1
|
Tsuzuki Y, Watanabe S, Oishi S, Nakamura N, Numadate N, Odaka H, Uchida Y, Yoneda H, Takahashi T. An application of a Si/CdTe Compton camera for the polarization measurement of hard x rays from highly charged heavy ions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:063101. [PMID: 34243506 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Methods to measure the polarization of x rays from highly charged heavy ions with a significantly higher accuracy than that of the existing technology are needed to explore relativistic and quantum electrodynamics effects, including the Breit interaction. We developed an Electron Beam Ion Trap Compton Camera (EBIT-CC), a new Compton polarimeter with pixelated multi-layer silicon, and cadmium telluride counters. The EBIT-CC detects the three-dimensional position of Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption, and thus, the degree of polarization of incoming x rays can be evaluated. We attached the EBIT-CC on the Tokyo Electron Beam Ion Trap (Tokyo-EBIT) in the University of Electro-Communications. An experiment was performed to evaluate its polarimetric capability through an observation of radiative recombination x rays emitted from highly charged krypton ions, which were generated by the Tokyo-EBIT. The CC of the EBIT-CC was calibrated for the ∼75 keV x rays. We developed event reconstruction and selection procedures and applied them to every registered event. As a result, we successfully obtained the polarization degree with an absolute uncertainty of 0.02. This uncertainty is small enough to probe the difference between the zero-frequency approximation and full-frequency-dependent calculation for the Breit interaction, which is expected for dielectronic recombination x rays of highly charged heavy ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tsuzuki
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin Watanabe
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan
| | - Shimpei Oishi
- Institute for Laser Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nakamura
- Institute for Laser Science, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Naoki Numadate
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Odaka
- Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Uchida
- Department of Physics, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoneda
- RIKEN Nishina Center, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Takahashi
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen ZB. Dominance of the density effects in the magnetic sublevel population and circular polarization of x-ray radiation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B: ATOMIC, MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 2019; 52:215202. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6455/ab3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
3
|
Gall AC, Foster AR, Silwal R, Dreiling JM, Borovik A, Kilgore E, Ajello M, Gillaspy JD, Ralchenko Y, Takács E. EBIT Observation of Ar Dielectronic Recombination Lines near the Unknown Faint X-Ray Feature Found in the Stacked Spectrum of Galaxy Clusters. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL 2019; 872:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0177. [PMID: 34795454 PMCID: PMC8596318 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by possible atomic origins of the unidentified emission line detected at 3.55-3.57 keV in a stacked spectrum of galaxy clusters, an electron beam ion trap (EBIT) was used to investigate the resonant dielectronic recombination (DR) process in highly charged argon ions as a possible contributor to the emission feature. The He-like Ar DR-induced transition 1s22l-1s2l3l' was suggested to produce a 3.62 keV photon near the unidentified line at 3.57 keV and was the starting point of our investigation. The collisional-radiative model NOMAD was used to create synthetic spectra for comparison with both our EBIT measurements and with spectra produced with the AtomDB database/Astrophysical Plasma Emission Code (APEC) used in the Bulbul et al. work. Excellent agreement was found between the NOMAD and EBIT spectra, providing a high level of confidence in the atomic data used. Comparison of the NOMAD and APEC spectra revealed a number of missing features in the AtomDB database near the unidentified line. At an electron temperature of T e = 1.72 keV, the inclusion of the missing lines in AtomDB increases the total flux in the 3.5-3.66 keV energy band by a factor of 2. While important, this extra emission is not enough to explain the unidentified line found in the galaxy cluster spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Gall
- Clemson University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - Adam R Foster
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Roshani Silwal
- Clemson University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Joan M Dreiling
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Alexander Borovik
- I. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ethan Kilgore
- Clemson University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - Marco Ajello
- Clemson University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - John D Gillaspy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
| | - Yuri Ralchenko
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Endre Takács
- Clemson University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hell N, Lockard T, Beiersdorfer P, Magee EW, Brown GV, Shepherd R, Arthanayaka T. Experimental comparison of spherically bent HAPG and Ge crystals. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10F121. [PMID: 30399853 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Orion high-resolution X-ray (OHREX) imaging spherically bent crystal spectrometer, operated with both image plates and CCD cameras, provides time-averaged plasma diagnostics through high-resolution spectroscopy with good signal-to-noise at the Orion laser facility. In order to provide time-resolved spectra, the OHREX will be outfitted with a streak camera, and in this case, even higher signal to noise will be desired. Using the OHREX's sister instrument, the EBIT High-resolution X-ray (EBHiX) spectrometer, at the LLNL electron beam ion trap EBIT-I, we therefore compare the efficiency of a high-quality Ge (111) crystal (2d = 6.532 Å) with that of a higher integrated reflectivity, but lower-resolution highly annealed pyrolytic graphite (HAPG) crystal (2d = 6.708 Å) in the energy range 2408-2452 eV. We find that the HAPG provides overall more signal across the entire image; however, because of the much better focusing properties of the Ge crystal, the latter provides more signal within the central 100 μm of the spatial profile in the cross-dispersion direction and is thus more suitable for the narrow entrance window of the Livermore-built streak camera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Lockard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - P Beiersdorfer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E W Magee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Shepherd
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Arthanayaka
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallace MS, Haque S, Neill P, Pereira NR, Presura R. Spatially resolved single crystal x-ray spectropolarimetry of wire array z-pinch plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:015106. [PMID: 29390728 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed single-crystal x-ray spectropolarimeter has been used to record paired sets of polarization-dependent and axially resolved x-ray spectra emitted by wire array z-pinches. In this measurement, two internal planes inside a suitable crystal diffract the x-rays into two perpendicular directions that are normal to each other, thereby separating incident x-rays into their linearly polarized components. This paper gives considerations for fielding the instrument on extended sources. Results from extended sources are difficult to interpret because generally the incident x-rays are not separated properly by the crystal. This difficulty is mitigated by using a series of collimating slits to select incident x-rays that propagate in a plane of symmetry between the polarization-splitting planes. The resulting instrument and some of the spatially resolved polarized x-ray spectra recorded for a 1-MA aluminum wire array z-pinch at the Nevada Terawatt Facility at the University of Nevada, Reno will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Wallace
- Physics Department and Nevada Terawatt Facility, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - S Haque
- Physics Department and Nevada Terawatt Facility, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - P Neill
- Physics Department and Nevada Terawatt Facility, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | - N R Pereira
- Ecopulse, Inc., Springfield, Virginia 22152, USA
| | - R Presura
- Physics Department and Nevada Terawatt Facility, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beiersdorfer P, Magee EW, Hell N, Brown GV. Imaging crystal spectrometer for high-resolution x-ray measurements on electron beam ion traps and tokamaks. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11E339. [PMID: 27910570 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a crystal spectrometer implemented on the Livermore electron beam ion traps that employ two spherically bent quartz crystals and a cryogenically cooled back-illuminated charge-coupled device detector to measure x rays with a nominal resolving power of λ/Δλ ≥ 10 000. Its focusing properties allow us to record x rays either with the plane of dispersion perpendicular or parallel to the electron beam and, thus, to preferentially select one of the two linear x-ray polarization components. Moreover, by choice of dispersion plane and focussing conditions, we use the instrument either to image the distribution of the ions within the 2 cm long trap region, or to concentrate x rays of a given energy to a point on the detector, which optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the operation and utility of the new instrument by presenting spectra of Mo34+, which prepares the instrument for use as a core impurity diagnostic on the NSTX-U spherical torus and other magnetic fusion devices that employ molybdenum as plasma facing components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Beiersdorfer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - E W Magee
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N Hell
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - G V Brown
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shah C, Amaro P, Steinbrügge R, Beilmann C, Bernitt S, Fritzsche S, Surzhykov A, Crespo López-Urrutia JR, Tashenov S. Strong higher-order resonant contributions to x-ray line polarization in hot plasmas. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:061201. [PMID: 27415199 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We studied angular distributions of x rays emitted in resonant recombination of highly charged iron and krypton ions, resolving dielectronic, trielectronic, and quadruelectronic channels. A tunable electron beam drove these processes, inducing x rays registered by two detectors mounted along and perpendicular to the beam axis. The measured emission asymmetries comprehensively benchmarked full-order atomic calculations. We conclude that accurate polarization diagnostics of hot plasmas can only be obtained under the premise of inclusion of higher-order processes that were neglected in earlier work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chintan Shah
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro Amaro
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rene Steinbrügge
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Beilmann
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Bernitt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.,Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Fritzsche
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Stanislav Tashenov
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weber S, Beilmann C, Shah C, Tashenov S. Compton polarimeter for 10-30 keV x rays. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:093110. [PMID: 26429432 DOI: 10.1063/1.4931165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple and versatile polarimeter for x rays in the energy range of 10-30 keV. It uses Compton scattering in low-Z materials such as beryllium or boron carbide. The azimuthal distribution of the scattered x rays is sampled by an array of 12 silicon PIN diodes operated at room temperature. We evaluated the polarimetry performance using Monte-Carlo simulations and show experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Weber
- Physics Institute, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Beilmann
- Physics Institute, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Shah
- Physics Institute, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Tashenov
- Physics Institute, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Tashenov S, Banaś D, Beyer H, Brandau C, Fritzsche S, Gumberidze A, Hagmann S, Hillenbrand PM, Jörg H, Kojouharov I, Kozhuharov C, Lestinsky M, Litvinov YA, Maiorova AV, Schaffner H, Shabaev VM, Spillmann U, Stöhlker T, Surzhykov A, Trotsenko S. Observation of coherence in the time-reversed relativistic photoelectric effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:113001. [PMID: 25259973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.113001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photoelectric effect has been studied in the regime of hard x rays and strong Coulomb fields via its time-reversed process of radiative recombination (RR). In the experiment, the relativistic electrons recombined into the 2p_{3/2} excited state of hydrogenlike uranium ions, and both the RR x rays and the subsequently emitted characteristic x rays were detected in coincidence. This allowed us to observe the coherence between the magnetic substates in a highly charged ion and to identify the contribution of the spin-orbit interaction to the RR process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Tashenov
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D Banaś
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - H Beyer
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Brandau
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and FIAS Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Fritzsche
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany and Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Gumberidze
- ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI and Research Division, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and FIAS Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S Hagmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P-M Hillenbrand
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Jörg
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - I Kojouharov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ch Kozhuharov
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Lestinsky
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yu A Litvinov
- Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A V Maiorova
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - H Schaffner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - V M Shabaev
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - U Spillmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Th Stöhlker
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany and Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - A Surzhykov
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S Trotsenko
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hakel P, Mancini RC, Gauthier JC, Mínguez E, Dubau J, Cornille M. X-ray line polarization of He-like Si satellite spectra in plasmas driven by high-intensity ultrashort pulsed lasers. Phys Rev E 2004; 69:056405. [PMID: 15244949 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.056405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2003] [Revised: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a modeling study of x-ray line polarization in plasmas driven by high-intensity, ultrashort duration pulsed lasers. Electron kinetics simulations of these transient and nonequilibrium plasmas predict non-Maxwellian and anisotropic electron distribution functions. Under these conditions, the magnetic sublevels within fine structure levels can be unequally populated which leads to the emission of polarized lines. We have developed a time-dependent, collisional-radiative atomic kinetics model of magnetic sublevels to understand the underlying processes and mechanisms leading to the formation of polarized x-ray line emission in plasmas with anisotropic electron distribution functions. The electron distribution function consists of a thermal component extracted from hydrodynamic calculations and a beam component determined by PIC simulations of the laser-plasma interaction. We focus on the polarization properties of the He-like Si satellites of the L y(alpha) line, discuss the time evolution of polarized satellite spectra, and identify suitable polarization markers that are sensitive to the anisotropy of the electron distribution function and can be used for diagnostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hakel
- Department of Physics, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Beiersdorfer P, Slater M. Measurement of the electron cyclotron energy component of the electron beam of an electron beam ion trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2001; 64:066408. [PMID: 11736283 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.64.066408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The energy component associated with the cyclotron motion of the beam electrons in the Livermore EBIT-II electron beam ion trap was inferred from measurements of the linear polarization of the K-shell x-ray lines emitted from helium-like Mg(10+) ions. The average line polarization was found to be reduced by about 20% from its nominal value. From this it was inferred that the electron cyclotron motion accounted for 190+/-30 eV of the total electron beam energy. The measured value is in good agreement with the predictions of optical electron beam propagation. It does not agree with the estimates derived from other model assumptions, such as the rigid-rotator model, for determining the size of the energy stored in the electron motion perpendicular to the beam propagation direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Beiersdorfer
- Department of Physics and Advanced Technologies, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|