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Omosigho PO, John OO, Adigun OA, Hassan HK, Olabode ON, Micheal AS, Haruna UA, Singh A, Manirambona E. The Re-emergence of Diphtheria Amidst Multiple Outbreaks in Nigeria. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:20-28. [PMID: 38018182 DOI: 10.2174/0118715265251299231117045940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable disease, has resurfaced in Nigeria, where many outbreaks have been reported in recent years. The outbreaks have occurred across the country, including in areas with high vaccination coverage. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal agent, is a highly contagious bacteria that can cause severe respiratory and systemic symptoms and can be fatal if not treated. The reemergence of diphtheria in Nigeria is most likely due to a combination of factors, including gaps in routine immunization regimens. The outbreak is further aggravated by multiple epidemics, which have diverted resources and attention away from the emergency of other infectious diseases. Furthermore, there is a lack of awareness of diphtheria in Nigeria. With a focus on the difficulties in controlling the disease, methods of diagnosis, available treatments, and preventive measures, this study provides a thorough analysis of diphtheria, covering its historical context, clinical presentation, associated complications, and current outbreaks. It emphasizes how important vaccination, early detection, and better access to healthcare are in reducing diphtheria outbreaks. The study highlights the serious effects of diphtheria on public health, particularly in regions with scarce resources and vaccine resistance, and offers a number of suggestions to overcome these challenges and prevent further outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Omoruyi Omosigho
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Edo State University Uzairue, Benin, Nigeria
| | - Okesanya Olalekan John
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Olaleke Noah Olabode
- Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Abioye Sunday Micheal
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Adeleke University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | | | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Emery Manirambona
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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2
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Burkovski A. Proteomics of Toxigenic Corynebacteria. Proteomes 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38250813 PMCID: PMC10801583 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the genus Corynebacterium, six species are potential carriers of the tox gene, which encodes the highly potent diphtheria exotoxin: Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium belfantii, Corynebacterium rouxii, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Corynebacterium silvaticum. Based on their potential to infect different host species and cause either human infections, zoonotic diseases or infections of economically important animals, these bacteria are of high scientific and economic interest and different research groups have carried out proteome analyses. These showed that especially the combination of MS-based proteomics with bioinformatic tools helped significantly to elucidate the functional aspects of corynebacterial genomes and to handle the genome and proteome complexity. The combination of proteomic and bioinformatic approaches was also used to discover new vaccine and drug targets. In addition, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been established as a fast and precise tool for the identification of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Han JY, Yeh M, DeVoe DL. Nanogap traps for passive bacteria concentration and single-point confocal Raman spectroscopy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:024101. [PMID: 36896354 PMCID: PMC9991444 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device enabling the isolation and concentration of bacteria for analysis by confocal Raman spectroscopy is presented. The glass-on-silicon device employs a tapered chamber surrounded by a 500 nm gap that serves to concentrate cells at the chamber apex during sample perfusion. The sub-micrometer gap retains bacteria by size exclusion while allowing smaller contaminants to pass unimpeded. Concentrating bacteria within the fixed volume enables the use of single-point confocal Raman detection for the rapid acquisition of spectral signatures for bacteria identification. The technology is evaluated for the analysis of E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae, and C. diphtheriae, with automated peak extraction yielding distinct spectral fingerprints for each pathogen at a concentration of 103 CFU/ml that compare favorably with spectra obtained from significantly higher concentration reference samples evaluated by conventional confocal Raman analysis. The nanogap technology offers a simple, robust, and passive approach to concentrating bacteria from dilute samples into well-defined optical detection volumes, enabling rapid and sensitive confocal Raman detection for label-free identification of focused cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Yeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Don L. DeVoe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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4
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Kitamura N, Hoan TT, Do HM, Dao TA, Le LT, Le TTT, Doan TTT, Chau TN, Dinh HT, Iwaki M, Senoh M, Efstraciou A, Ho NM, Pham DM, Dang DA, Toizumi M, Fine P, Do HT, Yoshida LM. Seroepidemiology and Carriage of Diphtheria in Epidemic-Prone Area and Implications for Vaccination Policy, Vietnam. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:70-80. [PMID: 36573549 PMCID: PMC9796191 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, a community-based, cross-sectional carriage survey and a seroprevalence survey of 1,216 persons 1-55 years of age were conducted in rural Vietnam to investigate the mechanism of diphtheria outbreaks. Seroprevalence was further compared with that of an urban area that had no cases reported for the past decade. Carriage prevalence was 1.4%. The highest prevalence, 4.5%, was observed for children 1-5 years of age. Twenty-seven asymptomatic Coerynebacterium diphtheriae carriers were identified; 9 carriers had tox gene-bearing strains, and 3 had nontoxigenic tox gene-bearing strains. Child malnutrition was associated with low levels of diphtheria toxoid IgG, which might have subsequently increased child carriage prevalence. Different immunity patterns in the 2 populations suggested that the low immunity among children caused by low vaccination coverage increased transmission, resulting in symptomatic infections at school-going age, when vaccine-induced immunity waned most. A school-entry booster dose and improved infant vaccination coverage are recommended to control transmissions.
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Ott L, Möller J, Burkovski A. Interactions between the Re-Emerging Pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063298. [PMID: 35328715 PMCID: PMC8952647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the etiological agent of diphtheria, is a re-emerging pathogen, responsible for several thousand deaths per year. In addition to diphtheria, systemic infections, often by non-toxigenic strains, are increasingly observed. This indicates that besides the well-studied and highly potent diphtheria toxin, various other virulence factors may influence the progression of the infection. This review focuses on the known components of C. diphtheriae responsible for adhesion, invasion, inflammation, and cell death, as well as on the cellular signaling pathways activated upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ott
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Jens Möller
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-852-8086
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6
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Compendium of analytical methods for sampling, characterization and quantification of bioaerosols. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Thomas GH. Microbial Musings – July 2021. Microbiology (Reading) 2021; 167. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Hamabata T, Senoh M, Iwaki M, Nishiyama A, Yamamoto A, Shibayama K. Induction and Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050927. [PMID: 33925877 PMCID: PMC8145655 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae, can become viable but nonculturable (VBNC) following exposure to specific stress conditions. Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a known human pathogen causing diphtheria, has not previously been shown to enter the VBNC state. Here, we report that C. diphtheriae can become VBNC when exposed to low temperatures. Morphological differences in culturable and VBNC C. diphtheriae were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Culturable cells presented with a typical rod-shape, whereas VBNC cells showed a distorted shape with an expanded center. Cells could be transitioned from VBNC to culturable following treatment with catalase. This was further evaluated via RNA sequence-based transcriptomic analysis and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR of culturable, VBNC, and resuscitated VBNC cells following catalase treatment. As expected, many genes showed different behavior by resuscitation. The expression of both the diphtheria toxin and the repressor of diphtheria toxin genes remained largely unchanged under all four conditions (culturable, VBNC, VBNC after the addition of catalase, and resuscitated cells). This is the first study to demonstrate that C. diphtheriae can enter a VBNC state and that it can be rescued from this state via the addition of catalase. This study helps to expand our general understanding of VBNC, the pathogenicity of VBNC C. diphtheriae, and its environmental survival strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hamabata
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (T.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Mitsutoshi Senoh
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-561-0771
| | - Masaaki Iwaki
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.I.); (A.Y.)
| | - Ayae Nishiyama
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan; (T.H.); (A.N.)
| | - Akihiko Yamamoto
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; (M.I.); (A.Y.)
| | - Keigo Shibayama
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan;
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In Silico Prediction and Analysis of Unusual Lantibiotic Resistance Operons in the Genus Corynebacterium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030646. [PMID: 33808930 PMCID: PMC8003753 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translationally modified, (methyl-)lanthionine-containing peptides are produced by several Gram-positive bacteria. These so-called lantibiotics have potent activity against various bacterial pathogens including multidrug-resistant strains and are thus discussed as alternatives to antibiotics. Several naturally occurring mechanisms of resistance against lantibiotics have been described for bacteria, including cell envelope modifications, ABC-transporters, lipoproteins and peptidases. Corynebacterium species are widespread in nature and comprise important pathogens, commensals as well as environmentally and biotechnologically relevant species. Yet, little is known about lantibiotic biosynthesis and resistance in this genus. Here, we present a comprehensive in silico prediction of lantibiotic resistance traits in this important group of Gram-positive bacteria. Our analyses suggest that enzymes for cell envelope modification, peptidases as well as ABC-transporters involved in peptide resistance are widely distributed in the genus. Based on our predictions, we analyzed the susceptibility of six Corynebacterium species to nisin and found that those without dedicated resistance traits are more susceptible and unable to adapt to higher concentrations. In addition, we were able to identify lantibiotic resistance operons encoding for peptidases, ABC-transporters and two-component systems with an unusual predicted structure that are conserved in the genus Corynebacterium. Heterologous expression shows that these operons indeed confer resistance to the lantibiotic nisin.
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Will RC, Ramamurthy T, Sharma NC, Veeraraghavan B, Sangal L, Haldar P, Pragasam AK, Vasudevan K, Kumar D, Das B, Heinz E, Melnikov V, Baker S, Sangal V, Dougan G, Mutreja A. Spatiotemporal persistence of multiple, diverse clades and toxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1500. [PMID: 33686077 PMCID: PMC7940655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diphtheria is a respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Although the development of a toxin-based vaccine in the 1930s has allowed a high level of control over the disease, cases have increased in recent years. Here, we describe the genomic variation of 502 C. diphtheriae isolates across 16 countries and territories over 122 years. We generate a core gene phylogeny and determine the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and variation within the tox gene of 291 tox+ isolates. Numerous, highly diverse clusters of C. diphtheriae are observed across the phylogeny, each containing isolates from multiple countries, regions and time of isolation. The number of antimicrobial resistance genes, as well as the breadth of antibiotic resistance, is substantially greater in the last decade than ever before. We identified and analysed 18 tox gene variants, with mutations estimated to be of medium to high structural impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Will
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Balaji Veeraraghavan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pradeep Haldar
- Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Agila Kumari Pragasam
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Vasudevan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Maharishi Valmiki Infectious Diseases Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Eva Heinz
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Vyacheslav Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stephen Baker
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vartul Sangal
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ankur Mutreja
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.
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11
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Deghadi RG, Mahmoud WH, Mohamed GG. Metal complexes of tetradentate azo‐dye ligand derived from 4,4′‐oxydianiline: Preparation, structural investigation, biological evaluation and MOE studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem G. Deghadi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Walaa H. Mahmoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
- Egypt Nanotechnology Center Cairo University El‐Sheikh Zayed, 6th October City, Giza 12588 Egypt
| | - Gehad G. Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
- Egypt Nanotechnology Center Cairo University El‐Sheikh Zayed, 6th October City, Giza 12588 Egypt
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12
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Li H, Zhang Y, Xiao B, Xiao S, Wu J, Huang W. Impacts of delivery mode on very low birth weight infants' oral microbiome. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:201-209. [PMID: 31810597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Initial microbial colonization of the oral after birth provides a vital stimulus for neonatal immune and development. The establishment of the gut microbiota has been shown to differ between very low birth weight (VLBW) infants delivered by caesarian section (C-section) and those delivered vaginally. The objective of this study was to investigate the community structure of the oral microbiota in VLBW infants delivered by the two modes. METHODS In total, 23 VLBW infants who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit of Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Health care Hospital (Shenzhen, China) were recruited for this study: 12 infants delivered vaginally, and the other 11 infants delivered by C-section. The assessment of oral microbiota community was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the oral bacterial communities were dominated by the phylum Proteobacteria in both groups. Higher relative abundance of genera Ureaplasma and Pantoea were observed in the vaginal delivery infants, but genera Corynebacterium, Methylobacterium and Variovorax were more prevalent in cesarean-born infants. Furthermore, many metabolic pathways with significant differences between the two groups were detected, mostly related to vitamin, amino acid metabolism and diseases. Additionally, ɑ-diversity and clinical data showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the mode of delivery influences the oral bacterial structure of VLBW infants after birth, but the consequences for neonatal development should be researched in a further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Guangzhou, 510010, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shanqiu Xiao
- Shenzhen BaoAn Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Jiaman Wu
- Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity & Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
| | - Weimin Huang
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Carriage of a Single Strain of Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae bv. Belfanti ( Corynebacterium belfantii) in Four Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00042-19. [PMID: 30814269 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are commonly colonized by bacterial pathogens, which can induce persistent lung inflammation and may contribute to clinical deterioration. Colonization of CF patients and cross-transmission by Corynebacterium diphtheriae have not been reported so far. The aim of this article was to investigate the possibility of a cross-transmission of C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti between four patients of a CF center. C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (now formally called C. belfantii) isolates were collected from four patients in a single CF care center over a period of 6 years and analyzed by microbiological methods and whole-genome sequencing. Epidemiological links among patients were investigated. Ten isolates were collected from 4 patients. Whole-genome sequencing of one isolate from each patient showed that a single strain was shared among them. In addition, one patient was found to have the same strain in two consecutive samplings performed 9 months apart. The strain was nontoxigenic and was susceptible to most antimicrobial agents. Ciprofloxacin resistance was observed in one patient. The idea of transmission of the strain among patients was supported by the occurrence of same-day visits to the CF center. This study demonstrated colonization of CF patients by C. diphtheriae biovar Belfanti (C. belfantii), and the data suggest persistence and transmission of a unique strain during at least 6 years in a single CF patient care center.
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Proteomics of diphtheria toxoid vaccines reveals multiple proteins that are immunogenic and may contribute to protection of humans against Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Vaccine 2019; 37:3061-3070. [PMID: 31036455 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduced for mass immunization in the 1920s, vaccines against diphtheria are among the oldest and safest vaccines known. The basic principle of their production is the inactivation of purified diphtheria toxin by formaldehyde cross-linking, which converts the potentially fatal toxin in a completely harmless protein aggregate, which is still immunogenic. Since in addition to diphtheria toxin also other proteins may be secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae during cultivation, we assumed that diphtheria toxoid might not be the only component present in the vaccine. To address this question, we established a protocol to reverse formaldehyde cross-linking and carried out mass spectrometric analyses. Different secreted, membrane-associated and cytoplasmic proteins of C. diphtheriae were detected in several vaccine preparations from across the world. Based on these results, bioinformatics and Western blot analyses were applied to characterize if these proteins are immunogenic and may therefore support protection against C. diphtheriae. In frame of this study, we could show that the C. diphtheriae toxoid vaccines induce antibodies against different C. diphtheriae proteins and against diphtheria toxin secreted by Corynebacterium ulcerans, an emerging pathogen which is outnumbering C. diphtheriae as cause of diphtheria-like illness in Western Europe.
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Brenner N, Butt J, Bomfim IL, Tabatabai J, Pawlita M, Schnitzler P, Waterboer T. Validation of monoplex assays detecting antibodies against Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani toxins, rubella virus and parvovirus B19 for incorporation into Multiplex Serology. Methods 2019; 158:44-53. [PMID: 30703462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological assays detecting antibodies in serum or plasma samples are useful and versatile instruments to investigate an individual's infection and vaccination history, e.g. for clinical diagnosis, personal risk evaluation, and seroepidemiological studies. Multiplex Serology is a suspension bead array-based high-throughput methodology for simultaneous measurement of antibodies against multiple pathogens in a single reaction vessel, thus economizing sample volume, measurement time, and costs. We developed and validated bead-based pathogen-specific Monoplex Serology assays, i.e. assays including only antigens for the respective pathogen, to detect antibodies against Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani toxins, rubella virus and parvovirus B19. The developed assays expand the portfolio of existing pathogen-specific bead-based serology assays and can be efficiently incorporated into larger Multiplex Serology panels. The newly developed Monoplex Serology assays consist of only one antigen per infectious agent, expressed as Glutathione S-transferase-fusion proteins in E. coli. Specificity, sensitivity and Cohen's kappa statistics in comparison with routine clinical diagnostic assays were calculated for serum dilutions 1:100 and 1:1000. All pathogen-specific assays were successfully validated at both serum dilutions with the exception of rubella Monoplex Serology which showed impaired sensitivity (57.6%) at dilution 1:1000. Specificities of successfully validated Monoplex Serology assays ranged from 85.6% to 100.0% (median: 91.7%), and sensitivities from 81.3% to 95.8% (median: 90.9%); agreement with the reference assays ranged from substantial to almost perfect (kappa: 0.66-0.86, median: 0.78). Statistical performance and slim assay design enable efficient incorporation of the developed assays into Multiplex Serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brenner
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Butt
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Izaura Lima Bomfim
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julia Tabatabai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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