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Wang Z, Shan J, Mak KF. Valley- and spin-polarized Landau levels in monolayer WSe 2. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:144-149. [PMID: 27798606 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides are characterized by valley and spin quantum degrees of freedom, making it possible to explore new physical phenomena and to foresee novel applications in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics. Theoretical proposals further suggest that Berry curvature effects, together with strong spin-orbit interactions, can generate unconventional Landau levels (LLs) under a perpendicular magnetic field. In particular, these would support valley- and spin-polarized chiral edge states in the quantum Hall regime. However, this unique LL structure has not been observed experimentally in transition metal dichalcogenides. Here we report the observation of fully valley- and spin-polarized LLs in high-quality WSe2 monolayers achieved by exploiting a van der Waals heterostructure device platform. We applied handedness-resolved optical reflection spectroscopy to probe the inter-LL transitions at individual valleys and derived the LL structure in turn. We also measured a sizeable doping-induced mass renormalization driven by the strong Coulomb interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefang Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
| | - Kin Fai Mak
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802-6300, USA
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Martin RW, Zilm KW. Variable temperature system using vortex tube cooling and fiber optic temperature measurement for low temperature magic angle spinning NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2004; 168:202-209. [PMID: 15140428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the construction and operation of a variable temperature (VT) system for a high field fast magic angle spinning (MAS) probe. The probe is used in NMR investigations of biological macromolecules, where stable setting and continuous measurement of the temperature over periods of several days are required in order to prevent sample overheating and degradation. The VT system described is used at and below room temperature. A vortex tube is used to provide cooling in the temperature range of -20 to 20 degrees C, while a liquid nitrogen-cooled heat exchanger is used below -20 degrees C. Using this arrangement, the lowest temperature that is practically achievable is -140 degrees C. Measurement of the air temperature near the spinning rotor is accomplished using a fiber optic thermometer that utilizes the temperature dependence of the absorption edge of GaAs. The absorption edge of GaAs also has a magnetic field dependence that we have measured and corrected for. This dependence was calibrated at several field strengths using the well-known temperature dependence of the (1)H chemical shift difference of the protons in methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel W Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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Salib MS, Nickel HA, Herold GS, Petrou A, McCombe BD, Chen R, Bajaj KK, Schaff W. Observation of Internal Transitions of Confined Excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1996; 77:1135-1138. [PMID: 10062999 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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4
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Vacuum rabi splitting in semiconductor microcavities with applied electric and magnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02457280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Glutsch S, Chemla DS, Bechstedt F. Fano resonances in the optical spectra of semiconductor quantum structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:16885-16890. [PMID: 9978699 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.16885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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6
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Sugawara M. Theory of spontaneous-emission lifetime of Wannier excitons in mesoscopic semiconductor quantum disks. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:10743-10754. [PMID: 9977771 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.10743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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7
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Fisher TA, Afshar AM, Whittaker DM, Skolnick MS, Roberts JS, Hill G, Pate MA. Electric-field and temperature tuning of exciton-photon coupling in quantum microcavity structures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 51:2600-2603. [PMID: 9979022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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8
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Zhou W, Dutta M, Smith DD, Pamulapati J, Shen H, Newman P, Sacks R. Magneto-optical studies of strain effects on the excitons in InxGa1-xAs/AlyGa1-yAs strained quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:5256-5260. [PMID: 10009041 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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9
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Lee KS, Aoyagi Y, Sugano T. Modified perturbational method for the magnetoexciton ground state in quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:10269-10276. [PMID: 10002871 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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10
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Wei BH, Liu Y, Gu SW, Yu KW. Exciton in a quantum-well structure for arbitrary magnetic field strengths. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 46:4269-4272. [PMID: 10004163 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.46.4269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Zhou W, Smith DD, Shen H, Pamulapati J, Dutta M, Chin A, Ballingall J. Comparison of (111)- and (001)-grown GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells by magnetoreflectance. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:12156-12159. [PMID: 10001249 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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12
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Sugawara M. Magnetic-field-induced enhancement of exciton oscillator strength in In0.53Ga0.47As/InP quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:11423-11425. [PMID: 10001086 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Dignam MM, Sipe JE. Semiconductor superlattice exciton states in crossed electric and magnetic fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1992; 45:6819-6838. [PMID: 10000445 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.45.6819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Henriques AB. Screening in modulation-doped quantum wells: Finite-thickness correction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:3340-3343. [PMID: 9999936 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Haines MJ, Ahmed N, Adams SJ, Mitchell K, Agool IR, Pidgeon CR, Cavenett BC, O'Reilly EP, Ghiti A, Emeny MT. Exciton-binding-energy maximum in Ga1-xInxAs/GaAs quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:11944-11949. [PMID: 9996970 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.11944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Pulsford NJ, Nicholas RJ, Warburton RJ, Duggan G, Moore KJ, Woodbridge K, Roberts C. Miniband structure in InxGa1-xAs-GaAs strained-layer superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:2246-2254. [PMID: 9997498 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Dutta M, Smith DD, Newman PG, Liu XC, Petrou A. Delocalized exciton and electron conduction via the X valley in GaAs/AlAs quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 42:1474-1477. [PMID: 9995571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.42.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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18
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Cohen AM, Marques GE. Electronic structure of zinc-blende-structure semiconductor heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:10608-10621. [PMID: 9993469 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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19
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Zhu JL, Cheng Y, Xiong JJ. Quantum levels and Zeeman splitting for two-dimensional hydrogenic donor states in a magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:10792-10798. [PMID: 9993491 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.10792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Whittaker DM. Theory of excitons in short-period superlattices. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:3238-3241. [PMID: 9994104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Moore KJ, Duggan G, Woodbridge K, Roberts C. Observations and calculations of the exciton binding energy in (In,Ga)As/GaAs strained-quantum-well heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1990; 41:1090-1094. [PMID: 9993805 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.41.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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22
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Zheng XL, Heiman D, Lax B. Magnetoexciton ground state in a quantum well: A variational and perturbation approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:10523-10528. [PMID: 9991601 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.10523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Xia JB, Fan WJ. Electronic structures of superlattices under in-plane magnetic field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:8508-8515. [PMID: 9991318 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Smith DD, Dutta M, Liu XC, Terzis AF, Petrou A, Cole MW, Newman PG. Magnetoexciton spectrum of GaAs-AlAs quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 40:1407-1409. [PMID: 9991988 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.40.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Nash KJ, Skolnick MS, Claxton PA, Roberts JS. Diamagnetism as a probe of exciton localization in quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:10943-10954. [PMID: 9947905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.10943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Salmassi BR, Bauer GE. Exchange interaction in type-II quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1989; 39:1970-1972. [PMID: 9948426 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.39.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Bauer GE, Ando T. Exciton mixing in quantum wells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1988; 38:6015-6030. [PMID: 9947061 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.38.6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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