1
|
Wang H, Liu D, Zhou X. Effect of Mycolic Acids on Host Immunity and Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:396. [PMID: 38203570 PMCID: PMC10778799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute pivotal constituents within the cell wall structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to their structural diversity, the composition of mycolic acids exhibits substantial variations among different strains, endowing them with the distinctive label of being the 'signature' feature of mycobacterial species. Within Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary classes of mycolic acids include α-, keto-, and methoxy-mycolic acids. While these mycolic acids are predominantly esterified to the cell wall components (such as arabinogalactan, alginate, or glucose) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a fraction of free mycolic acids are secreted during in vitro growth of the bacterium. Remarkably, different types of mycolic acids possess varying capabilities to induce foamy macro-phages and trigger immune responses. Additionally, mycolic acids play a regulatory role in the lipid metabolism of host cells, thereby exerting influence over the progression of tuberculosis. Consequently, the multifaceted properties of mycolic acids shape the immune evasion strategy employed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A comprehensive understanding of mycolic acids is of paramount significance in the pursuit of developing tuberculosis therapeutics and unraveling the intricacies of its pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Dingpu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100086, China; (H.W.); (D.L.)
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Beijing 100086, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahlwes KC, Dias BR, Campos PC, Alvarez-Arguedas S, Shiloh MU. Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Virulence 2023; 14:2150449. [PMID: 36419223 PMCID: PMC9817126 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis, an infectious disease with one of the highest morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Leveraging its highly evolved repertoire of non-protein and protein virulence factors, Mtb invades through the airway, subverts host immunity, establishes its survival niche, and ultimately escapes in the setting of active disease to initiate another round of infection in a naive host. In this review, we will provide a concise synopsis of the infectious life cycle of Mtb and its clinical and epidemiologic significance. We will also take stock of its virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms that modulate host immunity and facilitate its spread. Developing a greater understanding of the interface between Mtb virulence factors and host defences will enable progress toward improved vaccines and therapeutics to prevent and treat tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Rahlwes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beatriz R.S. Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Priscila C. Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Alvarez-Arguedas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael U. Shiloh
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Michael U. Shiloh
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adams O, Deme JC, Parker JL, Fowler PW, Lea SM, Newstead S. Cryo-EM structure and resistance landscape of M. tuberculosis MmpL3: An emergent therapeutic target. Structure 2021; 29:1182-1191.e4. [PMID: 34242558 PMCID: PMC8752444 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent and in 2019 an estimated 10 million people worldwide contracted the disease. Although treatments for TB exist, continual emergence of drug-resistant variants necessitates urgent development of novel antituberculars. An important new target is the lipid transporter MmpL3, which is required for construction of the unique cell envelope that shields Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) from the immune system. However, a structural understanding of the mutations in Mtb MmpL3 that confer resistance to the many preclinical leads is lacking, hampering efforts to circumvent resistance mechanisms. Here, we present the cryoelectron microscopy structure of Mtb MmpL3 and use it to comprehensively analyze the mutational landscape of drug resistance. Our data provide a rational explanation for resistance variants local to the central drug binding site, and also highlight a potential alternative route to resistance operating within the periplasmic domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Justin C Deme
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Central Oxford Structural Molecular Imaging Centre (COSMIC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Joanne L Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Philip W Fowler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susan M Lea
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Central Oxford Structural Molecular Imaging Centre (COSMIC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK; Center for Structural Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; The Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Layre E. Targeted Lipidomics of Mycobacterial Lipids and Glycolipids. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2314:549-577. [PMID: 34235670 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Decades of study have highlighted the richness and uniqueness of the repertoire of lipid and glycolipid families produced by mycobacteria. Many of these families potently regulate host immune responses, in stimulatory or suppressive ways. Thus, the global study of this repertoire in different genetic backgrounds or under model conditions of infection is gaining interest. Despite the difficulties associated with the specificities of this repertoire, the field of mass spectrometry-based lipidomics of mycobacteria has recently made considerable progress, particularly at the analytical level. There is still considerable scope for further progress, especially with regard to the development of an efficient bioinfomatics pipeline for the analysis of the large datasets generated. This chapter describes an HPLC-MS methodology allowing the simultaneous screening of more than 20 of the lipid families produced by mycobacteria and provides recommendations to analyze the generated data given the state-of-the-art.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Layre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lipid and Lipoarabinomannan Isolation and Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34235650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The very high content of structurally diverse and biologically active lipids of exotic structures is the hallmark of Mycobacteria. As such the lipid composition is commonly used to characterize mycobacterial strains at the species and type-species levels. The present chapter describes the methods that allow the purification of the most commonly isolated biologically active lipids and those used for analyzing extractable lipids and their constituents, cell wall-linked mycolic acids (MA), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These involve various chromatographic techniques and analytical procedures necessary for structural and metabolic studies of mycobacterial lipids. In addition, as the use of physical methods has brought important overhang on chemical structures of the very-long-chain MA, which typify mycobacteria, NMR and mass spectrometry data of these specific fatty acids are included.
Collapse
|
6
|
Saubi N, Kilpeläinen A, Eto Y, Chen CW, Olvera À, Hanke T, Brander C, Joseph-Munné J. Priming with Recombinant BCG Expressing HTI Enhances the Magnitude and Breadth of the T-Cell Immune Responses Elicited by MVA.HTI in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040678. [PMID: 33202884 PMCID: PMC7712201 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) as a live vaccine vehicle is a promising approach for HIV-1-specific T-cell induction. In this study, we used recombinant BCG expressing HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI), BCG.HTI2auxo.int. BALB/c mice immunization with BCG.HTI2auxo.int prime and MVA.HTI boost was safe and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. Two weeks after boost, T-cell responses were assessed by IFN-γ ELISpot. The highest total magnitude of IFN-γ spot-forming cells (SFC)/106 splenocytes was observed in BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice compared to mice receiving MVA.HTI alone or mice primed with BCGwt, although the differences between the vaccination regimens only reached trends. In order to evaluate the differences in the breadth of the T-cell immune responses, we examined the number of reactive peptide pools per mouse. Interestingly, both BCG.HTI2auxo.int and BCGwt primed mice recognized an average of four peptide pools per mouse. However, the variation was higher in BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice with one mouse recognizing 11 peptide pools and three mice recognizing few or no peptide pools. The recognition profile appeared to be more spread out for BCG.HTI2auxo.int primed mice and mice only receiving MVA.HTI. Here, we describe a useful vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narcís Saubi
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Athina Kilpeläinen
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
| | - Yoshiki Eto
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Chun-Wei Chen
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
| | - Àlex Olvera
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (À.O.); (C.B.)
- Biosciences Department, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK;
- International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (À.O.); (C.B.)
- Biosciences Department, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph-Munné
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.S.); (A.K.); (Y.E.); (C.-W.C.)
- EAVI2020 European AIDS Vaccine Initiative H2020 Research Programme, London SW7 2BU, UK
- Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A re-investigation of the mycolic acids of Mycobacterium avium. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 230:104928. [PMID: 32492381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acid methyl esters were extracted from Mycobacterium avium by a mild saponification protocol, designed to preserve labile components. The resulting mixture of α-, keto- and wax ester mycolates was accompanied by some degraded ω-carboxymycolic acid dimethyl esters, whose overall structures were found to support previous studies. Chromatography of the mono-carboxylic mycolates gave an inseparable mixture of keto- and wax ester mycolates and separate α-mycolates. Reduction of the ketomycolate components allowed isolation and characterisation of intact wax ester mycolates for the first time. Minor α- and ω-carboxymycolates were detected in which methyl branches were located on either the proximal or distal sides of trans-alkene groups.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kilpeläinen A, Saubi N, Guitart N, Olvera A, Hanke T, Brander C, Joseph J. Recombinant BCG Expressing HTI Prime and Recombinant ChAdOx1 Boost Is Safe and Elicits HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in BALB/c Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030078. [PMID: 31382453 PMCID: PMC6789536 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection remains a massive burden on healthcare systems. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis, confers protection against meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in infants. Recombinant BCG has been used as a vaccine vehicle to express both HIV-1 and Simian Immunodeficiemcy Virus (SIV) immunogens. In this study, we constructed an integrative E. coli-mycobacterial shuttle plasmid, p2auxo.HTI.int, expressing the HIVACAT T-cell immunogen (HTI). The plasmid was transformed into a lysine auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain (BCGΔLys) to generate the vaccine BCG.HTI2auxo.int. The DNA sequence coding for the HTI immunogen and HTI protein expression were confirmed, and working vaccine stocks were genetically and phenotypically characterized. We demonstrated that the vaccine was stable in vitro for 35 bacterial generations, and that when delivered in combination with chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd)Ox1.HTI in adult BALB/c mice, it was well tolerated and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. Specifically, priming with BCG.HTI2auxo.int doubled the magnitude of the T-cell response in comparison with ChAdOx1.HTI alone while maintaining its breadth. The use of integrative expression vectors and novel HIV-1 immunogens can aid in improving mycobacterial vaccine stability as well as specific immunogenicity. This vaccine candidate may be a useful tool in the development of an effective vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent pediatric pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kilpeläinen
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Núria Guitart
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- International Research Center of Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Christian Brander
- Irsicaixa AIDS Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Joseph
- Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kilpeläinen A, Saubi N, Guitart N, Moyo N, Wee EG, Ravi K, Hanke T, Joseph J. Priming With Recombinant BCG Expressing Novel HIV-1 Conserved Mosaic Immunogens and Boosting With Recombinant ChAdOx1 Is Safe, Stable, and Elicits HIV-1-Specific T-Cell Responses in BALB/c Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:923. [PMID: 31156614 PMCID: PMC6530512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and confers protection against meningitis and miliary tuberculosis in infants, although pulmonary disease protection in adults is inconsistent. Recently, promising HIV-1 immunogens were developed, such as the T-cell immunogens “tHIVconsvX,” designed using functionally conserved protein regions across group M strains, with mosaic immunogens to improve HIV-1 variant match and response breadth. In this study, we constructed an integrative E. coli-mycobacterial shuttle plasmid, p2auxo.HIVconsvXint, expressing the immunogens HIVconsv1&2. This expression vector used an antibiotic resistance-free mechanism for plasmid selection and maintenance. It was first transformed into a glycine auxotrophic E. coli strain and subsequently transformed into a lysine auxotrophic Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain to generate vaccines BCG.HIVconsv12auxo.int and BCG.HIVconsv22auxo.int. The DNA sequence coding for the HIVconsv1&2 immunogens and protein expression were confirmed and working vaccine stocks were genetically and phenotypically characterized. We demonstrated that BCG.HIVconsv1&22auxo.int in combination with ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv5&6 were well tolerated and induced HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in adult BALB/c mice. In addition, we showed that the BCG.HIVconsv1&22auxo.int vaccine strains were stable in vitro after 35 bacterial generations and in vivo 7 weeks after inoculation. The use of integrative expression vectors and novel HIV-1 immunogens are likely to have improved the mycobacterial vaccine stability and specific immunogenicity and may enable the development of a useful vaccine platform for priming protective responses against HIV-1/TB and other prevalent pediatric pathogens shortly following birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kilpeläinen
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcís Saubi
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Guitart
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund G Wee
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krupa Ravi
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Joan Joseph
- AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kilpeläinen A, Maya-Hoyos M, Saubí N, Soto CY, Joseph Munne J. Advances and challenges in recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG-based HIV vaccine development: lessons learned. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:1005-1020. [PMID: 30300040 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1534588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, tuberculosis, and malaria are responsible for most human deaths produced by infectious diseases worldwide. Vaccination against HIV requires generation of memory T cells and neutralizing antibodies, mucosal immunity, and stimulation of an innate immune responses. In this context, the use of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a live vaccine vehicle is a promising approach for T-cell induction. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the literature regarding immunogenicity studies in animal models performed since 2005. Furthermore, we provide expert commentary and 5-year view on how the development of potential recombinant BCG-based HIV vaccines involves careful selection of the HIV antigen, expression vectors, promoters, BCG strain, preclinical animal models, influence of preexisting immunity, and safety issues, for the rational design of recombinant BCG:HIV vaccines to prevent HIV transmission in the general population. EXPERT COMMENTARY The three critical issues to be considered when developing a rBCG:HIV vaccine are codon optimization, antigen localization, and plasmid stability in vivo. The use of integrative expression vectors are likely to improve the mycobacterial vaccine stability and immunogenicity to develop not only recombinant BCG-based vaccines expressing second generation of HIV-1 immunogens but also other major pediatric pathogens to prime protective responses shortly following birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kilpeläinen
- a Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, School of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Milena Maya-Hoyos
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Narcís Saubí
- a Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, School of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Carlos Y Soto
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences , Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ciudad Universitaria , Bogotá , Colombia
| | - Joan Joseph Munne
- a Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development, AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, School of Medicine , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Madacki J, Laval F, Grzegorzewicz A, Lemassu A, Záhorszká M, Arand M, McNeil M, Daffé M, Jackson M, Lanéelle MA, Korduláková J. Impact of the epoxide hydrolase EphD on the metabolism of mycolic acids in mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5172-5184. [PMID: 29472294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids are the hallmark of the cell envelope in mycobacteria, which include the important human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae Mycolic acids are very long C60-C90 α-alkyl β-hydroxy fatty acids having a variety of functional groups on their hydrocarbon chain that define several mycolate types. Mycobacteria also produce an unusually large number of putative epoxide hydrolases, but the physiological functions of these enzymes are still unclear. Here, we report that the mycobacterial epoxide hydrolase EphD is involved in mycolic acid metabolism. We found that orthologs of EphD from M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis are functional epoxide hydrolases, cleaving a lipophilic substrate, 9,10-cis-epoxystearic acid, in vitro and forming a vicinal diol. The results of EphD overproduction in M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG Δhma strains producing epoxymycolic acids indicated that EphD is involved in the metabolism of these forms of mycolates in both fast- and slow-growing mycobacteria. Moreover, using MALDI-TOF-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy of mycolic acids and lipids isolated from EphD-overproducing M. smegmatis, we identified new oxygenated mycolic acid species that accumulated during epoxymycolate depletion. Disruption of the ephD gene in M. tuberculosis specifically impaired the synthesis of ketomycolates and caused accumulation of their precursor, hydroxymycolate, indicating either direct or indirect involvement of EphD in ketomycolate biosynthesis. Our results clearly indicate that EphD plays a role in metabolism of oxygenated mycolic acids in mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Madacki
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Françoise Laval
- the Tuberculosis & Infection Biology Department, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Anna Grzegorzewicz
- the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, and
| | - Anne Lemassu
- the Tuberculosis & Infection Biology Department, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Monika Záhorszká
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael Arand
- the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael McNeil
- the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, and
| | - Mamadou Daffé
- the Tuberculosis & Infection Biology Department, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Mary Jackson
- the Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, and
| | - Marie-Antoinette Lanéelle
- the Tuberculosis & Infection Biology Department, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jana Korduláková
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fineran P, Lloyd-Evans E, Lack NA, Platt N, Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Höglinger D, Tatituri RVV, Clark S, Williams IM, Tynan P, Al Eisa N, Nazarova E, Williams A, Galione A, Ory DS, Besra GS, Russell DG, Brenner MB, Sim E, Platt FM. Pathogenic mycobacteria achieve cellular persistence by inhibiting the Niemann-Pick Type C disease cellular pathway. Wellcome Open Res 2016. [PMID: 28008422 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern. The ability to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion is a key mechanism by which intracellular mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, achieve long-term persistence within host cells. The mechanisms underpinning this key intracellular pro-survival strategy remain incompletely understood. Host macrophages infected with persistent mycobacteria share phenotypic similarities with cells taken from patients suffering from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC), a rare lysosomal storage disease in which endocytic trafficking defects and lipid accumulation within the lysosome lead to cell dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether these shared phenotypes reflected an underlying mechanistic connection between mycobacterial intracellular persistence and the host cell pathway dysfunctional in NPC. METHODS The induction of NPC phenotypes in macrophages from wild-type mice or obtained from healthy human donors was assessed via infection with mycobacteria and subsequent measurement of lipid levels and intracellular calcium homeostasis. The effect of NPC therapeutics on intracellular mycobacterial load was also assessed. RESULTS Macrophages infected with persistent intracellular mycobacteria phenocopied NPC cells, exhibiting accumulation of multiple lipid types, reduced lysosomal Ca2+ levels, and defects in intracellular trafficking. These NPC phenotypes could also be induced using only lipids/glycomycolates from the mycobacterial cell wall. These data suggest that persistent intracellular mycobacteria inhibit the NPC pathway, likely via inhibition of the NPC1 protein, and subsequently induce altered acidic store Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduced lysosomal calcium levels may provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of phagosome-lysosome fusion in mycobacterial infection. Treatments capable of correcting defects in NPC mutant cells via modulation of host cell calcium were of benefit in promoting clearance of mycobacteria from infected host cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanistic explanation for mycobacterial intracellular persistence, and suggest that targeting interactions between the mycobacteria and host cell pathways may provide a novel avenue for development of anti-TB therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fineran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lianne C Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Doris Höglinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patricia Tynan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nada Al Eisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evgeniya Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | | | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David G Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Frances M Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fineran P, Lloyd-Evans E, Lack NA, Platt N, Davis LC, Morgan AJ, Höglinger D, Tatituri RVV, Clark S, Williams IM, Tynan P, Al Eisa N, Nazarova E, Williams A, Galione A, Ory DS, Besra GS, Russell DG, Brenner MB, Sim E, Platt FM. Pathogenic mycobacteria achieve cellular persistence by inhibiting the Niemann-Pick Type C disease cellular pathway. Wellcome Open Res 2016; 1:18. [PMID: 28008422 PMCID: PMC5172425 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.10036.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis remains a major global health concern. The ability to prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion is a key mechanism by which intracellular mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, achieve long-term persistence within host cells. The mechanisms underpinning this key intracellular pro-survival strategy remain incompletely understood. Host macrophages infected with persistent mycobacteria share phenotypic similarities with cells taken from patients suffering from Niemann-Pick Disease Type C (NPC), a rare lysosomal storage disease in which endocytic trafficking defects and lipid accumulation within the lysosome lead to cell dysfunction and cell death. We investigated whether these shared phenotypes reflected an underlying mechanistic connection between mycobacterial intracellular persistence and the host cell pathway dysfunctional in NPC. METHODS The induction of NPC phenotypes in macrophages from wild-type mice or obtained from healthy human donors was assessed via infection with mycobacteria and subsequent measurement of lipid levels and intracellular calcium homeostasis. The effect of NPC therapeutics on intracellular mycobacterial load was also assessed. RESULTS Macrophages infected with persistent intracellular mycobacteria phenocopied NPC cells, exhibiting accumulation of multiple lipid types, reduced lysosomal Ca2+ levels, and defects in intracellular trafficking. These NPC phenotypes could also be induced using only lipids/glycomycolates from the mycobacterial cell wall. These data suggest that persistent intracellular mycobacteria inhibit the NPC pathway, likely via inhibition of the NPC1 protein, and subsequently induce altered acidic store Ca2+ homeostasis. Reduced lysosomal calcium levels may provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of phagosome-lysosome fusion in mycobacterial infection. Treatments capable of correcting defects in NPC mutant cells via modulation of host cell calcium were of benefit in promoting clearance of mycobacteria from infected host cells. CONCLUSION These findings provide a novel mechanistic explanation for mycobacterial intracellular persistence, and suggest that targeting interactions between the mycobacteria and host cell pathways may provide a novel avenue for development of anti-TB therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Fineran
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nathan A. Lack
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nick Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lianne C. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Doris Höglinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Ian M. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patricia Tynan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nada Al Eisa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Evgeniya Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | | | - Antony Galione
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel S. Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | | | - David G. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Michael B. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Edith Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Taher SG, Al Dulayymi JR, Tima HG, Ali HM, Romano M, Baird MS. Synthesis of wax esters and related trehalose esters from Mycobacterium avium and other mycobacteria. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
15
|
Chim N, Torres R, Liu Y, Capri J, Batot G, Whitelegge JP, Goulding CW. The Structure and Interactions of Periplasmic Domains of Crucial MmpL Membrane Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1098-107. [PMID: 26278184 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycobacterial membrane protein large (MmpL) proteins are important in substrate transport across the inner membrane. Here, we show that MmpL proteins are classified into two phylogenetic clusters, where MmpL cluster II contains three soluble domains (D1, D2, and D3) and has two full-length members, MmpL3 and MmpL11. Significantly, MmpL3 is currently the most druggable M. tuberculosis target. We have solved the 2.4-Å MmpL11-D2 crystal structure, revealing structural homology to periplasmic porter subdomains of RND (multidrug) transporters. The resulting predicted cluster II MmpL membrane topology has D1 and D2 residing, and possibly interacting, within the periplasm. Crosslinking and biolayer interferometry experiments confirm that cluster II D1 and D2 bind with weak affinities, and guided D1-D2 heterodimeric model assemblies. The predicted full-length MmpL3 and MmpL11 structural models reveal key substrate binding and transport residues, and may serve as templates to set the stage for in silico anti-tuberculosis drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Chim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rodrigo Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joe Capri
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Gaëlle Batot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- The Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, NPI-Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Celia W Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taher SG, Muzael M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS. Synthetic trehalose esters of cis-alkene and diene α′-mycolic acids of Mycobacteria. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 189:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
Teramoto K, Suga M, Sato T, Wada T, Yamamoto A, Fujiwara N. Characterization of Mycolic Acids in Total Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Fractions from Mycobacterium Species by High Resolution MALDI-TOFMS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:A0035. [PMID: 26819906 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MAs) are characteristic components of bacteria in the suborder Corynebacterineae, such as Mycobacterium. MAs are categorized into subclasses based on their functional bases (cyclopropane ring, methoxy, keto, and epoxy group). Since MAs have heterogeneity among bacterial species, analyzing of MAs are required in the chemotaxonomic field. However, their structural analysis is not easy because of their long carbon-chain lengths and several functional groups. In this study, total fatty acid (FA) methyl ester (ME) fraction of M. tuberculosis H37Rv was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) with a spiral ion trajectory (MALDI spiral-TOFMS). The distributions of carbon-chain length and their relative peak intensities were confirmed with those obtained by analysis of each subclass fraction which was separated from total FA ME fraction using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The observed major peaks were reliably assigned as MAs owing to the high mass accuracy (error<3 ppm). The types of MA subclasses, their distributions of carbon-chain lengths, their relative peak intensities, and the ratio of even- and odd-numbered carbon-chain MAs for the total FA ME fraction were consistent with those of MA subclass fractions. To visualize whole MAs, contour maps of relative peak intensities for whole MAs were created. The contour maps indicated the MA subclasses and their distributions of carbon-chains with relative peak intensities at a glance. Our proposed method allows simple characterization in a short time and thus enables the analysis of large numbers of samples, and it would contribute to the chemotaxonomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Advanced and Fundamental Technology Center, JEOL Ltd
| | | | - Takayuki Wada
- Department of International Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences
| | - Nagatoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Mycobacteria are microorganisms that contain a very high content of structurally diverse lipids, some of them being biologically active substances. As such the lipid composition is commonly used to characterize mycobacterial strains at the species and type-species level. This chapter describes the methods that allow the purification of the most commonly isolated biologically active lipids and those used for analyzing extractable lipids and their constituents, cell wall-linked mycolic acids and lipoarabinomannan (LAM). The latter involve simple chromatographic and analytical techniques, such as thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Antoinette Lanéelle
- Tuberculosis & Infection Biology Department, Institut de Pharmacologie et de BiologieStructurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), BP 64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Welsh KJ, Hunter RL, Actor JK. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate--a coat to regulate tuberculosis immunopathogenesis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 93 Suppl:S3-9. [PMID: 24388646 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(13)70003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health burden worldwide. Treatment of this disease requires a minimum of six months and there is no vaccine available for the most common form of the disease. Increasing evidence suggests that the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of TB disease. TDM protects the TB bacilli from macrophage-mediated killing, inhibits effective antigen presentation, and reduces the formation of protective T-cell responses. TDM promotes initiation of granuloma formation and likely plays a role in caseation. Furthermore, TDM may contribute to the development of post primary disease. Receptors for TDM were recently described and are expected to contribute to our knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of TB disease. In this manner, understanding TDM may prove promising towards development of targeted TB therapeutics to limit clinical pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Welsh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Evidence for a unique species-specific hypersensitive epitope in Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived cord factor. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93 Suppl:S88-93. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-9792(13)70017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Cord factor (trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate) forms fully stable and non-permeable lipid bilayers required for a functional outer membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2173-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Teramoto K, Tamura T, Hanada S, Sato T, Kawasaki H, Suzuki KI, Sato H. Simple and rapid characterization of mycolic acids from Dietzia strains by using MALDI spiral-TOFMS with ultra high mass-resolving power. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:713-7. [PMID: 23981960 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids have been used as important chemotaxonomic markers. In this study, a newly developed matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a spiral ion trajectory (MALDI spiral-TOFMS) was applied to the characterization of mycolic acids of three type strains of validated species belonging to the genus Dietzia (D. papillomatosis 105045(T), D. kunjamensis NBRC 105042(T) and D. timorensis NBRC 104184(T)), by analysis of total fatty acid methyl ester fractions. In addition, owing to the high mass-resolving power of MALDI spiral-TOFMS, adjacent peaks (0.036 Da mass differences) were successfully separated, and weak peaks corresponding to oxygenated mycolic acids were detected. For all samples, the distributions of carbon-chain lengths were mainly in the range of C30-C42 and the average number of carbon-chain lengths was about 37, which agreed reasonably well with reported results for the genus Dietzia. The number of double bonds and/or cyclopropane rings was 0-2. Relative peak intensities of each mycolic acid methyl ester were used to compare the mycolic acids of the three strains. The mycolic acids of D. papillomatosis and D. kunjamensis were characterized by a high content of mycolic acids with 0-1 double bond or cyclopropane ring and an almost equal content of mycolic acids with odd- and even-numbered carbon-chain lengths. In contrast, mycolic acids of D. timorensis were characterized by a high content of mycolic acids with 1-2 double bonds and/or cyclopropane rings with an even-numbered carbon-chain length. By using MALDI spiral-TOFMS, mycolic acids from three type strains of the genus Dietzia were characterized easily and rapidly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Teramoto
- Advanced Technology Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Resource Collection Division, NITE Biological Resource Center Department of Biotechnology, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hanada
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- Resource Collection Division, NITE Biological Resource Center Department of Biotechnology, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Suzuki
- Resource Collection Division, NITE Biological Resource Center Department of Biotechnology, Kisarazu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verschoor JA, Baird MS, Grooten J. Towards understanding the functional diversity of cell wall mycolic acids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 51:325-39. [PMID: 22659327 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycolic acids constitute the waxy layer of the outer cell wall of Mycobacterium spp. and a few other genera. They are diverse in structure, providing a unique chromatographic foot-print for almost each of the more than 70 Mycobacterium species. Although mainly esterified to cell wall arabinogalactan, trehalose or glucose, some free mycolic acid is secreted during in vitro growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In M. tuberculosis, α-, keto- and methoxy-mycolic acids are the main classes, each differing in their ability to attract neutrophils, induce foamy macrophages or adopt an antigenic structure for antibody recognition. Of interest is their particular relationship to cholesterol, discovered by their ability to attract cholesterol, to bind Amphotericin B or to be recognised by monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with cholesterol. The structural elements that determine this diverse functionality include the carboxylic acid in the mycolic motif, as well as the nature and stereochemistry of the two functional groups in the merochain. The functional diversity of mycolic acid classes implies that much information may be contained in the selective expression and secretion of mycolic acids to establish tuberculosis after infection of the host. Their cholesteroid nature may relate to how they utilize host cholesterol for their persistent survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hsu FF, Wohlmann J, Turk J, Haas A. Structural definition of trehalose 6-monomycolates and trehalose 6,6'-dimycolates from the pathogen Rhodococcus equi by multiple-stage linear ion-trap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:2160-2170. [PMID: 21972013 PMCID: PMC3938585 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall of the pathogenic bacterium Rhodococcus equi (R. equi) contains abundant trehalose monomycolate (TMM) and trehalose dimycolate (TDM), the glycolipids bearing mycolic acids. Here, we describe multiple-stage (MS(n)) linear ion-trap (LIT) mass spectrometric approaches toward structural characterization of TMM and TDM desorbed as [M + Alk](+) (Alk = Na, Li) and as [M + X](-) (X = CH(3)CO(2), HCO(2)) ions by electrospray ionization (ESI). Upon MS(n) (n=2, 3, 4) on the [M + Alk](+) or the [M + X](-) adduct ions of TMM and TDM, abundant structurally informative fragment ions are readily available, permitting fast assignment of the length of the meromycolate chain and of the α-branch on the mycolyl residues. In this way, structures of TMM and TDM isolated from pathogenic R. equi strain 103 can be determined. Our results indicate that the major TMM and TDM molecules possess 6, and/or 6'-mycolyl groups that consist of mainly C14 and C16 α-branches with meromycolate branches ranging from C18 to C28, similar to the structures of the unbound mycolic acids found in the cell envelope. Up to 60 isobaric isomers varying in chain length of the α-branch and of the meromycolate backbone were observed for some of the TDM species in the mixture. This mass spectrometric approach provides a direct method that affords identification of various TMM and TDM isomers in a mixture of which the complexity of this lipid class has not been previously reported using other analytical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid, Box 8127, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for the period 2005-2006. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1-100. [PMID: 20222147 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fourth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2006. The review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, method developments, and applications of the technique to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, glycated proteins, glycolipids from bacteria, glycosides, and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing, a section on industrial processes, particularly the development of biopharmaceuticals and a section on the use of MALDI-MS to monitor products of chemical synthesis of carbohydrates. Large carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers are highlighted in this final section.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tindall BJ, Rosselló-Móra R, Busse HJ, Ludwig W, Kämpfer P. Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:249-266. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.016949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1039] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomy relies on three key elements: characterization, classification and nomenclature. All three elements are dynamic fields, but each step depends on the one which precedes it. Thus, the nomenclature of a group of organisms depends on the way they are classified, and the classification (among other elements) depends on the information gathered as a result of characterization. While nomenclature is governed by the Bacteriological Code, the classification and characterization of prokaryotes is an area that is not formally regulated and one in which numerous changes have taken place in the last 50 years. The purpose of the present article is to outline the key elements in the way that prokaryotes are characterized, with a view to providing an overview of some of the pitfalls commonly encountered in taxonomic papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. Tindall
- DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - R. Rosselló-Móra
- Grup de Microbiologia Marina, Departament d'Ecologia I Recursos Marins, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marqués 21, E-07190, Esporles, Spain
| | - H.-J. Busse
- Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Ludwig
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 4, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - P. Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Elamin AA, Stehr M, Oehlmann W, Singh M. The mycolyltransferase 85A, a putative drug target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: development of a novel assay and quantification of glycolipid-status of the mycobacterial cell wall. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 79:358-63. [PMID: 19857528 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of the antigen 85 complex (Ag85A, B, and C) possess mycolyltransferase activity and catalyze the synthesis of the most abundant glycolipid of the mycobacterial cell wall, the cord factor. The cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, TDM) is essential for the integrity of the mycobacterial cell wall and pathogenesis of the bacillus. Thus, TDM biosynthesis is regarded as a potential drug target for control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) is synthesized from two molecules of trehalose-6'-monomycolate (TMM) by antigen 85A. We report here a novel enzyme assay using the natural substrate TMM. The novel colorimetric assay is based on the quantification of glucose from the degradation of trehalose, which is the product from catalytic activity of antigen 85A. Using the new assay, K(m) and K(cat) were determined with values of 129.6+/-8.1 microM and 65.4+/-4.1 min(-1), respectively. This novel assay is also suitable for robust high-throughput screening (HTS) for compound library screening against mycolyltransferase (antigen 85A). The assay is significantly faster and more convenient to use than all assays currently in use. The assay has a very low coefficient of variance (0.04) in 96-well plates and shows a Z' factor of 0.67-0.73, indicating the robustness of the assay. In addition, this new assay is highly suitable for the quantification of total TMM of the mycobacterial cell envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayssar A Elamin
- Department of Genome Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Maza-Iglesias M, Beken SV, Grooten J. The first unique synthetic mycobacterial cord factors. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
30
|
Hayashi D, Takii T, Fujiwara N, Fujita Y, Yano I, Yamamoto S, Kondo M, Yasuda E, Inagaki E, Kanai K, Fujiwara A, Kawarazaki A, Chiba T, Onozaki K. Comparable studies of immunostimulating activitiesin vitroamongMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) substrains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:116-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
31
|
Uenishi Y, Takii T, Yano I, Sunagawa M. Separation and molecular characterization of mycolic acid from the cell wall skeleton of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 (SMP-105) and BCG substrains by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 77:320-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
32
|
Uenishi Y, Fujita Y, Kusunose N, Yano I, Sunagawa M. Comprehensive analysis of mycolic acid subclass and molecular species composition of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 cell wall skeleton (SMP-105). J Microbiol Methods 2007; 72:149-56. [PMID: 18178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 10/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell envelope consists of a characteristic cell wall skeleton (CWS), a mycoloyl arabinogalactan peptidoglycan complex, and related hydrophobic components that contribute to the cell surface properties. Since mycolic acids have recently been reported to play crucial roles in host immune response, detailed molecular characterization of mycolic acid subclasses and sub-subclasses of CWS from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 (SMP-105) was performed. Mycolic acids were liberated by alkali hydrolysis from SMP-105, and their methyl esters were separated by silica gel TLC into three subclasses: alpha-, methoxy-, and keto-mycolates. Each mycolate subclass was further separated by silver nitrate (AgNO(3))-coated silica gel TLC into sub-subclasses. Molecular weights of individual mycolic acid were determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. alpha-Mycolates were sub-grouped into cis, cis-dicyclopropanoic (alpha1), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (alpha2) series; methoxy-mycolates were sub-grouped into cis-monocyclopropanoic (m1), trans-monocyclopropanoic (m2), trans-monoenoic (m3), cis-monocyclopropanoic-trans-monoenoic (m4), cis-monoenoic (m5), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (m6) series; and keto-mycolates were sub-grouped into cis-monocyclopropanoic (k1), trans-monocyclopropanoic (k2), trans-monoenoic (k3), cis-monoenoic (k4), and cis-monocyclopropanoic-cis-monoenoic (k5) series. The position of each functional group, including cyclopropane rings and methoxy and keto groups, was determined by analysis of the meromycolates with fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry and FAB mass-mass spectrometry, and the cis/trans ratio of cyclopropane rings and double bonds were determined by NMR analysis of methyl mycolates. Mycolic acid subclass and molecular species composition of SMP-105 showed characteristic features including newly-identified cis-monocyclopropanoic-trans-monoenoic mycolic acid (m4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Uenishi
- Technology Research & Development Center, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co. Ltd., 1-3-45, Kurakakiuchi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Katsube T, Matsumoto S, Takatsuka M, Okuyama M, Ozeki Y, Naito M, Nishiuchi Y, Fujiwara N, Yoshimura M, Tsuboi T, Torii M, Oshitani N, Arakawa T, Kobayashi K. Control of cell wall assembly by a histone-like protein in Mycobacteria. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:8241-9. [PMID: 17873049 PMCID: PMC2168677 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00550-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria coordinate assembly of the cell wall as well as synthesis of cellular components depending on the growth state. The mycobacterial cell wall is dominated by mycolic acids covalently linked to sugars, such as trehalose and arabinose, and is critical for pathogenesis of mycobacteria. Transfer of mycolic acids to sugars is necessary for cell wall biogenesis and is mediated by mycolyltransferases, which have been previously identified as three antigen 85 (Ag85) complex proteins. However, the regulation mechanism which links cell wall biogenesis and the growth state has not been elucidated. Here we found that a histone-like protein has a dual concentration-dependent regulatory effect on mycolyltransferase functions of the Ag85 complex through direct binding to both the Ag85 complex and the substrate, trehalose-6-monomycolate, in the cell wall. A histone-like protein-deficient Mycobacterium smegmatis strain has an unusual crenellated cell wall structure and exhibits impaired cessation of glycolipid biosynthesis in the growth-retarded phase. Furthermore, we found that artificial alteration of the amount of the extracellular histone-like protein and the Ag85 complex changes the growth rate of mycobacteria, perhaps due to impaired down-regulation of glycolipid biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate novel regulation of cell wall assembly which has an impact on bacterial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Katsube
- Department of Host Defense, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Fujita Y, Okamoto Y, Uenishi Y, Sunagawa M, Uchiyama T, Yano I. Molecular and supra-molecular structure related differences in toxicity and granulomatogenic activity of mycobacterial cord factor in mice. Microb Pathog 2007; 43:10-21. [PMID: 17434713 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2006] [Revised: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To establish the structure biological activity relationship of cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, TDM), we compared the molecular or supra-molecular structure of TDM micelles with toxicity, thymic atrophy and granulomatogenicity in lungs and spleen of BALB/c mice. According to the difference in the mycolyl subclass composition, TDM was divided into two groups, one possessing alpha-, methoxy- and keto-mycolates in M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. bovis BCG and M. kansasii (group A) and the other having alpha-, keto- and wax ester-mycolates in M. avium serotype 4, M. phlei and M. flavescens (group B), although mycolic acid molecular species composition differed in each group considerably. Supra-molecular structure of TDM micelle differed species to species substantially and the micelle size of TDM from M. bovis BCG Connaught was the largest. The highest toxicity was shown with TDM from M. tuberculosis H37Rv which possessed the highest amount of alpha- (47.3%) and methoxy-mycolates (40.8%), while TDM from M. phlei having the low amount of alpha-mycolate (11.6%) showed almost no toxicity with the given doses. The thymic atrophy was observed with TDM from group A, but not with TDM from group B. On the other hand, TDM from group B showed massive lung granulomatogenic activity based on the histological observations and organ indices. Taken together, group A TDM showed a wide variety of micelle sizes and specific surface areas, high to low toxicity and marked to moderate granulomatogenicity, while group B TDM showed smaller sizes of micelles and larger specific surface areas, lower toxicity but higher granulomatogenicity in lungs. Existence of higher amount of longer chain alpha-mycolates in TDM appeared to be essential for high toxicity and thymic apoptotic activity, whereas TDM possessing wax ester-mycolate with smaller sized micelles seemed to be less toxic, but more granulomatogenic in lungs in mice. Thus, the mycolic acid subclass and molecular species composition of TDM affect critically the micelle forms, toxicity and granulomatogenicity in mice, while the relative abundances and carbon chain length of alpha-mycolate affected the toxicity in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujita
- Japan BCG Central Laboratory, 3-1-5 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kai M, Fujita Y, Maeda Y, Nakata N, Izumi S, Yano I, Makino M. Identification of trehalose dimycolate (cord factor) in Mycobacterium leprae. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3345-50. [PMID: 17601578 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids of Mycobacterium leprae obtained from armadillo tissue nodules infected with the bacteria were analyzed. Mass spectrometric analysis of the glycolipids indicated the presence of trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) together with trehalose 6-monomycolate (TMM) and phenolic glycolipid-I (PGL-I). The analysis showed that M. leprae-derived TDM and TMM possessed both alpha- and keto-mycolates centering at C78 in the former and at C81 or 83 in the latter subclasses, respectively. For the first time, MALDI-TOF mass analyses showed the presence of TDM in M. leprae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kai
- Department of Microbiology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shui G, Bendt AK, Pethe K, Dick T, Wenk MR. Sensitive profiling of chemically diverse bioactive lipids. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1976-84. [PMID: 17565170 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700060-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present an improved method for sensitive profiling of lipids in a single high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry experiment. The approach consists of i) sensitive isocratic elution, which takes advantage of C18 column material that is resistant to increased pH values induced by piperidine, ii) chemometric alignment of mass spectra followed by differential analysis of ion intensities, and iii) semiquantitative analysis of extracted ion chromatograms of interest. A key advantage of this method is its wide applicability to extracts that harbor lipids of considerable chemical complexity. The method allows qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of fatty acyls, glycerophospholipids (such as glycerophosphatidylinositols, glycerophosphatidylserines, and glycerophosphatidylcholines in brain extracts), phosphatidylinositol mannosides, acylated glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids (including ceramides and gangliosides in brain extracts), and, for the first time with ESI, prenols and mycolic acids (MAs). MAs are targets in antimycobacterial therapy, and they play an important immunomodulatory role during host-pathogen interactions. We compared high-resolution mass spectra of MAs derived from Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Camette-Guérin during entry into nonreplicative conditions induced by oxygen deprivation (hypoxic dormancy). Although the overall composition is not drastically altered, there are pronounced differences in individual MAs. alpha-MAs accumulate during entry into dormancy, whereas a subpopulation of keto-MAs is almost entirely eliminated. This effect is reversed upon resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria. These results provide detailed chemical information with relevance to drug development and immunobiology of mycobacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghou Shui
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Biochemistry, Singapore 117597
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Joseph J, Saubi N, Pezzat E, Gatell JM. Progress towards an HIV vaccine based on recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin: failures and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 5:827-38. [PMID: 17184220 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The need for an affordable, safe and effective HIV vaccine has never been greater. As the immunogenicity of all the vaccine vectors being evaluated currently in human populations is limited, novel vaccine strategies are needed to stimulate the innate immune system, to generate high levels of neutralizing antibodies and to induce strong cell-mediated and mucosal immunity. There is strong evidence for a role for cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the containment of HIV replication. Several vaccine approaches have been tested to elicit anti-HIV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. One promising approach is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a bacterial live recombinant vaccine vehicle. BCG has a long record of safety in humans and is able to induce long-lasting immunity. In this review, we describe the limitations and challenges of developing a recombinant BCG-based HIV vaccine. We also emphasize possible approaches for overcoming the plasmid instability in vivo and the low levels of gene expression and immunogenicity induction. Today, projects all over the world are focused on the development of an AIDS vaccine. Overcoming the remaining scientific, logistical and financial hurdles to the development of an effective HIV vaccine will require real imagination and firm commitment from all stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Joseph
- HIVACAT (Catalan Center for HIV Vaccine Research and Development), AIDS Research Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Roberts E, Minnikin DE. The synthesis of single enantiomers of meromycolic acids from mycobacterial wax esters. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
39
|
Al-Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Mohammed H, Roberts E, Clegg W. The synthesis of one enantiomer of the α-methyl-trans-cyclopropane unit of mycolic acids. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
Fujita Y, Naka T, McNeil MR, Yano I. Intact molecular characterization of cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate) from nine species of mycobacteria by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2005; 151:3403-3416. [PMID: 16207922 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cord factor (trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate, TDM) is an unique glycolipid with a trehalose and two molecules of mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell envelope. Since TDM consists of two molecules of very long branched-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids, the molecular mass ranges widely and in a complex manner. To characterize the molecular structure of TDM precisely and simply, an attempt was made to determine the mycolic acid subclasses of TDM and the molecular species composition of intact TDM by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for the first time. The results showed that less than 1 microg mycolic acid methyl ester of TDM from nine representative species of mycobacteria and TDM from the same species was sufficient to obtain well-resolved mass spectra composed of pseudomolecular ions [M+Na]+. Although the mass ion distribution was extremely diverse, the molecular species of each TDM was identified clearly by constructing a molecular ion matrix consisting of the combination of two molecules of mycolic acids. The results showed a marked difference in the molecular structure of TDM among mycobacterial species and subspecies. TDM from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37Rv and Aoyama B) showed a distinctive mass pattern and consisted of over 60 molecular ions with alpha-, methoxy- and ketomycolate. TDM from Mycobacterium bovis BCG Tokyo 172 similarly showed over 35 molecular ions, but that from M. bovis BCG Connaught showed simpler molecular ion clusters consisting of less than 35 molecular species due to a complete lack of methoxymycolate. Mass ions due to TDM from M. bovis BCG Connaught and Mycobacterium kansasii showed a biphasic distribution, but the two major peaks of TDM from M. kansasii were shifted up two or three carbon units higher compared with M. bovis BCG Connaught. Within the rapid grower group, in TDM consisting of alpha-, keto- and wax ester mycolate from Mycobacterium phlei and Mycobacterium flavescens, the mass ion distribution due to polar mycolates was shifted lower than that from the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare group. Since the physico-chemical properties and antigenic structure of mycolic acid of TDM affect the host immune responses profoundly, the molecular characterization of TDM by MALDI-TOF mass analysis may give very useful information on the relationship of glycolipid structure to its biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Fujita
- Japan BCG Central Laboratory, 3-1-5 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| | - Takashi Naka
- Japan BCG Central Laboratory, 3-1-5 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| | - Michael R McNeil
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ikuya Yano
- Japan BCG Central Laboratory, 3-1-5 Matsuyama, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo 204-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Enomoto Y, Sugita M, Matsunaga I, Naka T, Sato A, Kawashima T, Shimizu K, Takahashi H, Norose Y, Yano I. Temperature-dependent biosynthesis of glucose monomycolate and its recognition by CD1-restricted T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:452-6. [PMID: 16198315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acids are long chain fatty acids that constitute the lipid-rich cell wall framework of mycobacteria. Upon infection, mycobacteria begin to synthesize glucose monomycolate (GMM), a glucosylated species of mycolic acids, by utilizing host-derived glucose as sugar source. Accordingly, GMM production serves as a good indicator for local invasion of mycobacteria, and its detection by the host immune system would favor efficient monitoring of mycobacterial infection. Here, we found that GMM was produced abundantly at 30 degrees C rather than at 37 degrees C and recognized by a GMM-specific, CD1-restricted T cell line that was isolated from mycobacteria-infected human skin. Since the common portal sites for mycobacterial infection include ventilating alveoli of the lung and the externally exposed skin that often render invading microbes survive at reduced temperature, sampling GMM by CD1 lipid antigen-presenting molecules may allow the host to detect mycobacterial infection at its early phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Enomoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|