacecraft assembly in a public culture collection. ASTROBIOLOGY 2014; 14:24-26. [PMID: 24392704 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2013.0978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Extreme-tolerant bacteria (82 strains; 67 species) isolated during various assembly phases of the Phoenix spacecraft were permanently archived within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection in Peoria, Illinois. This represents the first microbial collection of spacecraft-associated surfaces within the United States to be deposited into a freely available, government-funded culture collection. Archiving extreme-tolerant microorganisms from NASA mission(s) will provide opportunities for scientists who are involved in exploring microbes that can tolerate extreme conditions.
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18
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Stapelmann K, Fiebrandt M, Raguse M, Awakowicz P, Reitz G, Moeller R. Utilization of low-pressure plasma to inactivate bacterial spores on stainless steel screws. ASTROBIOLOGY 2013; 13:597-606. [PMID: 23768085 PMCID: PMC3713438 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A special focus area of planetary protection is the monitoring, control, and reduction of microbial contaminations that are detected on spacecraft components and hardware during and after assembly. In this study, wild-type spores of Bacillus pumilus SAFR-032 (a persistent spacecraft assembly facility isolate) and the laboratory model organism B. subtilis 168 were used to study the effects of low-pressure plasma, with hydrogen alone and in combination with oxygen and evaporated hydrogen peroxide as a process gas, on spore survival, which was determined by a colony formation assay. Spores of B. pumilus SAFR-032 and B. subtilis 168 were deposited with an aseptic technique onto the surface of stainless steel screws to simulate a spore-contaminated spacecraft hardware component, and were subsequently exposed to different plasmas and hydrogen peroxide conditions in a very high frequency capacitively coupled plasma reactor (VHF-CCP) to reduce the spore burden. Spores of the spacecraft isolate B. pumilus SAFR-032 were significantly more resistant to plasma treatment than spores of B. subtilis 168. The use of low-pressure plasma with an additional treatment of evaporated hydrogen peroxide also led to an enhanced spore inactivation that surpassed either single treatment when applied alone, which indicates the potential application of this method as a fast and suitable way to reduce spore-contaminated spacecraft hardware components for planetary protection purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stapelmann
- Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology (AEPT), Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcel Fiebrandt
- Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology (AEPT), Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Raguse
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Peter Awakowicz
- Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology (AEPT), Bochum, Germany
| | - Günther Reitz
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
| | - Ralf Moeller
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Cologne (Köln), Germany
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Zhang J, Wang ZT, Yu HM, Ma Y. Paenibacillus catalpae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Catalpa speciosa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:1776-1781. [PMID: 22941303 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.040659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, designated D75(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Catalpa speciosa. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain D75(T) was a member of the genus Paenibacillus. High levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity were found between strain D75(T) and Paenibacillus glycanilyticus DS-1(T) (99.2 %), Paenibacillus xinjiangensis B538(T) (97.5 %) and Paenibacillus castaneae Ch-32(T) (97.2 %). The chemotaxonomic properties of strain D75(T) were consistent with those of the genus Paenibacillus: the cell-wall peptidoglycan type was based on meso-diaminopimelic acid (A1γ), the predominant menaquinone was MK-7, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. However, levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain D75(T) and P. glycanilyticus NBRC 16618(T), P. xinjiangensis DSM 16970(T) and P. castaneae DSM 19417(T) were 35, 20 and 18 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, phylogenetic data and DNA-DNA relatedness values, strain D75(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus catalpae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D75(T) ( = DSM 24714(T) = CGMCC 1.10784(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zi-Ting Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hui-Min Yu
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yuchao Ma
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.,College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
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20
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Paenibacillus thermophilus sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a sediment of hot spring in Fujian province, China. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:601-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Moeller R, Reitz G, Nicholson The Protect Team WL, Horneck G. Mutagenesis in bacterial spores exposed to space and simulated martian conditions: data from the EXPOSE-E spaceflight experiment PROTECT. ASTROBIOLOGY 2012; 12:457-468. [PMID: 22680692 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2011.0739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of the PROTECT experiment of the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station (ISS), the mutagenic efficiency of space was studied in spores of Bacillus subtilis 168. After 1.5 years' exposure to selected parameters of outer space or simulated martian conditions, the rates of induced mutations to rifampicin resistance (Rif(R)) and sporulation deficiency (Spo(-)) were quantified. In all flight samples, both mutations, Rif(R) and Spo(-), were induced and their rates increased by several orders of magnitude. Extraterrestrial solar UV radiation (>110 nm) as well as simulated martian UV radiation (>200 nm) led to the most pronounced increase (up to nearly 4 orders of magnitude); however, mutations were also induced in flight samples shielded from insolation, which were exposed to the same conditions except solar irradiation. Nucleotide sequencing located the Rif(R) mutations in the rpoB gene encoding the β-subunit of RNA polymerase. Mutations isolated from flight and parallel mission ground reference (MGR) samples were exclusively localized to Cluster I. The 21 Rif(R) mutations isolated from the flight experiment showed all a C to T transition and were all localized to one hotspot: H482Y. In mutants isolated from the MGR, the spectrum was wider with predicted amino acid changes at residues Q469K/L/R, H482D/P/R/Y, and S487L. The data show the unique mutagenic power of space and martian surface conditions as a consequence of DNA injuries induced by solar UV radiation and space vacuum or the low pressure of Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Moeller
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR) , Cologne, Germany.
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