Rise in frequency of lasR mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa among keratitis isolates between 1993 and 2021

Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dnr-regulated denitrification in oxic conditions

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes acute and chronic infections such as those that occur in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis (CF). In infection environments, oxygen (O 2 ) concentrations are often low. The transcription factor Anr responds to low O 2 by upregulating genes necessary for P. aeruginosa fitness in microoxic and anoxic conditions. Anr regulates dnr , a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator that promotes the expression of genes required for using nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor during denitrification. In CF sputum, transcripts involved in denitrification are highly expressed. While Dnr is necessary for the anoxic growth of P. aeruginosa in CF sputum and artificial sputum media (ASMi), the contribution of denitrification to P. aeruginosa fitness in oxic conditions has not been well described. Here we show that P. aeruginosa requires dnr for fitness in ASMi and the requirement for dnr is abolished when nitrate is excluded from the media. Additionally, we show that P. aeruginosa consumes nitrate in lysogeny broth (LB) under microoxic conditions. Furthermore, strains without a functioning quorum sensing regulator LasR, which leads to elevated Anr activity, consume nitrate in LB even in normoxia. There was no growth advantage for P. aeruginosa when nitrate was present at concentrations from 100 µM to 1600 µM. However, P. aeruginosa consumption of nitrate in oxic conditions created a requirement for Dnr and Dnr-regulated NorCB likely due to the need to detoxify nitric oxide. These studies suggest that Anr- and Dnr-regulated processes may impact P. aeruginosa physiology in many common culture conditions.

Importance

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen commonly isolated from low-oxygen environments such as the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis. While the importance of P. aeruginosa energy generation by denitrification is clear in anoxic environments, the effects of denitrification in oxic cultures is not clear. Here, we show that nitrate is consumed even in oxic environments and while it does not appear to stimulate growth, it does impact fitness. Further, we report that two regulators that are best known for their roles in anoxic conditions also contribute to P. aeruginosa fitness in commonly- used laboratory media in presence of oxygen.

Genome sequence generated by hybrid Nanopore-Illumina assembly of an extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain from a keratitis outbreak

Here, we report the genome sequence of an extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with a keratitis outbreak. This isolate was from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and originates from a cornea. This sequence will facilitate studies of extensively drug resistant bacteria.