Staphylococcal secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein is associated with prostatitis source

Etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: psychoimmunoneurendocrine dysfunction (PINE syndrome) or just a really bad infection?

PURPOSE

To review the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).

METHODS

A literature review for the years 1985-2012 was performed using the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine.

RESULTS

The evidence for ongoing infection in men with CP/CPPS is lacking. However, men with CP/CPPS are twice as likely to have had a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and bacteria from men with CP/CPPS may be phenotypically different from those that cause cystitis or acute prostatitis. Evidence continues to support an alteration in both the afferent and efferent autonomic nervous systems. Functional brain imaging suggests changes in the gray matter as well as the importance of the anterior insula and anterior cingulated gyrus in pain processing. Neural function can be modulated by immune and endocrine factors. Alterations in cytokine function and autoimmunity appear to play a role in the immune dysfunction. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis can mediate the endocrine effects, similar to many other chronic pain conditions. Genetics may play a role in who may develop chronic pain after an initial insult. Finally, any biological changes must then be processed through the psychosocial environment, including the tendency to catastrophize, and degree of spousal support, to produce a given individual patient's pain experience.

CONCLUSIONS

Infection with atypical bacteria or sequelae of an STD may lead to CP/CPPS in some men. Such a biological insult in the context of alterations in psychoimmunoneurendocrine factors produces the chronic pain experience.

Phenotypic differences between coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from seminal fluid of healthy men and men suffering from chronic prostatitis syndrome

Chronic prostatitis syndrome (CPS) is a common urologic condition that many clinicians find difficult to diagnose and treat effectively. The most common causative agents of CPS among Gram-positive bacteria are coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). We compared phenotypic properties among CNS isolated from semen of healthy men and patients with CPS. A significantly higher proportion of CPS strains demonstrated inhibition of lysozyme and platelet microbicidal protein. Identifying these phenotypic characteristics in clinical laboratories would be helpful to differentiate which staphylococcal bacteriospermia case should be treated and which should not.

Phenotypic differences between coryneform bacteria isolated from seminal fluid of healthy men and men with chronic prostatitis syndrome

We compared the potential phenotypic properties of coryneform bacteria associated with chronic prostatitis syndrome (CPS), such as secretory inhibitor of lysozyme (SIL) and secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein (SIPMP). A total of 110 clinical isolates of coryneform bacteria isolated from the seminal fluid of healthy men and men with CPS were tested. SIPMP production was tested by inhibiting platelet microbicidal protein (PMP) bioactivity against Bacillus subtilis, and was expressed as percentage of inhibition of PMP bactericidal activity. SIL production was tested by inhibiting lysozyme activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus and was expressed in microgram per millilitre of inactivated lysozyme. A significantly higher proportion of CPS strains (58.7% vs. 19.2 %) was SIPMP-positive compared with non-CPS strains (P < 0.01). Of the CPS strains tested, 77.8% were SIL-positive compared with 34% of the non-CPS isolates (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the diagnosis of CPS should not rely solely on classical parameters, for example, the identification and counting of microorganisms, but the functional significance of these parameters must be estimated, possibly by the concentration of different bacterial substrains, detection of opportunistic microorganisms with pathogenic properties, such as pronounced resistance to the cationic antimicrobial peptides, and/or the ability to inhibit the antimicrobial host defence factors.

Distribution of secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein among anaerobic bacteria isolated from stool of children with diarrhea

AIM: To study the secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein (SIPMP) phenotypes of faecal anaerobic isolates from patients with diarrhea.

METHODS: Faecal isolates of anaerobic bacteria (B. fragilis, n = 42; B. longum, n = 70; A. israelii, n = 21; E. lentum, n = 12) from children with diarrhea were tested. SIPMP production was tested by inhibition of platelet microbicidal protein (PMP) bioactivity against B. subtilis and was expressed as percentage of inhibition of PMP bactericidal activity.

RESULTS: Among anaerobic isolates 80% of B. longum strains, 85.7% of A. israelii strains, 50% of E. lentum strains and 92.86% of B. fragilis strains were SIPMP-positive. The isolated anaerobic organisms demonstrated SIPMP production at a mean level of 13.8% ± 0.7%, 14.7% ± 1.8%, 3.9% ± 0.9% (P < 0.05) and 26.8% ± 7.5% (P < 0.05) for bifidobacteria, A. israelii, E. lentum and B. fragilis, respectively.

CONCLUSION: Data from the present study may have significant implications in understanding the pathogenesis of microecological disorders in the intestine, as well as for future improvement in the prevention and therapy of anaerobe-associated infections.

Distribution of secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein among urethral isolates with its correlation with prostatitis

AIM

To report the detection in vitro of secretory inhibitor of platelet microbicidal protein (SIPMP) phenotypes of urethral isolates along with a comparison with isolates from patients with or without chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP).

METHODS

Urethral isolates of Staphylococcus spp. (n=4), diphtheroids (n=28), micrococci (n=15), streptococci (n=21), Enterobacteriaceae (n=9) and Enterococcus faecalis (n=19) from patients with or without CBP were tested. SIPMP production was tested by inhibition of platelet microbicidal protein (PMP) bioactivity against Bacillus subtilis and was expressed as percentage of inhibition of PMP bactericidal activity.

RESULTS

A significantly higher proportion of CBP-strains (57.78% vs. 16.67%) reduced PMP-induced killing of Bacillus subtilis than non-CBP strains did (P<0.01). SIPMP levels of staphylococci and Enterococcus faecalis from the CBP group were significantly higher than those of the control group.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that SIPMP production is associated with the CBP source. Data from the present study might have significant implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of CBP.