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Boueroy P, Chopjitt P, Borthong J, Wongsurawat T, Jenjaroenpun P, Duangjanchot R, Saiboonjan B, Hatrongjit R, Kerdsin A. Comparative genomic analysis of Streptococcus suis sequence type 105 and development of a PCR diagnostic tool. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0324636. [PMID: 40392831 PMCID: PMC12091807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0324636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 14 is the second most prevalent serotype after serotype 2, and is highly prevalent in Southeast Asia. Among the serotype 14 strains, sequence type (ST) 105 is found in humans and pigs. We analysed the genome sequences of S. suis ST105 to identify unique sequences to develop a multiplex PCR (mPCR) -gel electrophoresis and mPCR-lateral flows trip (LFS) for epidemiological purposes. The ST105 genome was closely related to the ST1 genomes. All ST105 of Thai and Vietnamese strains were highly homologous. Of the 1818 genes found in all compared genomes, 36 unique sequences were detected only in the ST105 strain. Of these, two unique sequences encoding hypothetical proteins were selected as PCR targets. Only S. suis ST105 strains were positive for both mPCRs. mPCR-LFS had fewer complications, lower costs, and less time for testing, than those of mPCR-gel electrophoresis. This comparative genomic study demonstrates the usefulness of identifying unique sequences of ST105 S. suis. These unique sequences could be used to develop diagnostic or screening tools, such as PCR, for the detection of specific strains or clones for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichart Boueroy
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Peechanika Chopjitt
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Jednipit Borthong
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Siriraj Long-read Laboratory, Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Siriraj Long-read Laboratory, Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rapeephan Duangjanchot
- Siriraj Long-read Laboratory, Division of Medical Bioinformatics, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bhanubong Saiboonjan
- Center for Innovation and Standard for Medical Technology and Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
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Lunha K, Chumpol W, Jiemsup S, Yongkiettrakul S, Li J, Kerdsin A, Takamatsu D, Meekhanon N. Serotype Distribution and Pathotypic Characteristics of Streptococcus suis Isolates from Slaughtered Pigs in a High-Density Pig Farming Area in Thailand. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:3186518. [PMID: 40303039 PMCID: PMC12016684 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3186518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a significant bacterial pathogen in the swine industry and represents a zoonotic threat to human health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, serotype distribution, and pathotypic characteristics of S. suis isolates obtained from nasopharyngeal swabs of slaughtered pigs in the high-density swine farming region of Thailand. Among 322 swab samples, 194 samples (60.25%) were found to harbor S. suis. The most prevalent serotype was serotype 8 (7.98%), followed by 19 (7.56%), 29 (6.72%), 3 (5.88%), and 2 (5.04%), with 39.92% of isolates classified as non-typeable. Molecular characterization revealed the presence of various clonal complexes (CCs), with CC221/234 being the most prevalent (19.15%). Human-associated clades (HAC) were identified in 29.79% of isolates, including serotypes 2 (two isolates), 1/2 (two isolates), and 4 (four isolates) in CC233/379. Additionally, several isolates exhibited a high potential for zoonotic transmission, particularly within the CC233/379 clade, which emerged exclusively in Thailand. Molecular pathotyping uncovered challenges in differentiating pathogenic and commensal S. suis strains in healthy pigs. Despite this, surveillance and monitoring of S. suis populations are essential to track dynamics and mitigate the risk of human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamonwan Lunha
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNational Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wiyada Chumpol
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNational Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Surasak Jiemsup
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNational Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Suganya Yongkiettrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyNational Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyKey Laboratory of Environment Correlative DietologyCollege of Food Science and TechnologyShenzhen Institute of Nutrition and HealthHuazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public HealthKasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases Research DivisionNational Institute of Animal HealthNational Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary SciencesGifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary SciencesGifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Department of Veterinary NursingFaculty of Veterinary TechnologyKasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Guntala R, Khamai L, Srisai N, Ounjaijean S, Khamduang W, Hongjaisee S. Contamination of Streptococcus suis and S. suis Serotype 2 in Raw Pork and Edible Pig Organs: A Public Health Concern in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Foods 2024; 13:2119. [PMID: 38998625 PMCID: PMC11241745 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing serious diseases in both pigs and humans, especially serotype 2. In northern Thailand, there is a notable prevalence of S. suis infection in humans and transmission has occurred mainly through the consumption of raw pork products. Despite the continued practice of consuming raw pork in this region, limited data exist regarding S. suis contamination in such products. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of S. suis and S. suis serotype 2 in retail raw pork meat and edible pig organs sold in Chiang Mai city, Thailand. A total of 200 samples, comprising raw pork meat and edible pig organs, were collected from nine fresh markets in Chiang Mai city between May and July 2023. Samples were prepared and cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth. Bacterial DNA was extracted and tested for any serotypes of S. suis and serotype 2 using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) techniques. The study revealed contaminations of S. suis and serotype 2 at rates of 84% and 34%, respectively, with a higher prevalence observed in pig organs compared to raw pork. Both S. suis and serotype 2 were detected across all nine fresh markets investigated. The prevalence of S. suis remained consistently high throughout the study period, whereas serotype 2 showed peaks in May and July. These high rates of contamination indicate that people who consume or work in close contact with raw pork or edible pig organs are at a high risk of S. suis infection. Urgent implementation and maintenance of food safety campaigns and public health interventions are crucial for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadakorn Guntala
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.G.); (S.O.)
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Likhitphorn Khamai
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Nattawara Srisai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (W.K.)
| | - Sakaewan Ounjaijean
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.G.); (S.O.)
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Woottichai Khamduang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (W.K.)
- LUCENT International Collaboration, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sayamon Hongjaisee
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (R.G.); (S.O.)
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
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Tools for Molecular Epidemiology of Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020081. [PMID: 32012668 PMCID: PMC7168656 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by Streptococcus suis are a significant economic and welfare concern in pigs as well as in humans. Several molecular methods have been applied to investigate S. suis strain diversity and identify phylogenetic groups. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), commonly used to differentiate between S. suis strains, has been instrumental in identifying that the species is genetically highly diverse. Recent advances in whole-genome analysis have resulted in schemes permitting the classification of S. suis populations as pathogenic or non-pathogenic, or disease-associated or non-disease associated. Here, we review these and other molecular approaches that can be used for surveillance, outbreak tracking, preventative health management, effective treatment and control, as well as vaccine development, including PCR based-assays that are easy to apply in modest diagnostic settings and which allow for the rapid screening of a large number of isolates at relatively low cost, granting the identification of several major clonal complexes of the S. suis population.
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Kidchana A, Meekhanon N, Hatrongjit R, Gottschalk M, Kerdsin A. Application of random amplified polymorphism DNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism to predict major Streptococcus suis clonal complexes isolated from humans and pigs. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 43:34-39. [PMID: 30528897 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were applied and evaluated to determine clonal complexes (CCs) of 684 Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs and humans. RAPD better distinguished major S. suis CCs than the PCR-RFLP method. The assay was capable of simultaneously distinguishing CC1, CC16, CC25, CC28, CC104, CC221/234, and CC233/379. PCR-RFLP could not clearly differentiate among most CCs in this study except CC16. DNA sequencing using the 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer distinguished between four clusters: 1) consisting of CC25, CC28, CC104, and CC233/379; 2) consisting of CC221/234; 3) consisting of CC16 (ST16); and 4) consisting of CC1. This study revealed that RAPD had a greater discriminatory power than PCR-RFLP. This assay will be useful for screening or predicting major CCs relevant to human and pig S. suis clinical isolates and for low-cost screening of large numbers of isolates with rapid analytical capacity and could be utilized in most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atcharaporn Kidchana
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Nattakan Meekhanon
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rujirat Hatrongjit
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | | | - Anusak Kerdsin
- Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand.
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Methods for the detection and characterization of Streptococcus suis: from conventional bacterial culture methods to immunosensors. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2018; 111:2233-2247. [PMID: 29934695 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-018-1116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide, Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen that is responsible for meningitis, toxic shock and even death in humans. S. suis infection develops rapidly with nonspecific clinical symptoms in the early stages and a high fatality rate. Recently, much attention has been paid to the high prevalence of S. suis as well as the increasing incidence and its epidemic characteristics. As laboratory-acquired infections of S. suis can occur and it is dangerous to public health security, timely and early diagnosis has become key to controlling S. suis prevalence. Here, the techniques that have been used for the detection, typing and characterization of S. suis are reviewed and the prospects for future detection methods for this bacterium are also discussed.
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Oh SI, Jeon AB, Jung BY, Byun JW, Gottschalk M, Kim A, Kim JW, Kim HY. Capsular serotypes, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:780-787. [PMID: 28250312 PMCID: PMC5402202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an important pig pathogen with potential for human
transmission. The serotype distributions and phenotypic characteristics vary over time and
among regions; however, little is known about the characteristics of S.
suis isolates in Korea. In this study, 240 S. suis isolates
collected from pigs in Korea in 2009–2010 were serotyped by coagglutination tests,
subsequently screened for three virulence-associated genes (mrp,
epf and sly) and tested for antimicrobial
susceptibility. As for 80 isolates, the serotypes of which were relevant to human
infections, clonal complexes (CCs) were further identified by PCR. Serotype 3 was the most
prevalent (15.8%), followed by serotype 2 (15.0%), with geographical variation for each
serotype. Overall, 55.4% of the isolates carried mrp, whereas only 3.8%
carried epf. CC25 was the most prevalent (41.3%) and was related to
serotypes 2 and 9. The isolates showed higher susceptibility to ampicillin (93.4%) and
ceftiofur (90.8%) than to the other antimicrobial agents tested. The highest resistance
rate was observed to tetracycline (98.0%), followed by erythromycin (88.8%). In addition,
the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with
virulence-associated genes or serotypes. Therefore, continuous characterization of
S. suis is essential for the benefit of veterinary and human
medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan, 54596, Korea
| | - Albert Byungyun Jeon
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Byeong-Yeal Jung
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Aeran Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Jong Wan Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
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Okura M, Osaki M, Nomoto R, Arai S, Osawa R, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D. Current Taxonomical Situation of Streptococcus suis. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5030045. [PMID: 27348006 PMCID: PMC5039425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis, a major porcine pathogen and an important zoonotic agent, is considered to be composed of phenotypically and genetically diverse strains. However, recent studies reported several “S. suis-like strains” that were identified as S. suis by commonly used methods for the identification of this bacterium, but were regarded as distinct species from S. suis according to the standards of several taxonomic analyses. Furthermore, it has been suggested that some S. suis-like strains can be assigned to several novel species. In this review, we discuss the current taxonomical situation of S. suis with a focus on (1) the classification history of the taxon of S. suis; (2) S. suis-like strains revealed by taxonomic analyses; (3) methods for detecting and identifying this species, including a novel method that can distinguish S. suis isolates from S. suis-like strains; and (4) current topics on the reclassification of S. suis-like strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okura
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Makoto Osaki
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
| | - Ryohei Nomoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kobe Institute of Health, 4-6-5 Minatojima-Nakamachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0045, Japan.
| | - Sakura Arai
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Ro Osawa
- Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sekizaki
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Takamatsu
- Division of Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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