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Del Pino Molina L, Torres Canizales JM, Pernía O, Rodríguez Pena R, Ibanez de Caceres I, López Granados E. Defective Bcl-2 expression in memory B cells from common variable immunodeficiency patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:341-350. [PMID: 32961586 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and different degrees of B cell compartment alteration. Memory B cell differentiation requires the orchestrated activation of several intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of a number of factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which, in turn, promote transcriptional programs required for long-term survival. The aim of this study was to determine if disrupted B cell differentiation, survival and activation in B cells in CVID patients could be related to defects in intracellular signaling pathways. For this purpose, we selected intracellular readouts that reflected the strength of homeostatic signaling pathways in resting cells, as the protein expression levels of the Bcl-2 family which transcription is promoted by NF-κB. We found reduced Bcl-2 protein levels in memory B cells from CVID patients. We further explored the possible alteration of this crucial prosurvival signaling pathway in CVID patients by analysing the expression levels of mRNAs from anti-apoptotic proteins in naive B cells, mimicking T cell-dependent activation in vitro with CD40L and interleukin (IL)-21. BCL-XL mRNA levels were decreased, together with reduced levels of AICDA, after naive B-cell activation in CVID patients. The data suggested a molecular mechanism for this tendency towards apoptosis in B cells from CVID patients. Lower Bcl-2 protein levels in memory B cells could compromise their long-term survival, and a possible less activity of NF-κB in naive B cells, may condition an inabilityto increase BCL-XL mRNA levels, thus not promoting survival in the germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Del Pino Molina
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Torres Canizales
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Pernía
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Group, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez Pena
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Ibanez de Caceres
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Group, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - E López Granados
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
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Mooney D, Edgar D, Einarsson G, Downey D, Elborn S, Tunney M. Chronic lung disease in common variable immune deficiency (CVID): A pathophysiological role for microbial and non-B cell immune factors. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:508-519. [PMID: 28068853 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1268568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common and most severe forms of primary antibody deficiency encountered in the clinical setting is a heterogeneous group of syndromes termed common variable immune deficiency (CVID). This disorder is characterized by reduced immunoglobulin production and increased susceptibility to infection, particularly of the respiratory tract. Infection and subsequent immunological/inflammatory processes may contribute to the development of pulmonary complications such as bronchiectasis and interstitial lung disease. Immunoglobulin replacement and/or antibiotic therapy, to prevent infection, are routinely prescribed treatments. However, chronic lung disease, the major cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient cohort, may still progress. This clinical progression suggests that pathogens recalcitrant to currently prescribed treatments and other immunological defects may be contributing to the development of pulmonary disease. This review describes the potential role of microbiological and non-B cell immunological factors, including T-cells, neutrophils, complement, toll like receptors, and antimicrobial peptides, in the pathogenicity of chronic lung disease in patients with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver Mooney
- a Halo Research Group, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
- b Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine , Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences. Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - David Edgar
- c T he Royal Hospitals, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust , Regional Immunology Service , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Gisli Einarsson
- a Halo Research Group, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
- b Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine , Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences. Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Damian Downey
- d Belfast City Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust , Regional Respiratory Centre , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Elborn
- a Halo Research Group, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
- b Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine , Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences. Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Tunney
- a Halo Research Group, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
- e School of Pharmacy , Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
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Sarkar S, Bailey E, Go YY, Cook RF, Kalbfleisch T, Eberth J, Chelvarajan RL, Shuck KM, Artiushin S, Timoney PJ, Balasuriya UBR. Allelic Variation in CXCL16 Determines CD3+ T Lymphocyte Susceptibility to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection and Establishment of Long-Term Carrier State in the Stallion. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006467. [PMID: 27930647 PMCID: PMC5145142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of horses and other equid species. Following natural infection, 10-70% of the infected stallions can become persistently infected and continue to shed EAV in their semen for periods ranging from several months to life. Recently, we reported that some stallions possess a subpopulation(s) of CD3+ T lymphocytes that are susceptible to in vitro EAV infection and that this phenotypic trait is associated with long-term carrier status following exposure to the virus. In contrast, stallions not possessing the CD3+ T lymphocyte susceptible phenotype are at less risk of becoming long-term virus carriers. A genome wide association study (GWAS) using the Illumina Equine SNP50 chip revealed that the ability of EAV to infect CD3+ T lymphocytes and establish long-term carrier status in stallions correlated with a region within equine chromosome 11. Here we identified the gene and mutations responsible for these phenotypes. Specifically, the work implicated three allelic variants of the equine orthologue of CXCL16 (EqCXCL16) that differ by four non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions (XM_00154756; c.715 A → T, c.801 G → C, c.804 T → A/G, c.810 G → A) within exon 1. This resulted in four amino acid changes with EqCXCL16S (XP_001504806.1) having Phe, His, Ile and Lys as compared to EqCXL16R having Tyr, Asp, Phe, and Glu at 40, 49, 50, and 52, respectively. Two alleles (EqCXCL16Sa, EqCXCL16Sb) encoded identical protein products that correlated strongly with long-term EAV persistence in stallions (P<0.000001) and are required for in vitro CD3+ T lymphocyte susceptibility to EAV infection. The third (EqCXCL16R) was associated with in vitro CD3+ T lymphocyte resistance to EAV infection and a significantly lower probability for establishment of the long-term carrier state (viral persistence) in the male reproductive tract. EqCXCL16Sa and EqCXCL16Sb exert a dominant mode of inheritance. Most importantly, the protein isoform EqCXCL16S but not EqCXCL16R can function as an EAV cellular receptor. Although both molecules have equal chemoattractant potential, EqCXCL16S has significantly higher scavenger receptor and adhesion properties compared to EqCXCL16R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Sarkar
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ernest Bailey
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UBRB); (EB)
| | - Yun Young Go
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - R. Frank Cook
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ted Kalbfleisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - John Eberth
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - R. Lakshman Chelvarajan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Shuck
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sergey Artiushin
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail: (UBRB); (EB)
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