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Buzza KM, Pluen A, Doherty C, Cheesapcharoen T, Singh G, Ledder RG, Sreenivasan PK, McBain AJ. Modulation of Biofilm Formation and Permeability in Streptococcus mutans during Exposure To Zinc Acetate. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0252722. [PMID: 36809043 PMCID: PMC10100724 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02527-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The penetration of biofilms by antimicrobials is a potential limiting factor in biofilm control. This is relevant to oral health, as compounds that are used to control microbial growth and activities could also affect the permeability of dental plaque biofilm with secondary effects on biofilm tolerance. We investigated the effects of zinc salts on the permeability of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Biofilms were grown with low concentrations of zinc acetate (ZA), and a transwell transportation assay was applied to test biofilm permeability in an apical-basolateral direction. Crystal violet assays and total viable counts were used to quantify the biofilm formation and viability, respectively, and short time frame diffusion rates within microcolonies were determined using spatial intensity distribution analysis (SpIDA). While the diffusion rates within biofilm microcolonies were not significantly altered, exposure to ZA significantly increased the overall permeability of S. mutans biofilms (P < 0.05) through decreased biofilm formation, particularly at concentrations above 0.3 mg/mL. Transport was significantly lower through biofilms grown in high sucrose conditions. IMPORTANCE Zinc salts are added to dentifrices to improve oral hygiene through the control of dental plaque. We describe a method for determining biofilm permeability and show a moderate inhibitory effect of zinc acetate on biofilm formation, and that this inhibitory effect is associated with increases in overall biofilm permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Buzza
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Pluen
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Doherty
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tanaporn Cheesapcharoen
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth G. Ledder
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Prem K. Sreenivasan
- HITLAB, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew J. McBain
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Khosravi Y, Palmer S, Daep CA, Sambanthamoorthy K, Kumar P, Dusane D, Stoodley P. A commercial SnF 2 toothpaste formulation reduces simulated human plaque biofilm in a dynamic typodont model. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1341-1352. [PMID: 35603698 PMCID: PMC9542754 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We present a dynamic typodont biofilm model (DTBM) incorporating 1) human dentition anatomy, 2) fluid flow over intermittently fluid bathed tooth surfaces and 3) an oxic headspace to allow aerobic and anaerobic niches to develop naturally, as a screening tool to assess the effect of stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) toothpaste against a simulated human plaque biofilm (SPB). METHODS AND RESULTS First, hydroxyapatite (HA) coupons were inoculated with human saliva/plaque and cultured at 37o C under air. Selected species representative of common commensal and anaerobic pathogens were quantified for relative abundance changes over 4d by PCR densitometry to confirm the culture conditions allowed the proliferation of these species. A continuous culture DTBM reactor on a rocker table was inoculated with saliva/plaque and incubated at 37°C for 24h. Tooth shear stress was estimated by particle tracking. A SnF2 toothpaste solution, or a sham rise was administered twice daily for 3d to mimic routine oral hygiene. SPB biomass was assessed by total bacterial DNA and methylene blue (MB) staining. Early colonizer aerobes and late colonizer anaerobes species were detected in the HA and DTBM, and the trends in changing abundance were consistent with those seen clinically. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the SnF2 solution showed significant reductions of 53.05% and 54.4% in the SPB by MB staining and DNA, respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The model has potential for assessing dentition anatomy and fluid flow on the efficacy of antimicrobial efficacy against localized SPB and may be amenable to the plaque index clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Khosravi
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sara Palmer
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Purnima Kumar
- College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devendra Dusane
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA.,Dept. Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,National Centre for Advanced Tribology (nCATS) and National Biofilm Innovation Centre (NBIC), Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, UK
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3
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Luo TL, Vanek ME, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Marrs CF, Foxman B, Rickard AH. In vitro model systems for exploring oral biofilms: From single-species populations to complex multi-species communities. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:855-871. [PMID: 34216534 PMCID: PMC10505481 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous in vitro biofilm model systems are available to study oral biofilms. Over the past several decades, increased understanding of oral biology and advances in technology have facilitated more accurate simulation of intraoral conditions and have allowed for the increased generalizability of in vitro oral biofilm studies. The integration of contemporary systems with confocal microscopy and 16S rRNA community profiling has enhanced the capabilities of in vitro biofilm model systems to quantify biofilm architecture and analyse microbial community composition. In this review, we describe several model systems relevant to modern in vitro oral biofilm studies: the constant depth film fermenter, Sorbarod perfusion system, drip-flow reactor, modified Robbins device, flowcells and microfluidic systems. We highlight how combining these systems with confocal microscopy and community composition analysis tools aids exploration of oral biofilm development under different conditions and in response to antimicrobial/anti-biofilm agents. The review closes with a discussion of future directions for the field of in vitro oral biofilm imaging and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L. Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael E. Vanek
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl F. Marrs
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Betsy Foxman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander H. Rickard
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Di Bonaventura G, Pompilio A. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Biofilm-Growing Bacteria: Current and Emerging Methods. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1369:33-51. [PMID: 33963526 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial pathogens is typically determined based on planktonic cells, as recommended by several international guidelines. However, most of chronic infections - such as those established in wounds, cystic fibrosis lung, and onto indwelling devices - are associated to the formation of biofilms, communities of clustered bacteria attached onto a surface, abiotic or biotic, and embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the bacteria and complexed with molecules from the host. Sessile microorganisms show significantly increased tolerance/resistance to antibiotics compared with planktonic counterparts. Consequently, antibiotic concentrations used in standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests, although effective against planktonic bacteria in vitro, are not predictive of the concentrations required to eradicate biofilm-related infections, thus leading to treatment failure, chronicization and removal of material in patients with indwelling medical devices.Meeting the need for the in vitro evaluation of biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, here we reviewed several methods proposed in literature highlighting their advantages and limitations to guide scientists towards an appropriate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, and Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Chieti, Italy
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5
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In vitro activity of biofilm inhibitors in combination with antibacterial drugs against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18097. [PMID: 33093606 PMCID: PMC7581519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a common pathogen of nosocomial infection, and its ability to form biofilms further contributes to its virulence and multidrug resistance, posing a great threat to global public health. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of five biofilm inhibitors (BFIs) (zinc lactate, stannous fluoride, furanone, azithromycin, and rifampicin) on biofilm formation of nine extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAB), and assessed the synergistic antibacterial effects of these BFIs when combined with one of four conventional anti-A. baumannii antibiotics (imipenem, meropenem, tigecycline, and polymyxin B). Each of the five BFIs tested was found to be able to significantly inhibit biofilm formation of all the clinical isolates tested under sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations. Then, we observed synergistic effects (in 22%, 56% and 11% of the isolates) and additive effects (56%, 44% and 44%) when zinc lactate, stannous fluoride and furanone were combined with tigecycline, respectively. When zinc lactate and stannous fluoride were each used with a carbapenem (imipenem or meropenem), in 33% and 56-67% of the isolates, they showed synergistic and additive effects, respectively. Additivity in > 50% of the isolates was detected when rifampicin was combined with imipenem, meropenem, tigecycline, or polymyxin B; and a 100% additivity was noted with azithromycin-polymyxin B combination. However, antagonism and indifference were noted for polymyxin B in its combination with zinc lactate and stannous fluoride, respectively. In conclusion, five BFIs in combination with four antibacterial drugs showed different degrees of in vitro synergistic and additive antibacterial effects against XDRAB.
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de Oliveira Carvalho I, Purgato GA, Píccolo MS, Pizziolo VR, Coelho RR, Diaz-Muñoz G, Alves Nogueira Diaz M. In vitro anticariogenic and antibiofilm activities of toothpastes formulated with essential oils. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104834. [PMID: 32663696 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm effects of essential oils and herbal toothpastes against bacteria associated with oral diseases. METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and antibiofilm activity of 13 essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus lactis, and Enterococcus faecalis. were determined. Toothpastes were formulated with different concentrations of the most active essential oils, alone and in combination, and evaluated for antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. RESULTS Clove, oregano, thyme, and cinnamon essential oils were effective in inhibiting all bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of cinnamon essential oil was similar to that of the control (0.12 % chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash). Cinnamon essential oil was a strong inhibitor of S. mutans growth. The antibiofilm activity of clove, oregano, thyme, and cinnamon essential oils at 1, 2, and 4 × MIC against S. mutans did not differ from that of the control. In the hole-plate diffusion assay, 17 out of the 18 tested toothpastes produced an inhibition halo at least half as large as that of the control. Toothpastes containing clove, clove and oregano, or clove, oregano, thyme, and cinnamon essential oils were able to completely disrupt S. mutans biofilms, not differing from the control. Thyme essential oil was found to act synergistically with chlorhexidine against S. mutans. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that clove, oregano, thyme, and cinnamon essential oils may be added to fluoride-free toothpastes to enhance inhibitory effects against bacteria associated with cavities and periodontal disease. Thyme essential oil may increase the efficiency of chlorhexidine-containing dentifrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela de Oliveira Carvalho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Gislaine Aparecida Purgato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Mayra Soares Píccolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Virgínia Ramos Pizziolo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Gaspar Diaz-Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry, ICEX-Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Alves Nogueira Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Ledder RG, Latimer J, Forbes S, Penney JL, Sreenivasan PK, McBain AJ. Visualization and Quantification of the Oral Hygiene Effects of Brushing, Dentifrice Use, and Brush Wear Using a Tooth Brushing Simulator. Front Public Health 2019; 7:91. [PMID: 31192180 PMCID: PMC6517784 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches that reproduce dental hygiene regimens under controlled conditions have applications in preclinical research. We have applied standardized, reproducible brushing regimes to typodonts coated in simulated or biological plaques to assess the effects on tooth cleaning of toothbrush/dentifrice regimens. Replicated typodonts were coated with OccludeTM or GlogermTM indicators to simulate plaque, and brushed reproducibly using a mechanical brushing simulator to compare the cleaning of occlusal surfaces before and after brushing with water or a dentifrice. An in vitro model using salivary inocula to cultivate oral biofilms on typodont surfaces was then developed to evaluate removal of disclosed plaque by new toothbrushes in comparison to toothbrushes with wear equivalent to 3 months of use. Analyses of typodonts brushed under controlled conditions significantly (p < 0.01) distinguished between brushed and unbrushed surfaces and between the use of water vs. dentifrice for the removal of simulated interproximal plaque (p < 0.05). New toothbrushes removed significantly (p < 0.05) more biological plaque from typodont surfaces than brushes that had been worn by repeated brushing. Through controlled and defined brushing of typodonts with simulated and biological plaques, the effectiveness of dental hygiene regimens was compared under reproducible conditions. Data indicate that the cleaning effectiveness of brushing was augmented by the addition of dentifrice and that new brushes were significantly more effective than brushes with substantial wear from previous use. Whilst we have focussed on the occlusal surfaces of molars and worn brushes, the method could be applied to a range of other tooth surfaces and oral hygiene regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth G Ledder
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Latimer
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Forbes
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jodie L Penney
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Prem K Sreenivasan
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
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8
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Quintas V, Prada-López I, Carreira MJ, Suárez-Quintanilla D, Balsa-Castro C, Tomás I. In Situ Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils with and without Alcohol on Oral Biofilm: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2162. [PMID: 29218030 PMCID: PMC5703870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is little evidence on the in situ antibacterial activity of essential oils (EO) without alcohol. This study aimed to evaluate in situ the substantivity and antiplaque effect on the plaque-like biofilm (PL-biofilm) of two solutions, a traditional formulation that contains EO with alcohol (T-EO) and an alcohol-free formulation of EO (Af-EO). Eighteen healthy adults performed a single mouthwash of: T-EO, Af-EO, and sterile water (WATER) after wearing an individualized disk-holding splint for 2 days. The bacterial viability (BV) and thickness of the PL-biofilm were quantified at baseline, 30 s, and 1, 3, 5, and 7 h post-rinsing (Test 1). Subsequently, each volunteer wore the splint for 4 days, applying two daily mouthwashes of: T-EO, Af-EO, and WATER. The BV, thickness, and covering grade (CG) of the PL-biofilm were quantified (Test 2). Samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy after staining with the LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ solution. To conduct the computations of the BV automatically, a Matlab toolbox called Dentius Biofilm was developed. In test 1, both EO antiseptics had a similar antibacterial effect, reducing BV after a single rinse compared to the WATER, and keeping it below baseline levels up to 7 h post-rinse (P < 0.001). The mean thickness of the PL-biofilm after rinsing was not affected by any of the EO formulations and ranged from 18.58 to 20.19 μm. After 4 days, the T-EO and Af-EO solutions were significantly more effective than the WATER, reducing the BV, thickness, and CG of the PL-biofilm (P < 0.001). Although, both EO antiseptics presented a similar bactericidal activity, the Af-EO rinses led to more significant reductions in the thickness and CG of the PL-biofilm than the T-EO rinses (thickness = 7.90 vs. 9.92 μm, P = 0.012; CG = 33.36 vs. 46.61%, P = 0.001). In conclusion, both essential oils antiseptics had very high immediate antibacterial activity and substantivity in situ on the 2-day PL-biofilm after a single mouthwash. In the 4-day PL-biofilm, both essential oils formulations demonstrated a very good antiplaque effect in situ, although the alcohol-free formula performed better at reducing the biofilm thickness and covering grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Quintas
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Prada-López
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María J Carreira
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Tecnoloxías da Información, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - David Suárez-Quintanilla
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Balsa-Castro
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Tomás
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Department of Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Anti-Bacteria and Microecosystem-Regulating Effects of Dental Implant Coated with Dimethylaminododecyl Methacrylate. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112013. [PMID: 29156630 PMCID: PMC6150392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified titanium implants on bacterial activity and microbial ecosystem of saliva-derived biofilm were investigated for the first time. Titanium discs were coated with DMADDM solutions at mass fractions of 0 mg/mL (control), 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Biomass accumulation and metabolic activity of biofilms were tested using crystal violet assay and MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to measure the microbial community. Live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to value the structure of biofilm. The results showed that the higher mass fraction of DMADDM the coating solution had, the significantly lower the values of metabolic activity and accumulated biofilms got, as well as fewer live cells and less extracellular matrix. Moreover, 5 mg/mL of DMADDM was the most effective concentration, as well as 10 mg/mL. In microecosystem-regulation, the DMADDM modified titanium implant decreased the relative abundance of Neisseria and Actinomyces and increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, a probiotic for peri-implant diseases. In conclusion, via inhibiting growth and regulating microecosystem of biofilm, this novel titanium implant coating with DMADDM was promising in preventing peri-implant disease in an ‘ecological manner’.
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Gomes IB, Meireles A, Gonçalves AL, Goeres DM, Sjollema J, Simões LC, Simões M. Standardized reactors for the study of medical biofilms: a review of the principles and latest modifications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:657-670. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1380601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inês B. Gomes
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Meireles
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Gonçalves
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lúcia C. Simões
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE – Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Li B, Zhou X, Zhou X, Wu P, Li M, Feng M, Peng X, Ren B, Cheng L. Effects of different substrates/growth media on microbial community of saliva-derived biofilm. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3906679. [PMID: 28854684 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bolei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd, 200120 Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Mingye Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, China
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12
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Dental Biofilm and Laboratory Microbial Culture Models for Cariology Research. Dent J (Basel) 2017; 5:dj5020021. [PMID: 29563427 PMCID: PMC5806974 DOI: 10.3390/dj5020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries form through a complex interaction over time among dental plaque, fermentable carbohydrate, and host factors (including teeth and saliva). As a key factor, dental plaque or biofilm substantially influence the characteristic of the carious lesions. Laboratory microbial culture models are often used because they provide a controllable and constant environment for cariology research. Moreover, they do not have ethical problems associated with clinical studies. The design of the microbial culture model varies from simple to sophisticated according to the purpose of the investigation. Each model is a compromise between the reality of the oral cavity and the simplification of the model. Researchers, however, can still obtain meaningful and useful results from the models they select. Laboratory microbial culture models can be categorized into a closed system and an open system. Models in the closed system have a finite supply of nutrients, and are also simple and cost-effective. Models in the open system enabled the supply of a fresh culture medium and the removal of metabolites and spent culture liquid simultaneously. They provide better regulation of the biofilm growth rate than the models in the closed system. This review paper gives an overview of the dental plaque biofilm and laboratory microbial culture models used for cariology research.
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Alam MF, Laskar AA, Choudhary HH, Younus H. Human Salivary Aldehyde Dehydrogenase: Purification, Kinetic Characterization and Effect of Ethanol, Hydrogen Peroxide and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Activity of the Enzyme. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 74:307-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-016-0742-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Tonguc-Altin K, Sandalli N, Duman G, Selvi-Kuvvetli S, Topcuoglu N, Kulekci G. Development of novel formulations containing Lysozyme and Lactoferrin and evaluation of antibacterial effects on Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:706-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Reilly C, Rasmussen K, Selberg T, Stevens J, Jones RS. Biofilm community diversity after exposure to 0·4% stannous fluoride gels. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1798-809. [PMID: 25263195 PMCID: PMC4664451 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To test the effect of 0·4% stannous fluoride (SnF2 ) glycerine-based gels on specific portions of the bacterial community in both a clinical observational study and in vitro multispecies plaque-derived (MSPD) biofilm model. METHODS AND RESULTS Potential changes to specific portions of the bacterial community were determined through the Human Oral Microbial Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Both the observational clinical study and the biofilm model showed that short-term use of 0·4% SnF2 gel has little effect on the bacterial community depicted by hierarchical cluster analysis. The amount of plaque accumulation on a subject's teeth, which was measured by plaque index scores, failed to show statistical significant changes over the two baselines or after treatment (P = 0·9928). The in vitro results were similar when examining the effect of 0·4% SnF2 gels on biofilm adherence through a crystal violet assay (P = 0·1157). CONCLUSIONS The bacteria within the dental biofilms showed resilience in maintaining the overall community diversity after exposure to 0·4% SnF2 topical gels. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study supports that the immediate benefits of using 0·4% SnF2 gels in children may be strictly from fluoride ions inhibiting tooth demineralization rather than delivering substantial antimicrobial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 7-546 Moos T, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Karin Rasmussen
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 6-150C Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Tieg Selberg
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 6-150C Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Justin Stevens
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 6-150C Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Robert S. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 6-150C Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Bacteriological effects of dentifrices with and without active ingredients of natural origin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6490-8. [PMID: 25107974 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02315-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds of natural origin are increasingly used as adjuncts to oral hygiene. We have adopted four distinct approaches to assess the antibacterial activity of dentifrices containing natural active ingredients against oral bacteria in several test systems. Corsodyl Daily (CD), Kingfisher Mint (KM), and Parodontax fluoride (PF) were compared to a dentifrice containing fluoride (Colgate Cavity Protection [CCP]) and one containing triclosan (Colgate Total [CT]). The growth inhibitory and bactericidal potency of the formulations were determined for 10 isolated oral bacteria. Effects of single exposures of simulated supragingival plaques were then determined by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy, while the effects of repeated exposures were quantified by viable counting. Additionally, dense plaques, maintained in continuous culture, were repeatedly dosed, and the outcome was assessed by viable counting and eubacterial DNA profiling. The test dentifrices exhibited variable specificity and potency against oral bacteria in axenic culture. Of the herbal formulations, KM caused the largest viability reductions in simulated supragingival plaques, with CT causing the greatest reductions overall. Following single exposures, CD caused moderate reductions, while PF had no effect. After multiple dosing, all formulations significantly reduced numbers of total, facultative, and Gram-negative anaerobes, but only KM and CT caused greater reductions than the fluoride control. KM also reduced counts of streptococci (rank order of effectiveness: CT > KM > CCP > PF > CD). Marked changes in eubacterial DNA profiles were not detected for any herbal formulation in dense plaques, although KM markedly reduced viable counts of streptococci, in agreement with supragingival data. While both nonherbal comparators displayed antibacterial activity, the triclosan-containing formulation caused greater viability reductions than the herbal and nonherbal formulations.
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Ionescu A, Wutscher E, Brambilla E, Schneider-Feyrer S, Giessibl FJ, Hahnel S. Influence of surface properties of resin-based composites on in vitroStreptococcus mutansbiofilm development. Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120:458-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Ionescu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry; S. Paolo Hospital; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | - Elisabeth Wutscher
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - Eugenio Brambilla
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry; S. Paolo Hospital; University of Milan; Milan; Italy
| | | | - Franz J. Giessibl
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics; University of Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
| | - Sebastian Hahnel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry; University Medical Center Regensburg; Regensburg; Germany
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Mueller RS, Bergvall K, Bensignor E, Bond R. A review of topical therapy for skin infections with bacteria and yeast. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:330-41, e62. [PMID: 22731400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous infections with bacteria and yeasts are common in small animal practice. Treatment with systemic antibiotics or antifungal agents may not be ideal, because of the increasing development of multiresistant organisms, the cost and the possible adverse effects. Topical antimicrobials may be used as adjunctive therapy to systemic treatment or as sole therapy instead of systemic treatment. OBJECTIVE This literature review evaluated studies on topical antimicrobial treatment of skin infections. METHODS In vitro and in vivo studies evaluating topical antimicrobial agents were identified using a number of electronic and manual searches of textbooks and articles. Studies were evaluated, and the evidence for or against the use of the topical agents was extracted. RESULTS There is good evidence for the efficacy of chlorhexidine and, to a lesser degree, benzoyl peroxide in canine bacterial skin infections. There is limited evidence for the efficacy of silver sulfadiazine and medical honey against bacterial skin infections in the dog, and for the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide and stannous fluoride in the horse. Good evidence supports the use of a combination of chlorhexidine and miconazole in dogs with cutaneous Malassezia infections. There is insufficient evidence to recommend any other topical therapy for use in cutaneous infections. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although many antimicrobial topicals are marketed in veterinary dermatology, the efficacy has been reported for only a minority of agents. Randomized controlled trials evaluating various topical treatments are therefore urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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Ledder RG, McBain AJ. An in vitro comparison of dentifrice formulations in three distinct oral microbiotas. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:139-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Madhwani T, McBain AJ. Compositional modification of nascent in vitro dental plaques by human host-defence peptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:374-81. [PMID: 22171654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Salivary host-defence peptides include defensins, histatins and cathelicidin. We have investigated the effects of these peptides on the microbial composition of dental plaques. Salivary consortia, established within hydroxyapatite disc models, were exposed during development to physiological levels of human neutrophil proteins (HNP) 1 and 2; human β defensins (hβD) 1, 2 and 3; histatins (His) 5 and 8; and cathelicidin (LL37). Effects on aggregation and microbial composition were determined using fluorescence microscopy; and differential culture with PCR-DGGE, respectively. LIVE/DEAD microscopic analysis indicated that HDPs decreased total bacterial viability, whilst β defensins, paired HNPs, His 5, His 8 and the HDPs combined inhibited bacterial aggregation. According to differential culture, all test HDPs (except His 5) significantly decreased the abundance of Gram-negative anaerobes and lactobacilli (except HNP 2, hβD 1, paired HNPs and His 5). Combined HNPs and paired hβD 1 and 3 inhibited streptococci, whereas HNP 1, hβD 1, hβD 3, His 5 and LL37 increased streptococcal numbers. According to cluster analyses of DGGE profiles, HDP-exposed plaques were compositionally distinct from undosed controls. Thus, whilst HDPs reportedly exhibit variable potency against oral bacteria in endpoint susceptibly tests, exposure of nascent plaques can markedly influence bacterial viability, composition and microbial aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Madhwani
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Bondonno CP, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Considine MJ, Yang X, Ward NC, Hodgson JM. Nitrate causes a dose-dependent augmentation of nitric oxide status in healthy women. Food Funct 2012; 3:522-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Madhwani T, McBain AJ. Bacteriological effects of a Lactobacillus reuteri probiotic on in vitro oral biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1264-73. [PMID: 21570060 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the targeted and incidental exposure of the oral cavity to probiotic bacteria, relatively little information is available concerning their bacteriological effects or ecological fate in this environment. We have investigated the effects of an oral probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus reuteri on salivary biofilm microcosms. DESIGN Nascent in vitro plaques in hydroxyapatite disc model and mature continuous culture plaques within constant depth film fermenters (CDFFs) were exposed to probiotic strains of L. reuteri. Microbial composition was assessed using differential viable counting and CDFF plaques were additionally characterised using qPCR and PCR-DGGE. RESULTS Probiotic dosing of nascent plaques was associated with significant increases in lactobacilli and Gram-negative anaerobes in both biofilm and planktonic phases, and with elevated counts of streptococci in the planktonic phase that were not accompanied by decreases in pH. In mature CDFF plaques, differential culture indicated that whilst significant increases in lactobacillus counts occurred during dosing, numbers of other bacterial groups and pH did not significantly change. Monitoring the probiotic strain in CDFFs using selective culture and qPCR indicated that the exogenous bacterium reached and maintained c. 5 log(10)CFU/mm(2) during dosing and 20 days after cessation. The apparent lack of marked bacterial inhibition by L. reuteri in both model systems was supported by the absence of antagonism in binary antagonism assays. CONCLUSION The largest compositional changes occurred in nascent plaques where the addition of lactobacilli caused significant increases in streptococci and Gram-negative anaerobes, the latter possibly via lactate syntrophy. Exogenous L. reuteri persisted in mature plaque microcosms after dosing ceased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal Madhwani
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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