Paenibacillus rhizolycopersici sp. nov., an oligotrophic bacterium isolated from a tomato plant in China

Paenibacillus thermotolerans sp. nov., isolated from a hot spring in Yunnan Province, south-west China

Two Gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming strains, YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T, were isolated from soil sampled at Hamazui hot spring, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, PR China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that the two strains fell within the genus Paenibacillus, appearing most closely related to Paenibacillus alkalitolerans YIM B00362T (96.9 % sequence similarity). Genome-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strains YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T formed a distinct phylogenetic cluster within the genus Paenibacillus. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strains YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T with the related species P. alkalitolerans YIM B00362T were within the ranges of 74.43-74.57 % and 12.1-18.5 %, respectively, which clearly indicated that strains YIM B05601, YIM B05602T represented a novel species. Strains YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T exhibited 99.6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. The ANI and dDDH values between the two strains were 99.8 and 100 %, respectively, suggesting that they belong to the same species. Optimum growth for both strains occurred at pH 7.0 and 45 °C. The diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan of strains YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T was meso-diaminopimelic acid. MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids of strain YIM B05602T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, four unidentified glycolipids, an unidentified polarlipid and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids of the two stains were iso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. Based on phylogenomic and phylogenetic analyses coupled with phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, strains YIM B05601 and YIM B05602T could be classified as a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus thermotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM B05602T (=CGMCC 1.60051T=KCTC 43460T=NBRC 115924T).

Paenibacillus caseinilyticus sp. nov., isolated forest soil

A milky-white-coloured, aerobic, Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain (GW78T) was isolated from forest soil. GW78T was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The strain was able to grow optimally at 37 °C and at pH 7.0 in Reasoner's 2A media. The phylogenetic and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of GW78T showed its affiliation with the genus Paenibacillus. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of GW78T revealed 98.3 % similarity to its nearest neighbour Paenibacillus mucilaginosus VKPM B-7519T. Its chemotaxonomic properties included MK-7 as the sole menaquinone, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine as major polar lipids, and anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1  ω11c and anteiso-C17 : 0 as predominant fatty acids. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity results with its closest relatives were <74.0 % and <14.0 %, respectively. Overall, 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, phylogenetic and genomic evidence, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data allow the differentiation of GW78T from other members of the genus Paenibacillus. Thus, we propose that strain GW78T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, with the name Paenibacillus caseinilyticus sp. nov. The type strain is GW78T (=KCTC 43430T=NBRC 116023T).

Paenibacillus agricola sp. nov., isolated from agricultural soil

A white-coloured, rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, and Gram-stain-positive bacterial strain S3N08^T was isolated from agricultural soil. The strain grew at temperature 10-40 °C, at 0-1.0% (w/v) NaCl concentration, and at pH 6.5-8.0. Catalase was negative and oxidase was positive. The phylogenetic analysis inferred that the strain S3N08^T belonged to the genus Paenibacillus, with the closest relative being Paenibacillus periandrae PM10^T (95.6% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The only menaquinone was MK-7 and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant fatty acids were antiso-C_15:0, C_16:0, and iso-C_15:0. The DNA G + C content was 45.1%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain S3N08^T and with closest members were < 72.0% and < 19.0%, respectively. Altogether, the phylogenetic, genomics, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic evidence illustrated in this study suggested that strain S3N08^T represents a novel species of the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus agricola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S3N08^T (= KACC 19666 ^T = NBRC 113430 ^T).