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Abstract
The FEL integral equation is reviewed here and is studied under different contexts, accounting for diverse physical regimes. We include higher order harmonics and saturation effects, and explain the origin of scaling relations, widely exploited to describe either FEL dynamics or nonnlinear harmonic generation.
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Seddon EA, Clarke JA, Dunning DJ, Masciovecchio C, Milne CJ, Parmigiani F, Rugg D, Spence JCH, Thompson NR, Ueda K, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Wurth W. Short-wavelength free-electron laser sources and science: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:115901. [PMID: 29059048 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7cca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the qualities of the radiation they produce, the challenges of transmitting that radiation to end users and the diversity of current scientific applications. Initial consideration is given to FEL theory in order to provide the foundation for discussion of FEL output properties and the technical challenges of short-wavelength FELs. This is followed by an overview of existing x-ray FEL facilities, future facilities and FEL frontiers. To provide a context for information in the above sections, a detailed comparison of the photon pulse characteristics of FEL sources with those of other sources of high brightness x-rays is made. A brief summary of FEL beamline design and photon diagnostics then precedes an overview of FEL scientific applications. Recent highlights are covered in sections on structural biology, atomic and molecular physics, photochemistry, non-linear spectroscopy, shock physics, solid density plasmas. A short industrial perspective is also included to emphasise potential in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Seddon
- ASTeC, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom. The School of Physics and Astronomy and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. The Cockcroft Institute, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Khullar R, Sharma G, Mishra G. Effects of misaligned electron beam on inverse free electron laser acceleration. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang X, Shen Y, Podobedov B, Hidaka Y, Seletskiy S, Wang XJ. Experimental demonstration of a slippage-dominant free-electron laser amplifier. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 85:026404. [PMID: 22463334 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.026404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental demonstration of a slippage-dominant free-electron laser (FEL) amplifier using a 140-fs full width at half maximum broadband seed laser pulse. The evolution of the longitudinal phase space of a laser seeded FEL amplifier in the slippage-dominant regime was experimentally characterized. We observed, for the first time, that the pulse duration of the FEL is primarily determined by the slippage between the seed laser and the electron beam. With a ± 1% variation in the electron-beam energy, we demonstrated reasonably good longitudinal coherence and a ± 2% spectral tuning range. The experimentally observed temporal and spectral evolution of the slippage-dominant FEL was verified by the numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Dattoli G, Torre A, Lorenzutta S, Maino G, Chiccoli C. Theory of generalized bessel functions.-II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02723125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klochkov DN, Artemiev AI, Kurizki G, Rostovtsev YV, Scully MO. Raman and Thompson regimes of amplification in a wiggler with noncollinear laser and electron beams. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:036503. [PMID: 17025756 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.036503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The collective and single-electron amplification regimes of a noncollinear free-electron laser (FEL) are studied within the framework of dispersion equations. In the limit of small-signal gain the growth rates and the conditions for self-amplified excitations are found for the collective (Raman) and single-electron (Thompson) regimes. The Raman regime is shown to be preferable for the coherent spontaneous second harmonic generation by ultrarelativistic electron beams. Raman excitations in a noncollinear FEL, e.g., in an FEL without inversion, are favored by the noncollinear geometry of the electron and the laser beams, and by the relativity of the beam electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Klochkov
- General Physics Institute RAS, 38 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Sears CMS, Colby ER, Cowan BM, Siemann RH, Spencer JE, Byer RL, Plettner T. High-harmonic inverse-free-electron-laser interaction at 800 nm. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:194801. [PMID: 16383986 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.194801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the first direct observation of a higher-order inverse-free-electron-laser (IFEL) interaction. Interaction at the fourth, fifth, and sixth harmonics is observed from an IFEL operating at 800 nm. The harmonic spacing, relative harmonic strength, and transverse beam overlap of the interaction are all in good agreement with tracking simulations.
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Musumeci P, Pellegrini C, Rosenzweig JB. Higher harmonic inverse free-electron laser interaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:016501. [PMID: 16090100 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.016501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We expand the theory of the inverse free electron laser (IFEL) interaction to include the possibility of energy exchange that takes place when relativistic particles traversing an undulator interact with an electromagnetic wave of a frequency that is a harmonic of the fundamental wiggler resonant frequency. We derive the coupling coefficients as a function of the IFEL parameters for all harmonics, both odd and even. The theory is supported by simulation results obtained with a three-dimensional Lorentz equation solver code. Comparisons are made between the results of theory and simulations, and the recent UCLA IFEL experimental results where higher harmonic IFEL interaction was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Musumeci
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Neil GR, Benson SV, Biallas G, Gubeli J, Jordan K, Myers S, Shinn MD. Second harmonic FEL oscillation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2001; 87:084801. [PMID: 11497947 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have produced and measured for the first time second harmonic oscillation in the infrared region by a free electron laser. Although such lasing is ideally forbidden, since the gain of a plane wave is zero on axis for an electron beam perfectly aligned with a wiggler, a transverse mode antisymmetry allows sufficient gain in this experiment for lasing to occur. We lased at pulse rates up to 74.85 MHz and could produce over 4.5 W average and 40 kW peak of IR power in a 40 nm FWHM bandwidth at 2925 nm. In agreement with predictions, the source preferentially lased in a TEM01 mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Neil
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Newport News, Virginia 23606, USA.
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Ride SK, Esarey E, Baine M. Thomson scattering of intense lasers from electron beams at arbitrary interaction angles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:5425-5442. [PMID: 9964040 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.5425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Srivastava A, Shukla RK, Bali LM, Pandya TP. Polarization characteristics of spontaneous emission and off-axis coherent gain in a free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:5704-5707. [PMID: 9964077 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.5704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Esarey E, Ride SK, Sprangle P. Nonlinear Thomson scattering of intense laser pulses from beams and plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:3003-3021. [PMID: 9960936 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Esarey E, Sprangle P. Generation of stimulated backscattered harmonic radiation from intense-laser interactions with beams and plasmas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:5872-5882. [PMID: 9907689 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Ding W. Temporal profile and linewidth of coherent harmonics generated by fundamental mode bunching. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:4058-4063. [PMID: 9907457 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Jerby E. Angular steering of the free-electron-laser far-field radiation beam. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:3804-3811. [PMID: 9903554 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Schmitt MJ, Elliott CJ. Generalized derivation of free-electron-laser harmonic radiation from plane-polarized wigglers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:3853-3866. [PMID: 9903560 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.3853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bamford DJ, Deacon DA. Measurement of the coherent harmonic emission from a free-electron laser oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 62:1106-1109. [PMID: 10039578 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.62.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Karr TJ. Betatron motion and optical deflection in free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1987; 35:1697-1713. [PMID: 9898332 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.35.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Schmitt MJ, Elliott CJ. Even-harmonic generation in free-electron lasers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1986; 34:4843-4850. [PMID: 9897870 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.34.4843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Amir A, Boscolo I, Elias LR. Spontaneous emission in the waveguide free-electron laser. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1985; 32:2864-2878. [PMID: 9896426 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.32.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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