Paenibacillus catalpae sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Catalpa speciosa

Paenibacillus plantiphilus sp. nov. from the plant environment of Zea mays

A Gram-strain positive, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterial strain (JJ-246^T) was isolated from the rhizosphere of Zea mays. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons showed a most closely relationship to Paenibacillus oenotherae DT7-4^T (98.4%) and Paenibacillus xanthinolyticus 11N27^T (98.0%). The pairwise average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values of the JJ-246^T genome assembly against publicly available Paenibacillus type strain genomes were below 82% and 33%, respectively. The draft genome of JJ-246^T shared many putative plant-beneficial functions contributing (PBFC) genes, related to plant root colonisation, oxidative stress protection, degradation of aromatic compounds, plant growth-promoting traits, disease resistance, drug and heavy metal resistance, and nutrient acquisition. The quinone system of strain JJ-246^T, the polar lipid profile and the major fatty acids were congruent with those reported for members of the genus Paenibacillus. JJ-246^T was shown to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus plantiphilus sp. nov. is proposed, with JJ-246^T (= LMG 32093^T = CCM 9089^T = CIP 111893^T) as the type strain.

Paenibacillus allorhizoplanae sp. nov. from the rhizoplane of a Zea mays root

A Gram-positive staining, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterial strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of Zea mays was studied for its detailed taxonomic allocation. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain JJ-42 ^T was shown to be a member of the genus Paenibacillus, most closely related to the type strain of Paenibacillus pectinilyticus (98.8%). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to all other Paenibacillus species was below 98.5%. The pairwise average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA−DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of the JJ-42 ^T genome assembly against publicly available Paenibacillus type strain genomes were below 92% and 47%, respectively. The quinone system of strain JJ-42 ^T consisted exclusively of menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three aminophospholipids (APL), and one unidentified lipid. The major fatty acids were iso- and anteiso-branched with the major compound anteiso C_15:0. Physiological and biochemical characteristics allowed a further phenotypic differentiation of strain JJ-42 ^T from the most closely related species. Thus, JJ-42 ^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus allorhizoplanae sp. nov. is proposed, with JJ-42 ^T (= LMG 32089 ^T = CCM 9085 ^T = DSM 111786 ^T = CIP 111891 ^T) as the type strain.

Bacillus rhizoplanae sp. nov. from maize roots

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and endospore-forming bacterial strain, isolated from the root surface of maize (Zea mays) was taxonomically studied. It could be clearly shown that, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain JJ-63T is a member of the genus Bacillus , most closely related to the type strain of Bacillus pseudomycoides (98.61%), followed by Bacillus cereus (98.47 %). Detailed phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and the 87 proteins conserved within the phylum Firmicutes placed the strain into the Cereus clade. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values against the type strain of B. pseudomycoides were 80.97, 81.45 and 26.30 %, respectively. The quinone system of strain JJ-63T consisted exclusively of menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. Major fatty acids were iso- and anteiso-branched with the major compounds iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. Also, the characteristic compounds C13 : 0 iso and C16 : 1 cis10 were found. Physiological and biochemical characteristics allowed a further phenotypic differentiation of strain JJ-63T from the most closely related species. For this reason, JJ-63T represents a novel species of the genus Bacillus , for which the name Bacillus rhizoplanae sp. nov. is proposed, with JJ-63T (=LMG 32091T=CCM 9090T=DSM 111827T= CIP 111899T) as the type strain.

Paenibacillus allorhizosphaerae sp. nov., from soil of the rhizosphere of Zea mays

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterial strain, isolated from the rhizosphere of Zea mays, was studied for its detailed taxonomic allocation. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain JJ-447^T was shown to be a member of the genus Paenibacillus, most closely related to the type strain of Paenibacillus solanacearum (97.8 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values to all other Paenibacillus species were below 97.0 %. DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values with the type strain of P. solanacearum were 35.9 % (reciprocal 27%), respectively. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DDH values with the type strain of P. solanacearum were 84.86 and 28.9 %, respectively. The quinone system of strain JJ-447^T consisted exclusively of menaquinones and the major component was MK-7 (96.4 %) but minor amounts of MK-6 (3.6 %) were detected as well. The polar lipid profile consisted of the major components diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminolipid. Major fatty acids were iso- and anteiso-branched with the major compounds anteiso-C_15 : 0 and iso-C_15 : 0. Physiological and biochemical characteristics allowed a further phenotypic differentiation of strain JJ-447^T from the most closely related species on the basis of d-glucose, l-arabinose and d-mannose assimilation and other physiological tests. Thus, JJ-447^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus allorhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed, with JJ-447^T (=LMG 31601^T=CCM 9021^T=CIP 111802^T) as the type strain.

Paenibacillus glycanilyticus subsp. hiroshimensis subsp. nov., isolated from leaf soil collected in Japan

Strain CCI5, an oligotrophic bacterium, was isolated from leaf soil collected in Japan. Strain CCI5 grew at temperatures between 25 °C and 43 °C (optimum temperature, 40 °C) and at pHs between 6.0 and 10.0 (optimum pH, 9.0). Its major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0 and iso-C_16:0, and menaquinone 7 was the only detected quinone system. In a phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain CCI5 presented as a member of the genus Paenibacillus. Moreover, multilocus sequence analysis based on partial sequences of the atpD, dnaA, gmk, and infB genes showed that strain CCI5 tightly clustered with P. glycanilyticus DS-1^T. The draft genome of strain CCI5 consisted of 6,864,972 bp with a G+C content of 50.7% and comprised 6,189 predicted coding sequences. The genome average nucleotide identity value (97.8%) between strain CCI5 and P. glycanilyticus DS-1^T was below the cut-off value for prokaryotic subspecies delineation. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic features, strain CCI5 (= HUT-8145^T = KCTC 43270^T) can be considered as a novel subspecies within the genus Paenibacillus with the proposed name Paenibacillus glycanilyticus subsp. hiroshimensis subsp. nov.

Paludirhabdus telluriireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Paludirhabdus pumila sp. nov., isolated from soil of a mountain wetland and emended description of Gorillibacterium massiliense

Two strains of Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming, motile by means of peritrichous flagella, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that were designated ON8^T and ON6^T were isolated from soil collected from a mountain wetland in Gwang-ju, Republic of Korea. The isolates were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Cells of ON8^T and ON6^T grew at 15-35 °C (optimal 30 °C) and 15-40 °C (optimal 30 °C), respectively. The major menaquinone was MK-7 and the major cellular fatty acids (>10 % of the total) were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C14 : 0 and C16 : 0. The predominant polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid and phospholipid. Meso-diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C contents of strains ON8^T and ON6^T were 50.6 and 53.5 mol%, respectively, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the nearest phylogenetic neighbour of both strains was Gorillibacterium massiliense G5^T (93.9 %), followed by the members of the genus Paenibacillus in the family Paenibacillaceae. The DNA-DNA hybridization relatedness value between ON8^T and ON6^T was 44.1 %, which indicated that they represented distinct species. Based on polyphasic characteristics, a novel genus is proposed with the name Paludirhabdus gen. nov., which consists of two species, Paludirhabdus telluriireducens sp. nov. (the type species; type strain ON8^T=KACC 19267^T=JCM 31958^T) and Paludirhabdus pumila sp. nov. (type strain ON6^T=KACC 19266^T=JCM 31957^T).

Paenibacillusliaoningensis sp. nov., isolated from soil

A novel bacterial strain, designated as LNUB461T, was isolated from soil sample taken from the countryside of Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China. The isolate was a Gram-stain-positive, aerobiotic, motile, endospore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium. The organism grew optimally at 30-33 °C, pH 6.5-7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed high sequence similarity with Paenibacillus algorifonticola XJ259T (98.5 %), Paenibacillus xinjiangensis B538T (96.8 %), Paenibacillus glycanilyticus DS-1T (96.1 %) and Paenibacillus lupini RLAHU15T (96.1 %). The predominant cellular fatty acid and the only menaquinone were anteiso-C15:0 and MK-7, respectively. The main polar lipids of LNUB461T included phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and two unknown amino phospholipids (APL), and the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid (A1γ). The DNA G+C content of LNUB461T was 49.1 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between LNUB461T and the most closely related species (P. algorifonticola) was 41.8 %. On the basis of these data, LNUB461T was classified as representing a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus liaoningensis sp. nov was proposed. The type strain is LNUB461T (=JCM 30712T=CGMCC 1.15101T).

Paenibacillus cathormii sp. nov., isolated from tree bark

A Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium, strain BK114-2^T isolated from tree bark in Thailand was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Analysis based on comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain BK114-2^T was affiliated to the genus Paenibacillus, and was closely related to Paenibacillus timonensis 2301032^T (96.7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paenibacillus phoenicis 3PO2SA^T (96.6 %) and Paenibacillus barengoltzii SAFN-016^T (96.4 %). Strain BK114-2^T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid in its cell-wall peptidoglycan. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown phospholipids, five unknown aminophospholipids and six unknown lipids. The only menaquinone detected was MK-7 and the dominant cellular fatty acids were C_16 : 0 (22.9 %), anteiso-C_15 : 0 (22.6 %), iso-C_16 : 0 (19.4 %) and anteiso-C_17 : 0 (14.7 %). The DNA G+C content was 52.0 mol%. Based on these results, strain BK114-2^T repreesents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus cathormii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BK114-2^T ( = KCTC 33251^T = TISTR 2282^T).

Paenibacillus panaciterrae sp. nov., isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil

A novel bacterium, designated DCY95T, was isolated from ginseng-cultivated soil in Quang Nam province, Vietnam. On the basis of 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis, this isolate was assigned to the genus Paenibacillus and found to be closely related to Paenibacillus sacheonensis SY01T (97.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Paenibacillus taihuensis THMBG22T (96.4 %). The partial gyrB gene of DCY95T possessed 69.6–83.9 % sequence identity to those of other members of the genus Paenibacillus. Strain DCY95T was Gram-reaction-negative, catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Ellipsoidal free spores or subterminal endospores were produced in sporangia. MK-7 was the diagnostic menaquinone. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diamonopimelic acid as the diamino acid. Whole-cell sugars comprised ribose, mannose and glucose. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified aminophospholipids, and two unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 60.7 ± 0.9 mol%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic results placed strain DCY95T within the genus Paenibacillus. However, DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain DCY95T and P. sacheonensis KACC 14895T or P. taihuensis NBRC 108766T were lower than 36 %. The low DNA relatedness data in combination with phylogenetic and (GTG)5-PCR analyses, as well as biochemical tests, indicated that strain DCY95T could not be assigned to any recognized species. In conclusion, the results in this study support the classification of strain DCY95T as a representative of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus panaciterrae is proposed. The type strain is DCY95T ( = KCTC 33581T = DSM 29477T).

Paenibacillus yunnanensis sp. nov., isolated from Pu'er tea

A novel Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain, YN2T, was isolated from ripened Pu'er tea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain represented a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus. The strains most closely related to strain YN2T were Paenibacillus vulneris JCM 18268T and Paenibacillus rigui JCM 16352T, with 16S rRNA similarities of 98.6 and 95.5 %, respectively. Chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of the new isolate to the genus Paenibacillus, including MK-7 as the major menaquinone, DNA G+C content of 51 mol%, cell-wall type A1γ (meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid) and anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phospholipid. Strain YN2T could be differentiated from recognized species of the genus Paenibacillus based on phenotypic characteristics, chemotaxonomic differences, phylogenetic analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization data. On the basis of evidence from this polyphasic study, Paenibacillus yunnanensis sp. nov., is proposed, with strain YN2T ( = CGMCC 1.12968T = JCM 30953T) as the type strain.

Paenibacillus wenxiniae sp. nov., a nifH gene -harbouring endophytic bacterium isolated from maize

A novel Gram-positive, aerobic, motile, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated 373(T) was isolated from surface-sterilised root tissue of a maize planted in Fangshan District of Beijing, Peopole's Republic of China. A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on the new isolate. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, this isolate belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. The highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was found between strain 373(T) and Paenibacillus hunanensis (98.1%), meanwhile the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain 373(T) and the type strains of other recognised members of the genus Paenibacillus were all below 95.6%. However, the DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 373(T) and the type strain P. hunanensis DSM 22170(T) was 30.2%. The DNA G+C content of strain 373(T) was determined to be 46.0 mol%. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-7 and the polar lipid profile was found to be composed of the major lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids were found to consist of anteiso-C15: 0 (59.6%), anteiso-C17: 0 (12.8%) and C16: 0 (6.7%). The results of physiological and biochemical tests and minor differences in the fatty acid profiles allowed a clear phenotypic differentiation of strain 373(T) from the closely related species in this genus Paenibacillus. Strain 373(T) is concluded to represent a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus wenxiniae sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain 373(T) (= CGMCC 1.15007 (T) = DSM100576 ).

Paenibacillus oenotherae sp. nov. and Paenibacillus hemerocallicola sp. nov., isolated from the roots of herbaceous plants

Two Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming, motile bacteria, strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T, were isolated from roots of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) and day lily (Hemerocallis fulva), respectively, and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains fell into two distinct phylogenetic clusters belonging to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain DT7-4T was most closely related to Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae PALXIL04T and Paenibacillus taihuensis THMBG22T, with 96.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to each, and strain DLE-12T was most closely related to Paenibacillus ginsengarvi Gsoil 139T and Paenibacillus hodogayensis SGT, with 96.6 and 93.3  % sequence similarity, respectively. Both isolates contained anteiso-C15 : 0 as the dominant fatty acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-7 as the respiratory menaquinone. The cellular polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T were 50.1 ± 0.7 and 55.2 ± 0.5 mol%, respectively. The chemotaxonomic properties of both isolates were typical of members of the genus Paenibacillus. However, our biochemical and phylogenetic analyses distinguished each isolate from related species. Based on our polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T should be recognized as representatives of novel species of Paenibacillus, for which the names Paenibacillus oenotherae sp. nov. (type strain DT7-4T = KCTC 33186T = JCM 19573T) and Paenibacillus hemerocallicola sp. nov. (type strain DLE-12T = KCTC 33185T = JCM 19572T) are proposed.

Paenibacillus qingshengii sp. nov., isolated from a lead-zinc tailing

A novel bacterial strain, S1-9(T), was isolated from a lead-zinc tailing in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Cells of strain S1-9(T) were Gram-stain-negative, ellipsoidal endospore-forming, aerobic rods and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S1-9(T) was shown to belong to the genus Paenibacillus and the closest phylogenetic relatives were Paenibacillus glucanolyticus DSM 5162(T) (96.8% similarity), Paenibacillus lautus NRRL NRS-666(T) (96.5%) and Paenibacillus lactis MB 1871(T) (95.4%). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0. The polar lipid profile contained phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unknown phospholipids and two unknown lipids. The total DNA G+C content of strain S1-9(T) was 49.9 mol%. Based on the low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness (ranging from 21.8 to 48.4%) to the type strains of the above species of the genus Paenibacillus and unique phenotypic characteristics, strain S1-9(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus qingshengii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S1-9(T) ( = CCTCC AB 2014290(T) = JCM 30613(T)).

Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov., an Fe(III)- and humus-reducing bacterium from a forest soil

A Gram-reaction-variable, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain GSS02T, was isolated from a forest soil. Strain GSS02T was capable of reducing humic substances and Fe(III) oxides. Strain GSS02T grew optimally at 35 °C, at pH 78 and in the presence of 1 % NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 and the polar lipid profile contained mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, with moderate amounts of two unknown aminophospholipids and a minor amount of one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content was 53.4 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GSS02T was related most closely to Paenibacillus terrigena JCM 21741T (98.1 % similarity). Mean DNA–DNA relatedness between strain GSS02T and P. terrigena JCM 21741T was 58.8±0.5 %. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain GSS02T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus and represents a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS02T ( = KCTC 33171T = CCTCC AB 2013236T).

Paenibacillus lupini sp. nov., isolated from nodules of Lupinus albus

A bacterial strain designated RLAHU15(T) was isolated from root nodules of Lupinus albus in Spain. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed the isolate in the genus Paenibacillus, with its closest relatives being Paenibacillus catalpae D75(T), Paenibacillus glycanilyticus DS-1(T), Paenibacillus endophyticus PECAE04(T) and Paenibacillus xinjiangensis B538(T) with 98.8 %, 98.9 %, 97.4 % and 97.4 % similarity, respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed values lower than 45 % between the strain RLAHU15(T) and any of these species. The isolate was a Gram-stain positive, motile and sporulating rod. Catalase activity was weak and oxidase activity was positive. Casein and starch were hydrolysed but gelatin was not. Growth was supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources. MK-7 was the only menaquinone detected and anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. meso-Diaminopimelic acid was detected in the peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 54.4 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain RLAHU15(T) represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus lupini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RLAHU15(T) ( = LMG 27296(T) = CECT 8235(T)).

Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata

A Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterium, designated strain 1-25(T), was isolated from the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena var. acuteserrata in Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 1-25(T) belongs to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain 1-25(T) was found to be closely related to Paenibacillus harenae and Paenibacillus castaneae with 96.0 and 95.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. The strain was observed to grow optimally at 28 °C and pH 7.5. The major isoprenoid quinone was found to be menaquinone-7. The dominant cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was found to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 41.6 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic characteristics and molecular properties, strain 1-25(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus quercus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 1-25(T) (=CCTCC AB2013265(T) = KCTC 33194(T)).

Paenibacillus doosanensis sp. nov., isolated from soil

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming bacterium, designated CAU 1055T, was isolated from soil and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison revealed that the strain formed a distinct lineage within the genus Paenibacillus and was most closely related to Paenibacillus contaminans CKOBP-6T (similarity, 95.2 %) and Paenibacillus terrigena A35T (similarity, 95.2 %). The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other species of the genus Paenibacillus , including the type species of the genus, Paenibacillus polymyxa IAM 13419T (similarity, 91.7 %), were all <94.6 %. Strain CAU 1055T contained MK-7 as the only isoprenoid quinone and anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The cell-wall peptidoglycan of strain CAU 1055T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phospatidylglycerol and three unidentified aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 48.3 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain CAU 1055T from closely related recognized species. On the basis of phenotypic data and phylogenetic inference, strain CAU 1055T should be classified in the genus Paenibacillus , as a member of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus doosanensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CAU 1055T ( = KCTC 33036T = CCUG 63270T).

Paenibacillus endophyticus sp. nov., isolated from nodules of Cicer arietinum

A bacterial strain, designated PECAE04(T), was isolated from root nodules of Cicer arietinum in Spain. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence placed the isolate into the genus Paenibacillus with its closest relative being Paenibacillus castaneae Ch-32(T) with 98.4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity followed by Paenibacillus glycanilyticus DS-1(T), Paenibacillus prosopidis PW21(T), Paenibacillus xinjiangensis B538(T) and Paenibacillus catalpae D75(T) with similarities ranging from 97.9 to 96.8 %. DNA-DNA hybridization measurements showed values lower than 20 % between the strain PECAE04(T) and any of these species. The isolate was a Gram-stain-positive, motile, sporulating rod. Catalase and oxidase activities were positive. Aesculin was hydrolysed but casein and gelatin were not. Acetoin production, H2S production, nitrate reduction and urease and caseinase production were negative. Growth was supported by many carbohydrates and organic acids as carbon sources. MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 were the major fatty acids. Major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, a glycolipid, three phospholipids and an unidentified lipid. Meso-diaminopimelic acid was not detected in the peptidoglycan. The DNA G+C content was 52.9 mol%. Phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses showed that strain PECAE04(T) should be considered to be a representative of a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus endophyticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PECAE04(T) ( = LMG 27297(T) = CECT 8234(T)).