Dethiothermospora halolimnae gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel moderately halophilic, thermotolerant, bacterium isolated from a brine lake

A novel, strictly anaerobic, slightly alkaliphilic, halotolerant, peptide- and amino acid-utilizing bacterial strain, SD1T, was isolated from a hypersaline lake in Western Australia. The strain stained Gram-negative and was a motile, spore-forming rod. The strain grew between 15 and 50 °C (optimum 40 °C), 1-15% w/v sodium chloride (optimum 5%) and pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum 9.0). Major fatty acids included anteiso-C15 : 0 (24.9%), C14 : 0 dimethyl acetyl (13.2%), anteiso-C15 : 0 dimethyl acetyl (11.5%) and iso-C15 : 0 (10.4%). The DNA G+C content was 30.3 mol%. The isolate did not grow using any tested sugars but grew well on arginine and glycine. It is capable of using elemental sulfur and thiosulfate as alternate electron acceptors, but not sulfide, sulfate, nitrate or nitrite. 16S rRNA gene similarity indicates that the isolate is related to Sporosalibacterium tautonense MRo-4T (94.33% identity). SD1T showed 76.18%-76.31% average nucleotide identity with other strains within the family Thermohalobacteraceae. Phylogenetics, based on the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequence, as well as phenotypic analysis, differentiates the isolate from close neighbors. We propose that SD1T represents a novel species in a new genus, which we have named Dethiothermospora halolimnae gen. nov., sp. nov., type strain SD1T (DSM 117405T = TSD-443T). From this work, we also propose repositioning of the genus Anaeromonas to the family Thermohalobacteraceae.

Anaerolentibacter hominis gen. nov. sp. nov., Diplocloster hominis sp. nov. and Pilosibacter fragilis gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from human faeces

Three Gram-positive, obligately anaerobic bacterial strains, namely CSJ-1T, CSJ-3T, and CSJ-4T, were isolated from faeces of healthy persons. They were characterized through a combination of whole-genome sequencing, phenotypic traits, and metabolomic analysis. The genome sizes of CSJ-1T, CSJ-4T, and CSJ-3T were 3.3, 3.8, and 6.1 Mbp, with DNA G+C contents of 47.2, 48.3, and 48.8 mol%, respectively. Strain CSJ-3T was identified as representing a novel species, Diplocloster hominis (type strain CSJ-3T=CGMCC 1.18033T=JCM 36512T) of the genus Diplocloster. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and whole genome average nucleotide identity (gANI) of CSJ-4T to its closest related species, Diplocloster modestus ASD 4241T, were 98.3 and 91.4 %, respectively. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed 91.6 % similarity between CSJ-1T and its closest phylogenetic neighbour, Catenibacillus scindens DSM 106146T, and 93.3 % similarity between CSJ-4T and its closest relative strain, Clostridium fessum SNUG30386T. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, we proposed two novel genera and three novel species. Strain CSJ-1T was identified as representing a novel species of novel genus, Anaerolentibacter hominis gen. nov. sp. nov. (type strain CSJ-1T=CGMCC 1.18046T=JCM 36511T) of the family Lachnospiraceae, and strain CSJ-4T was identified as representing a novel species of novel genus Pilosibacter fragilis gen. nov. sp. nov. (type strain CSJ-4T=CGMCC 1.18026T= JCM 36513T) of the family Clostridiaceae.

Integrated CO2 capture and conversion via H2-driven CO2 biomethanation: Cyclic performance and microbial community response

This study investigated the use of H2-driven CO2 biomethanation for integrated CO2 capture and conversion (iCCC). Anaerobic chambers containing Na2CO3-amended microbial growth medium provided with H2 were inoculated with anaerobic granular sludge. Microorganisms were enriched that could regenerate carbonate by using the bicarbonate formed from CO2 absorption to generate methane. Multiple absorption-regeneration cycles were performed and effective restoration of CO2 absorption capacity and stable carbonate recycling via CO2 biomethanation were observed for CO2 absorbents adjusted to three different pH values (9.0, 9.5, and 10.0). The pH = 10.0 group had the highest CO2 absorption capacity; 65.3 mmol/L in the 5th cycle. A slight alkaline inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis occurred near the end of regeneration, but had limited impact on the cyclic performance of the iCCC process. Microbial communities were dominated by H2-utilizing and alkali-tolerant species that could participate in CO2 biomethanation and survive under alternating neutral and alkaline conditions.

Accelerated Iron Corrosion by Microbial Consortia Enriched from Slime-like Precipitates from a Corroded Metal Apparatus Deployed in a Deep-sea Hydrothermal System

Microbiologically influenced corrosion refers to the corrosion of metal materials caused or promoted by microorganisms. Although some novel iron-corrosive microorganisms have been discovered in various manmade and natural freshwater and seawater environments, microbiologically influenced corrosion in the deep sea has not been investigated in detail. In the present study, we collected slime-like precipitates composed of corrosion products and microbial communities from a geochemical reactor set on an artificial hydrothermal vent for 14.5 months, and conducted culture-dependent and -independent microbial community ana-lyses with corrosive activity measurements. After enrichment cultivation at 37, 50, and 70°C with zero-valent iron particles, some of the microbial consortia showed accelerated iron dissolution, which was approximately 10- to 50-fold higher than that of the abiotic control. In a comparative ana-lysis based on the corrosion acceleration ratio and amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, three types of corrosion were estimated: the methanogen-induced type, methanogen-sulfate-reducing bacteria cooperative type, and sulfate-reducing Firmicutes-induced type. The methanogen-induced and methanogen-sulfate-reducing bacteria cooperative types were observed at 50°C, while the sulfate-reducing Firmicutes-induced type was noted at 37°C. The present results suggest the microbial components associated with microbiologically influenced corrosion in deep-sea hydrothermal systems, providing important insights for the development of future deep-sea resources with metal infrastructures.

Dual effects of PFOA or PFOS on reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE)

PFASs and chlorinated solvents are the common co-contaminants in soil and groundwater at firefighter training areas (FTAs). Although PFASs mixtures could have adverse impacts on bioremediation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by inhibiting Dehalococcoides (Dhc), little is known about the effect and contribution of PFOA or PFOS on dechlorination of TCE by non-Dhc organohalide-respiring bacteria (OHRB). To study this, PFOA and PFOS were amended to the growth medium of a non-Dhc OHRB-containing enrichment culture to determine the impact on dechlorination. This study demonstrated that high levels of PFOA or PFOS (100 mg L^-1) inhibited TCE dechlorination in four non-Dhc OHRB-containing community including Geobacter, Desulfuromonas, Desulfitobacterium, and Dehalobacter, but low levels of PFOA or PFOS (≤10 mg L^-1) enhanced TCE dechlorination. Four non-Dhc OHRB were less inhibited by PFOA than that by PFOS, and high level of PFOS killed Desulfitobacterium and Dehalobacter and decreased the biodiversity of bacterial community. Although most fermenters were killed by the presence of 100 mg L^-1 PFOS, two important co-cultures (Desulfovibrio and Sedimentibacter) of OHRB were enriched, indicating that the syntrophic relationships between OHRB and co-cultures still remained, and PFOA or PFOS inhibited TCE dechlorination by directly repressing non-Dhc OHRB. Our results highlight that the bioattenuation of chloroethene contamination could be confounded by non-Dhc OHRB in high levels of PFOS contaminated subsurface environments at FTAs.

Description of two novel anaerobic members in the family Clostridiaceae, Anaeromonas gelatinilytica gen.nov., sp. nov., and Anaeromonas frigoriresistens sp. nov., isolated from saline lake sediment

Cells of members of the family Clostridiaceae , phylum Firmicutes , are generally obligate anaerobic rods. Strains D2Q-14T and D2Q-11T were isolated from sediment of the saline lake Manisi in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. In this study, we employed a polyphasic approach and whole genome analysis of the two isolates. Cells of both isolates were Gram-stain-positive rods that were motile by means of flagella and could utilize sulphate, thiosulphate, elemental sulphur and nitrate as electron acceptors. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene and whole genome sequences indicated that strains D2Q-14T and D2Q-11T constituted a coherent cluster affiliated to the family Clostridiaceae . In addition, genome analysis revealed that strain D2Q-14Tharboured one nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene cluster, making up 1.4 % of the entire genome. The genome-based analysis, including average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization, biochemical, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterization, indicated that strains D2Q-14T and D2Q-11T represented two novel species of a novel genus in the family Clostridiaceae , for which we propose the names Anaeromonas gelatinilytica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Anaeromonas frigoriresistens sp. nov., with the type strains D2Q-14T (=KCTC 15986T=MCCC 1K04634T) and D2Q-11T (=KCTC 15985T=MCCC 1K04391T), respectively.

Food, Beverage, and Feedstock Processing Facility Wastewater: a Unique and Underappreciated Source of Contaminants to U.S. Streams

Process wastewaters from food, beverage, and feedstock facilities, although regulated, are an under-investigated environmental contaminant source. Food process wastewaters (FPWWs) from 23 facilities in 17 U.S. states were sampled and documented for a plethora of chemical and microbial contaminants. Of the 576 analyzed organics, 184 (32%) were detected at least once, with concentrations as large as 143 μg L^-1 (6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid), and as many as 47 were detected in a single FPWW sample. Cumulative per/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations up to 185 μg L^-1 and large pesticide transformation product concentrations (e.g., methomyl oxime, 40 μg L^-1; clothianidin TMG, 2.02 μg L^-1) were observed. Despite 48% of FPWW undergoing disinfection treatment prior to discharge, bacteria resistant to third-generation antibiotics were found in each facility type, and multiple bacterial groups were detected in all samples, including total coliforms. The exposure-activity ratios and toxicity quotients exceeded 1.0 in 13 and 22% of samples, respectively, indicating potential biological effects and toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates associated with the discharge of FPWW. Organic contaminant profiles of FPWW differed from previously reported contaminant profiles of municipal effluents and urban storm water, indicating that FPWW is another important source of chemical and microbial contaminant mixtures discharged into receiving surface waters.

Kordiimonas pumila sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment

A novel Gram-stain-negative, translucent-white, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped strain, designated N18^T, was isolated from a coastal sediment sample collected in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China. 16S rRNA gene similarity analysis revealed that strain N18^T demonstrated highest similarity to the genus Kordiimonas(95.3-97.2 %). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain N18^T represented a distinct lineage in the clade consisting of the genus Kordiimonas. Strain N18^T was found to grow at 10-37 °C (optimum 28 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum 7.0) and with 1.0-4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2.5 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 55.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as summed feature 3 (comprising iso-C15 : 0 2-OH/C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C17 : 1ω9c and iso-C15 : 0. The polar lipid profile of N18^T consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, an unidentified aminoglycolipid, an unidentified aminophospholipid and five unidentified lipids. The respiratory quinone was Q-10. Based on chemotaxonomic, morphological and physiological properties, strain N18^T could be distinguished from its closest phylogenetic neighbours. Thus, we propose Kordiimonas pumila sp. nov., the type strain is N18^T (=MCCC 1K03436^T=KCTC 62164^T).

Aestuarium zhoushanense gen. nov., sp. nov., Isolated from the Tidal Flat

A gram-stain-negative, aerobic, ovoid or short rod-shaped, and non-motile strain, designed G7^T was isolated from a tidal flat sample collected from the coast of East Sea in Zhoushan, China. Strain G7^T grew at 4-40 °C and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, 28 °C and pH 7.5) and with 0-7% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids (>10%) identified were C_18:1 ω7c, C_16:0 and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c). The polar lipids of strain G7^T consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and four unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 56.7 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain G7^T formed a distinct lineage belonging to the Roseobacter clade of the family Rhodobacteraceae. On the basis of morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, together with the results of phylogenetic analysis, strain G7^T is described as a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Aestuarium zhoushanense gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain G7^T = MCCC 1K03229^T = KCTC 52584^T) is proposed.

Sporosalibacterium tautonense sp. nov., a thermotolerant, halophilic, hydrolytic bacterium isolated from a gold mine, and emended description of the genus Sporosalibacterium

A novel strictly anaerobic, thermotolerant, moderately halophilic, organotrophic bacterium, strain MRo-4T, was isolated from a sample of a microbial mat, developed under the flow of subsurface water in TauTona gold mine, South Africa. Cells of the novel isolate stained Gram-positive and were motile, spore-forming rods, 0.2-0.3 µm in width and 5-20 µm in length. Strain MRo-4T grew at 25-50 °C, at pH 7.0-8.8 and at an NaCl concentration of 5-100 g l-1. The isolate was able to ferment yeast extract, peptone and mono-, oligo- and polysaccharides, including cellulose and chitin. Elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite, fumarate and arsenate were not reduced. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 dimethyl acetyl and anteiso-C15 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA was 32.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain MRo-4T and its nearest relatives showed its affiliation to the genus Sporosalibacterium. Sporosalibacteriumfaouarense SOL3f37T, the only valid published representative of the genus, appeared to be its closest relative (96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). However, strains MRo-4T and S. faouarense SOL3f37T differed in temperature, pH and salinity ranges for growth, requirement for yeast extract and substrate profiles. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and physiological properties of the novel isolate, we propose a novel species, Sporosalibacterium tautonense sp. nov. The type strain is MRo-4T (=DSM 28179T=VKM B-2948T).

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti - A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

Haiti endures the poorest water and sanitation infrastructure in the Western Hemisphere, where waterborne diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality. Most of these diseases are reported to be caused by waterborne pathogens. In this study, we examined the overall bacterial diversity of selected source and point-of-use water from rural areas in Central Plateau, Haiti using pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA genes. Taxonomic composition of water samples revealed an abundance of Firmicutes phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. A total of 38 bacterial families and 60 genera were identified. The presence of several Klebsiella spp. (tentatively, K. pneumoniae, K. variicola and other Klebsiella spp.) was detected in most water samples. Several other human pathogens such as Aeromonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Yersinia constituted significantly higher proportion of bacterial communities in the point-of-use water samples compared to source water. Bacterial genera traditionally associated with biofilm formation, such as Chryseobacterium, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas were found in the point-of-use waters obtained from water filters or domestic water storage containers. Although the pyrosequencing method utilized in this study did not reveal the viability status of these pathogens, the abundance of genetic footprints of the pathogens in water samples indicate the probable risk of bacterial transmission to humans. Therefore, the importance of appropriate handling, purification, and treatment of the source water needed to be clearly communicated to the communities in rural Haiti to ensure the water is safe for their daily use and intake.

Brevibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., isolated from saline soil of a paddy field

Two novel aerobic bacteria, designated strains LAM0312T and LAM0313, were isolated from saline soil samples collected from a paddy field in Dezhou city, Shandong Province, China. Cells of these strains were Gram-stain-positive, sporogenous, rod-shaped and motile with peritrichous flagella. The optimal growth temperature and pH were 30 °C and pH 7.0-8.0. Strain LAM0312T was able to grow in the presence of 12 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The dominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, five unidentitied lipids and phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was identified as menaquinone-7. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strains LAM0312T and LAM0313 was 45.0 and 46.0 mol%, respectively, as determined by the Tm method. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis indicated that the strains were closely related to Brevibacillus laterosporus DSM 25T and Brevibacillus fluminis JCM 15716T with 98.5 and 96.4 % sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain LAM0312T and LAM0313 was 92±0.6 % (reciprocal 90±0.2 %) and the value between strain LAM0312T and Brevibacillus laterosporus DSM 25T was 48±0.5 % (reciprocal 40±0.4 %). On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, the two strains are proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Brevibacillus, for which the name Brevibacillus halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0312T (=ACCC 06527T=JCM 30849T).

Chromobacterium rhizoryzae sp. nov., isolated from rice roots

A novel facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated LAM1188T, was isolated from the roots of rice (Oryzasativa) in Hubei Province. Cells of LAM1188T were Gram-stain-negative and motile. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 15-40 °C (optimum: 30 °C) and pH 5-10 (optimum: pH 7), respectively. The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 3.5 % NaCl (w/v). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate represented a member of the genus Chromobacterium, and was most closely related to Chromobacterium haemolyticum MDA0585T and Chromobacterium aquaticum CC-SEYA-1T with 98.7 % and 97.3 % sequence similarity, respectively. The values of DNA-DNA hybridization between LAM1188T and C. haemolyticum JCM 14163T and C. aquaticum CCUG 55175T were 54.0±2.1 % and 44.0±1.2 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c). The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, four unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 64.1 mol% as determined by the Tm method. On the basis of its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain LAM1188T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Chromobacterium, for which the name Chromobacte riumrhizoryzae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM1188T (=ACCC 19900T=JCM 31180T).

Isolation and Complete Genome Sequence of Algibacter alginolytica sp. nov., a Novel Seaweed-Degrading Bacteroidetes Bacterium with Diverse Putative Polysaccharide Utilization Loci

The members of the phylum Bacteroidetes are recognized as some of the most important specialists for the degradation of polysaccharides. However, in contrast to research on Bacteroidetes in the human gut, research on polysaccharide degradation by marine Bacteroidetes is still rare. The genus Algibacter belongs to the Flavobacteriaceae family of the Bacteroidetes, and most species in this genus are isolated from or near the habitat of algae, indicating a preference for the complex polysaccharides of algae. In this work, a novel brown-seaweed-degrading strain designated HZ22 was isolated from the surface of a brown seaweed (Laminaria japonica). On the basis of its physiological, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain HZ22 represents a novel species in the genus Algibacter with the proposed name Algibacter alginolytica sp. nov. The genome of strain HZ22, the type strain of this species, harbors 3,371 coding sequences (CDSs) and 255 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), including 104 glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and 18 polysaccharide lyases (PLs); this appears to be the highest proportion of CAZymes (∼7.5%) among the reported strains in the class Flavobacteria Seventeen polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) are predicted to be specific for marine polysaccharides, especially algal polysaccharides from red, green, and brown seaweeds. In particular, PUL N is predicted to be specific for alginate. Taking these findings together with the results of assays of crude alginate lyases, we prove that strain HZ22(T) can completely degrade alginate. This work reveals that strain HZ22(T) has good potential for the degradation of algal polysaccharides and that the structure and related mechanism of PUL in strain HZ22(T) are worth further research.

Pseudoalteromonas fenneropenaei sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from sediment of a Fenneropenaeus chinensis pond

A novel Gram-stain-negative, motile, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-spore-forming, non-pigmented, aerobic bacterium, designated rzy34^T, was isolated from the sediment of a pond containing farmed Fenneropenaeus chinensis Rizhao, China. The strain was able to grow at pH 6-10 (optimum pH 7), 20-40 °C (optimum 30 °C) and in the presence of 1.0-6.0 % NaCl (optimum 1.0-2.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the nearest relative of strain rzy34^T was Pseudoalteromonas xiamenensis Y2^T, with the highest sequence similarity of 96.09 %. Within the genus Pseudoalteromonas, it showed the lowest similarity of 92.7 % to Pseudoalteromonas donghaensis. The G+C content of the chromosomal DNA of strain rzy34^T was 45.3 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), C16 : 0, C17 : 1ω8c and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c). The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. Polar lipid analysis indicated the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain rzy34^T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, for which the name Pseudoalteromonas fenneropenaei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is rzy34^T (=CGMCC 1.15325^T=KCTC 42730^T).

Abyssisolibacter fermentans gen. nov. sp. nov., isolated from deep sub-seafloor sediment

A Gram-staining-negative, thin rod-shaped, anaerobic bacterium designated MCWD3(T) was isolated from sediment of the deep sea in Ulleung Basin, East Sea, Korea. The ranges of temperature, pH and NaCl for growth of this strain were 15-40°C (optimum 29°C), 5.0-10.0 (optimum pH 6.5), and 1-5%, respectively. The major fatty acids were iso-C(15:0) (30%) and iso-C(15:0) dimethyl acetal (17%). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and unidentified aminophospholipids, phospholipids, and aminolipids. The fermentation product from yeast extract was acetate. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes indicated that the isolate was related to Sporosalibacterium faouarense (92.8% sequence identity), Clostridiisalibacter paucivorans (92.6%), and Brassicibacter mesophilus (92.4%). However, the isolate was differentiated from these genera by both physiological and chemotaxonomical properties. On the basis of a polyphasic taxonomic analysis, we propose that MCWD3(T) represents a novel taxon with the name Abyssisolibacter fermentans gen. nov. sp. nov.

Bacillus vini sp. nov. isolated from alcohol fermentation pit mud

A novel aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, sporogenous, rod-shaped bacterium, designated LAM0415(T), was isolated from an alcohol fermentation pit mud sample collected from Sichuan Luzhou-flavour liquor enterprise in China. The isolate was found to be able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0-10 % (w/v) (optimum: 1.0 %), 10-50 °C (optimum: 30-35 °C) and pH 3.0-10.0 (optimum: 7.0-8.0). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate belonged to the genus Bacillus and was closely related to Bacillus sporothermodurans DSM 10599(T) and Bacillus oleronius DSM 9356(T), with 98.4 and 97.2 % sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LAM0415(T) and the two reference strains were 33.3 ± 1.2 and 42.8 ± 0.8 %, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C content was 35.2 mol% as determined by the T m method. The major fatty acids were determined to be iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK7 and MK8. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified glycolipids. The diagnostic amino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain LAM0415(T) (=ACCC 06413(T) = JCM 19841(T)) represents the type strain of a novel species of the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus vini sp. nov. is proposed.

Paenibacillus salinicaeni sp. nov., isolated from saline silt sample

A novel facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0A28(T), was isolated from a saline silt sample collected from the Chinese Sea of Death located in Suining city, Sichuan province, China. Cells of strain LAM0A28(T) were observed to be Gram-stain positive, motile, endospore-forming and straight-rod shaped. Strain LAM0A28(T) was found to be able to grow at 15-45 °C (optimum: 30-35 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum: 7.5) and 0-5 % NaCl (w/v) (optimum: 0.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain LAM0A28(T) is closely related to Paenibacillus jilunlii DSM 23019(T) (97.5 %) and Paenibacillus graminis DSM 15220(T) (97.2 %). The DNA-DNA hybridization values between the isolate and P. jilunlii DSM 23019(T), P. graminis DSM 15220(T) were 30.2 ± 1.6 % and 44.7 ± 2.1 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was found to be 51.2 mol% as determined by the T m method. The major cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0, C16:0, iso-C16:0 and C14:0. The major isoprenoid quinone was identified as MK-7. The cell wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two aminophospholipids and six unidentified lipids. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain LAM0A28(T) is concluded to represent a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus salinicaeni sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0A28(T) (=ACCC 00741(T) = JCM 30850(T)).

Regulation of acidogenic metabolism towards enhanced short chain fatty acid biosynthesis from waste: metagenomic profiling

To enhance short chain carboxylic (volatile fatty) acids production from food waste, the present study evaluates a strategy for selective enrichment of the biocatalyst by exposing it to acid-shock.

Advenella alkanexedens sp. nov., an alkane-degrading bacterium isolated from biogas slurry samples

A novel aerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0050^T, was isolated from a biogas slurry sample, which had been enriched with diesel oil for 30 days. Cells of strain LAM0050^T were gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and coccoid-shaped. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 30-35 °C and 8.5, respectively. The strain did not require NaCl for growth, but tolerated up to 5.3 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain LAM0050^T was a member of the genus Advenella, and was most closely related to Advenella faeciporci KCTC 23732^T, Advenella incenata CCUG 45225^T, Advenella kashmirensis DSM 17095^T and Advenella mimigardefordensis DSM 17166^T, with 98.1, 96.6, 96.6 and 96.3 % sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness between strain LAM0050^T and A. faeciporci KCTC 23732^T was 41.7 ± 2.4 %. The genomic DNA G+C content was 51.2 mol%, as determined by the T_m method. The major fatty acids of strain LAM0050^T were C_16 : 0, C_17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C_18 : 1ω7c and/or C_18 : 1ω6c). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-8. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and four unidentified phospholipids. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM0050^T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Advenella, for which the name Advenella alkanexedens sp. nov., is proposed, the type strain is LAM0050^T ( = ACCC 06485^T = JCM 30465^T).

Haloimpatiens lingqiaonensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from paper-mill wastewater

An anaerobic bacterium, strain ZC-CMC3^T, was isolated from a wastewater sample in Zhejiang, China. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, peritrichous, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped (0.6-1.2 × 2.9-5.1 μm) and catalase- and oxidase-negative. Strain ZC-CMC3^T was able to grow at 25-48 °C (optimum 43 °C) and pH 5.5-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The NaCl concentration range for growth was 0-3 % (w/v) (optimum 0 %). The major polar lipids of the isolate were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, several phospholipids and glycolipids. Main fermentation products from PYG medium were formate, acetate, lactate and ethanol. Substrates which could be utilized were peptone, tryptone, yeast extract and beef extract. No respiratory quinone was detected. The main fatty acids were C_14 : 0, C_16 : 0, C_16 : 1cis 7 and C_16 : 1cis 9. The DNA G+C content was 30.0 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to the family Clostridiaceae. Phylogenetically, the most closely related species were Oceanirhabdus sediminicola NH-JN4^T (92.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Clostridium tepidiprofundi SG 508^T (92.6 %). On the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics, strain ZC-CMC3^T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Clostridiaceae, for which the name Haloimpatiens lingqiaonensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is ZC-CMC3^T ( = KCTC 15321^T = JCM 19210^T = CCTCC AB 2013104^T).

Roseivirga marina sp. nov., isolated from seawater

Strain PSRT was isolated from seawater of the Pacific Ocean. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by gliding. Growth was observed at 4–40 °C (optimum 25–30 °C), at pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum pH 7.0–7.5) and with 0.5–8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2–3 %). The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G (18.9 %), iso-C15 : 0 (26.3 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (17.9 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and the DNA G+C content was 49.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain PSRT was most closely related to Roseivirga spongicola UST030701-084T (96.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), and they formed a distinct clade in neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees with significant bootstrap supports. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain PSRT represents a novel species of the genus Roseivirga, for which the name Roseivirga marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PSRT ( = MCCC 1K00459T = KCTC 42444T).

Terrisporobacter petrolearius sp. nov., isolated from an oilfield petroleum reservoir

A Gram-staining-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0A37T, was isolated from enrichment samples collected from a petroleum reservoir in Shengli oilfield. Cells of strain LAM0A37T were rod-shaped and motile by peritrichous flagella. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 40 °C and 7.0–7.5, respectively. The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 3 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain LAM0A37T was able to utilize glucose, fructose, maltose, xylose, sorbitol, cellobiose, melibiose and melezitose as sole carbon sources. Sulfite was used as an electron acceptor. The main products of glucose fermentation were acetate and CO2. The predominant fatty acid was C16 : 0 (23.6 %). The main polar lipid profile comprised of five glycolipids, six phospholipids and two lipids. No menaquinone was detected. The genomic DNA G+C content was 27.1 ± 0.2 mol% as determined by the T m method. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate was a member of the genus Terrisporobacter, and was most closely related to Terrisporobacter glycolicus JCM 1401T and Terrisporobacter mayombei DSM 6539T with 98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to both. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain LAM0A37T and type strains of Terrisporobacter glycolicus and Terrisporobacter mayombei were 45.6 ± 0.3 % and 38.3 ± 0.4 %, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain LAM0A37T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Terrisporobacter, for which the name Terrisporobacter petrolearius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0A37T ( = ACCC 00740T = JCM 19845T).

Feifantangia zhejiangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from seawater of the East China Sea

A marine bacterium, NMD7(T), was isolated from seawater of the East China Sea. The cells were found to be aerobic, Gram-stain negative, non-motile rods. Growth of strain NMD7(T) could be observed in the medium without Na(+). Flexirubin-type pigments were observed to be produced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NMD7(T) is an authentic member of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum, forming a monophyletic clade as retrieved in neighbor-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees, and is closely related to Formosa spongicola A2(T) (96.0 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was determined to be MK-6. Major cellular fatty acids were identified as iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The main polar lipids were found to consist of phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminophospholipid, three aminolipids and five unidentified lipids. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is proposed that strain NMD7(T) be classified as representing a new genus, Feifantangia gen. nov. and a new species, Feifantangia zhejiangensis sp. nov. The type strain is NMD7(T) (=KCTC 42445T =MCCC 1K00458T).

Pseudoroseovarius zhejiangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel alpha-proteobacterium isolated from the chemical wastewater, and reclassification of Roseovarius crassostreae as Pseudoroseovarius crassostreae comb. nov., Roseovarius sediminilitoris as Pseudoroseovarius sediminilitoris comb. nov. and Roseovarius halocynthiae as Pseudoroseovarius halocynthiae comb. nov

A Gram-stain negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid- to rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated JB3(T), was isolated from a wastewater sample collected from the biochemical reaction basin of Haiyan fine chemical factory in Zhejiang, China. Strain JB3(T) was found to grow optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 28 °C and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that strain JB3(T) contains ubiquinone-10 (>99 %) as the predominant respiratory quinone and C18:1 ω7c (70.9 %) as the most abundant fatty acid. The polar lipids of strain JB3(T) were identified as phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an aminophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid, four unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain JB3(T) was determined to be 68.1 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the isolate and Roseovarius crassostreae DSM 16950(T), Roseovarius sediminilitoris KCTC 23959(T) and Roseovarius halocynthiae MA1-10(T) were found to be 97.1, 96.8 and 96.2 %, respectively. Morevoer, the similarity between strain JB3(T) and the type strain of the genus Roseovarius (Roseovarius tolerans DSM 11457(T)) was found to be 93.8 %. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed with all three treeing methods showed that strain JB3(T) constituted a different taxon, which was separate from other taxa with validly published names, and formed a cluster with R. crassostreae DSM 16950(T), R. sediminilitoris KCTC 23959(T) and R. halocynthiae MA1-10(T). These three species were not placed within the phylogenetic cluster formed by R. tolerans DSM 11457(T). Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain JB3(T) is clearly distinct from species of the genus Roseovarius. On the basis of these features, we propose strain JB3(T) represents a novel species of a novel genus with the name Pseudoroseovarius zhejiangensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is JB3(T) (=MCCC 1K00457(T) = KCTC 42443(T)). We also propose that R. crassostreae, R. sediminilitoris and R. halocynthiae should be transferred to this new genus as Pseudoroseovarius crassostreae comb. nov., Pseudoroseovarius sediminilitoris comb. nov. and Pseudoroseovarius halocynthiae comb. nov., respectively.

Oceanisphaera psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from coastal sediment samples

A novel aerobic, Gram-staining-negative bacterium, designated strain LAM-WHM-ZC(T), was isolated from coastal sediment samples from the Bohai Sea, near Yantai, China. Cells of LAM-WHM-ZC(T) were non-motile, short-rod- or coccoid-shaped. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 4-40 °C (optimum: 20-33 °C) and pH 5-9 (optimum: pH 7.5). The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 10% NaCl (w/v). The major fatty acids of strain LAM-WHM-ZC(T) were summed feature 3, C12 : 0, C16 : 0, summed feature 2 and summed feature 8. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidyglycerol, phosphatigylethanolamine, phosphatidyglycerol, one phospholipid and four unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 59.3 mol% as determined by the melting temperature (Tm) method. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate represented a member of the genus Oceanisphaera and was closely related to Oceanisphaera arctica KCTC 23013(T), Oceanisphaera litoralis DSM 15406(T), Oceanisphaera sediminis KACC 15117(T) and Oceanisphaera donghaensis KCTC 12522(T) with 97.7%, 97.1%, 96.6% and 96.6% sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LAM-WHM-ZC(T) and the four reference strains were 47.4 ± 2.8%, 33.5 ± 2.2%, 28.4 ± 1.8% and 13.7 ± 0.8%, respectively. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM-WHM-ZC(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Oceanisphaera, for which the name Oceanisphaera psychrotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM-WHM-ZC(T) ( = ACCC 06516(T) = JCM 30466(T)).

Brassicibacter thermophilus sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from coastal sediment

A novel thermophilic, obligately anaerobic bacterium, strain Cel2f(T), was isolated from a cellulolytic community enriched from coastal marine sediment. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Optimal growth temperature and pH of strain Cel2f(T) were 55 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. NaCl was essential for the growth of strain Cel2f(T) and the strain showed enhanced growth in the presence of sea salt; the optimum sea salt concentration for growth was 7% (w/v). Thiosulfate, sulfate and sulfite were potential electron acceptors. The major fatty acids of strain Cel2f(T) were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, and C18 : 0. Polar lipid analysis indicated the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain Cel2f(T) contained menaquinone MK-7 as the isoprenoid quinone, and the DNA G+C content was 31.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the nearest relative of strain Cel2f(T) was Brassicibacter mesophilus BM(T) with 93.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain Cel2f(T) represents a novel species of genus Brassicibacter, for which the name Brassicibacter thermophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Cel2f(T) ( = JCM 30480(T) = CGMCC 1.5200(T)).

Paenibacillus vini sp. nov., isolated from alcohol fermentation pit mud in Sichuan Province, China

A novel facultatively anaerobic bacterial strain, designated LAM0504(T), was isolated from a pit mud of Luzhou flavour liquor alcohol fermentation in Sichuan Province, China. Cells of strain LAM0504(T) were observed to be Gram-stain negative, spore-forming, rod shaped and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Strain LAM0504(T) was found to be able to grow at 20-48 °C (optimum: 30 °C), pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum: 7.0) and 0-3 % NaCl (w/v) (optimum: 1.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that strain LAM0504(T) was most closely related to Paenibacillus konsisdensis JCM 14798(T), Fontibacillus phaseoli LMG 27589(T) and Paenibacillus motobuensis JCM 12774(T), with 97.0, 96.8 and 96.7 % sequence similarity, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain LAM0504(T) and P. konsisdensis JCM 14798(T) was 53.3 ± 1.2 %. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain LAM0504(T) was 43.0 mol% as determined by the Tm method. The major fatty acids of strain LAM0504(T) were identified as anteiso-C15:0, C16:0 and iso-C15:0. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7. The major polar lipids were found to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified glycolipids and three unidentified lipids. On the basis of its physiological and phylogenetic characteristics, strain LAM0504(T) is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus vini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0504(T) (=ACCC 06420(T) = JCM 19842(T)).

Romboutsia sedimentorum sp. nov., isolated from an alkaline-saline lake sediment and emended description of the genus Romboutsia

A Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming, obligately anaerobic bacterium, designated LAM201T, was isolated from sediment samples from an alkaline-saline lake located in Daqing oilfield, Daqing City, PR China. Cells of strain LAM201T were non-motile and straight or spiral rod-shapes. Strain LAM201T was able to utilize glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalose and sorbitol as the sole carbon source. Acetic acid, ethanol, iso-butanoic acid and iso-valeric acid were the main products of glucose fermentation. The major fatty acids of LAM201T were C16 : 0 (26.7 %) and C18 : 0 (11.2 %). The main polar lipids were four unknown glycolipids and five unknown phospholipids. The predominant cell-wall sugars were ribose and galactose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain LAM201T contained alanine, glycine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Sodium sulfite was used as the electron acceptor. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 32±0.8 mol%, as determined by the T m method. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Romboutsia and was most closely related to Romboutsia lituseburensis DSM 797T and Romboutsia ilealis CRIBT with 97.3 % and 97.2 % similarities, respectively. The DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain LAM201T and the two reference strains were 37 % and 31 %, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain LAM201T is suggested to represent a novel species within the genus Romboutsia , for which the name Romboutsia sedimentorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM201T ( = ACCC 00717T = JCM 19607T).

Microbacterium petrolearium sp. nov., isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample

A Gram-staining-positive, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0410(T), was isolated from an oil-contaminated water sample from the Dagang Oilfield, PR China. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 4 °C to 50 °C and pH 4.4 to pH 12.0, respectively. The strain did not need NaCl for growth, but could tolerate a concentration of up to 12 % (w/v). Cell wall hydrolysates from the isolate showed that the diamino acid was ornithine. The cell wall sugars contained ribose and galactose. The glycan moiety of the cell wall contained N-glycolyl residues. The major respiratory quinones were MK-10, MK-11 and MK-12. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and nine unknown glycolipids. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Microbacterium and was closely related to Microbacterium sediminis MCCC 1A06153(T) and Microbacterium murale DSM 22178(T) with 97.5 % and 97.4 % sequence similarities, respectively; while the DNA-DNA hybridization values were 33.1±3.4 % and 21.8±1.6 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content was 67.4 mol%, as determined by the Tm method. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM0410(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium petrolearium sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is LAM0410(T) ( = ACCC 00719(T) = JCM 19612(T)).

Clostridium huakuii sp. nov., an anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium isolated from methanogenic consortia

A Gram-staining-positive, spore-forming, obligately anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium, designated LAM1030(T), was isolated from methanogenic consortia enriched from biogas slurry collected from the large-scale anaerobic digester of Modern Farming Corporation in Hebei Province, China. Cells of strain LAM1030(T) were motile, straight or spiral-rod-shaped. Strain LAM1030(T) could utilize glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose, mannitol, pyruvate, succinic acid and tryptophan as the sole carbon source. Acetic acid, isovaleric acid and butanoic acid were the main products of glucose fermentation. Sodium sulfite was used as an electron acceptor. Growth of strain LAM1030(T) was completely inhibited by the addition of ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin or erythromycin at a concentration of 20 µg ml(-1). The main polar lipids of strain LAM1030(T) were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, 11 unknown glycolipids and two unknown phospholipids. No respiratory quinone was detected. The major fatty acids of strain LAM1030(T) were C16 : 0 (21.1 %), C14 : 0 (10.3 %), summed feature 9 (including C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1 ω9c) (11.3% ), summed feature 3 (including C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c) (10.6% ) and iso-C15 : 0 (6.6 %). Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LAM1030(T) belonged to the genus Clostridium and was most closely related to Clostridium subterminale DSM 6970(T), Clostridium thiosulfatireducens DSM 13105(T) and Clostridium sulfidigenes DSM 18982(T), with 97.0, 96.9 and 96.8 % similarity, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain LAM1030(T) was 31.2±0.3 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characterization, strain LAM1030(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Clostridium, for which the name Clostridium huakuii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM1030(T) ( = ACCC 00698(T) = JCM 19186(T)).

Paracoccus sediminis sp. nov., isolated from Pacific Ocean marine sediment

Strain CMB17T was a short rod-shaped bacterium isolated from marine sediment of the Pacific Ocean. Cells were Gram-stain-negative and non-motile. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C, pH 6.5–7 and 0.5–1 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acid was C18 : 1ω7c (87.59 %), and ubiquinone-10 was detected as the only isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 62.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain CMB17T is most closely related to Paracoccus stylophorae KTW-16T (96.7 %), P. solventivorans DSM 6637T (96.4 %) and P. saliphilus YIM 90738T (96.4 %). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, strain CMB17T is proposed to represent a novel species, denominated Paracoccus sediminis sp. nov. (type strain CMB17T = JCM 18467T = DSM 26170T = CGMCC 1.12681T).

Kurthia huakuii sp. nov., isolated from biogas slurry, and emended description of the genus Kurthia

A novel facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain LAM0618(T), was isolated from biogas slurry samples collected from the large-scale anaerobic digester of Modern Farming Corporation in Hebei Province, China. Cells of strain LAM0618(T) were Gram-stain-positive, motile, non-spore-forming and short-rod-shaped. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 30 °C and 7.0, respectively. The strain did not require NaCl for growth but tolerated up to 70 g NaCl l(-1). The major fatty acids of strain LAM0618(T) were iso-C(15 : 0), anteiso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(14 : 0), C(16 : 0) and C(18 : 0). The predominant menaquinones of strain LAM0618(T) were menaquinone 7 (MK-7) and menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The main polar lipids of strain LAM0618(T) were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and six unknown glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 41 mol% as determined by the Tm method. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain LAM0618(T) was a member of the genus Kurthia, and was most closely related to 'Kurthia massiliensis' DSM 24639, Kurthia zopfii DSM 20580(T), Kurthia gibsonii DSM 20636(T) and Kurthia sibirica DSM 4747(T), with 96.9, 95.7, 95.6 and 94.9 % sequence similarity, respectively. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain LAM0618(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Kurthia, for which the name Kurthia huakuii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM0618(T) ( = ACCC 06121(T) = JCM 19187(T)).

Oceanirhabdus sediminicola gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from sea sediment

A novel anaerobic bacterium, designated NH-JN4(T) was isolated from a sediment sample collected in the South China Sea. Cells were Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming, peritrichous and rod-shaped (0.5-1.2×2.2-7 µm). The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 22-42 °C and pH 6.0-8.5. Optimal growth occurred at 34-38 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. The NaCl concentration range for growth was 0.5-6 % (w/v) with an optimum of 2.5 %. Catalase and oxidase were not produced. Substrates which could be utilized were peptone, tryptone, yeast extract, beef extract and glycine. Main fermentation products from PYG medium were formate, acetate, butyrate and ethanol. Strain NH-JN4(T) could utilize sodium sulfite as an electron acceptor. No respiratory quinone was detected. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and C16 : 0 DMA. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 35.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain NH-JN4(T) was a member of family Clostridiaceae, and was most closely related to Clostridium limosum ATCC 25620(T), Clostridium proteolyticum DSM 3090(T), Clostridium histolyticum ATCC 19401(T) and Clostridium tepidiprofundi SG 508(T), showing 94.0, 93.0, 92.9 and 92.3 % sequence similarity, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain NH-JN4(T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Clostridiaceae, for which the name Oceanirhabdus sediminicola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is NH-JN4(T) ( = JCM 18501(T) = CCTCC AB 2013103(T) = KCTC 15322(T)).

Salimesophilobacter vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium isolated from paper-mill wastewater

A novel anaerobic, heterotrophic bacterium, designated strain Zn2(T), was isolated from the wastewater of a paper mill in Zhejiang, China. Cells were gram-type-positive rods, 0.5-0.8 µm wide and 2-4 µm long, and were motile by a lateral flagellum. The ranges of temperature and pH for growth were 10-50 °C and pH 6.0-9.5. Optimal growth occurred at 35 °C and pH 7.3-7.5. The strain did not require NaCl for growth, but its inclusion in the medium improved growth (optimum concentration 6 %). Substrates utilized as sole carbon sources were peptone, tryptone, Casamino acids, D-xylose, salicin, glycerol, formate, acetate and propionate. The main products of carbohydrate fermentation were acetate, formate, propionate and lactate. Elemental sulfur, thiosulfate and Fe(III) were used as electron acceptors, but sulfate, sulfite, nitrate, nitrite and Mn(IV) were not. Growth was inhibited by the addition of 10 µg ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline or chloramphenicol ml(-1). iso-C15 : 0, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1 cis9 and C18 : 1 cis9 were the major fatty acids. Strain Zn2(T) did not contain any detectable menaquinones or ubiquinones. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, two unknown phospholipids and four unknown glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 37 mol%, as determined by HPLC. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain Zn2(T) was a member of family Clostridiaceae, and was most closely related to the type strains of Geosporobacter subterraneus, Thermotalea metallivorans and Caminicella sporogenes, showing 91.2, 90.3 and 91.1 % sequence similarity, respectively. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain Zn2(T) is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Salimesophilobacter vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Salimesophilobacter vulgaris is Zn2(T) ( = DSM 24770(T)  = JCM 17796(T)).