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Lian X, Xiao P, Liu R, Henkelman G. Communication: Calculations of the (2 × 1)-O reconstruction kinetics on Cu(110). J Chem Phys 2017; 146:111101. [PMID: 28330350 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations are used to study the elementary processes of the formation of the (2 × 1)-O reconstruction on the Cu(110) surface. The (2 × 1)-O reconstruction requires additional Cu atoms to form Cu-O rows on top of the surface. Both terrace and step sites are considered as the source of Cu adatoms. On terraces, adsorbed oxygen induces the ejection of Cu atoms to form -O-Cu-O- units, leaving Cu vacancies behind. The barrier for subsequent unit growth, however, is prohibitively high. Cu(110) step sites are also considered as a source of Cu atoms. Dissociated oxygen triggers the formation of stable Cu-O chains along the [001] step edges. This process, however, blocks the diffusion of Cu atoms so that it is not a viable mechanism for the (2 × 1)-O reconstruction. Oxygen adsorption on the [11¯0] edges also allows the nucleation of [001] oriented Cu-O rows. The short Cu-O rows act as diffusion channels for Cu atoms that detach from the step, which append to the end of the Cu-O chains. Our calculations of the formation of the (2 × 1)-O phase on Cu(110) provide a mechanistic description of the experimentally observed reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Penghao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Renlong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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Lian X, Xiao P, Yang SC, Liu R, Henkelman G. Calculations of oxide formation on low-index Cu surfaces. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:044711. [PMID: 27475390 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-functional theory is used to evaluate the mechanism of copper surface oxidation. Reaction pathways of O2 dissociation on the surface and oxidation of the sub-surface are found on the Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111) facets. At low oxygen coverage, all three surfaces dissociate O2 spontaneously. As oxygen accumulates on the surfaces, O2 dissociation becomes more difficult. A bottleneck to further oxidation occurs when the surfaces are saturated with oxygen. The barriers for O2 dissociation on the O-saturated Cu(100)-c(2×2)-0.5 monolayer (ML) and Cu(100) missing-row structures are 0.97 eV and 0.75 eV, respectively; significantly lower than those have been reported previously. Oxidation of Cu(110)-c(6×2), the most stable (110) surface oxide, has a barrier of 0.72 eV. As the reconstructions grow from step edges, clean Cu(110) surfaces can dissociatively adsorb oxygen until the surface Cu atoms are saturated. After slight rearrangements, these surface areas form a "1 ML" oxide structure which has not been reported in the literature. The barrier for further oxidation of this "1 ML" phase is only 0.31 eV. Finally the oxidized Cu(111) surface has a relatively low reaction energy barrier for O2 dissociation, even at high oxygen coverage, and allows for facile oxidation of the subsurface by fast O diffusion through the surface oxide. The kinetic mechanisms found provide a qualitative explanation of the observed oxidation of the low-index Cu surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Penghao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Sheng-Che Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Renlong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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Cabrera-Sanfelix P, Lin C, Arnau A, Sánchez-Portal D. Hybridization between Cu-O chain and Cu(110) surface states in the O(2×1)/Cu(110) surface from first principles. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:135003. [PMID: 23454743 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/13/135003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The O(2×1)/Cu(110) surface reconstruction of the Cu(110) surface is induced by 0.5 ML of oxygen adsorption and is formed by Cu-O chains running along the [001] direction. Here, we show that hybridization between surface states of the Cu(110) substrate and one-dimensional states of the Cu-O chains is crucial in understanding the electronic structure of this surface. Specifically, the interaction between one occupied antibonding band of the Cu-O chain with O(p(y)) character (y-axis taken along the Cu-O chain direction) and the partially occupied surface state at the Y point of the clean Cu(110) surface with Cu(p(y)) character causes major changes in the electronic structure close to the Fermi energy (E(F)). This surface state decays very slowly into the bulk and a thick slab is needed to properly describe it, which might explain why the importance of this hybridization has not been recognized so far. In our calculations we obtain two hybrid bands: (i) a fully occupied band that strongly hybridizes with the bulk Cu sp states nearby E(F), becoming a very broad resonance, thus explaining why it is not observed in photoemission experiments; (ii) an empty band that acquires surface state character, including its dispersion close to the zone boundary at the Y point. This splitting induces a partial population of the p(y) antibonding band that is necessary to reconcile the calculated charge transfer from the Cu(110) substrate to the Cu-O chain (~0.5 electrons/f.u.) with the apparently fully occupied band structure of the adsorbed Cu-O chain (consistent with 1 electron transferred per formula unit).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepa Cabrera-Sanfelix
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastián, Spain.
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Woodruff DP. The structure of surfaces: what do we know and what would we like to know? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:084016. [PMID: 21389392 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/8/084016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A brief survey is presented of the methods of quantitative surface structure determination and some of the main phenomena that have been established, and their associated trends. These include surface relaxation and reconstruction of clean surfaces and the structures formed by atomic and molecular adsorbates. Examples include the surfaces of semiconductors, oxides and metals. Future challenges, concerned with complexity and precision, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Woodruff
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Günther S, Zhou L, Hävecker M, Knop-Gericke A, Kleimenov E, Schlögl R, Imbihl R. Adsorbate coverages and surface reactivity in methanol oxidation over Cu(110): An in situ photoelectron spectroscopy study. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:114709. [PMID: 16999503 DOI: 10.1063/1.2229198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorbate species present during partial oxidation of methanol on a Cu(110) surface have been investigated in the 10(-5) mbar range with in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and rate measurements. Two reaction intermediates were identified, methoxy with a C 1s binding energy (BE) of 285.4 eV and formate with a C 1s BE of 287.7 eV. The c(2x2) overlayer formed under reaction conditions is assigned to formate. Two states of adsorbed oxygen were found characterized by O 1s BE's of 529.6 and 528.9 eV, respectively. On the inactive surface present at low T around 300-350 K formate dominates while methoxy is almost absent. Ignition of the reaction correlates with a decreasing formate coverage. A large hysteresis of approximately 200 K occurs in T-cycling experiments whose correlation with adsorbate species was studied with varying oxygen and methanol partial pressures. The two branches of the hysteresis differ mainly in the amount of adsorbed oxygen, the methoxy species, and a carbonaceous species. Methoxy covers only a minor part of the catalytic surface reaching at most 20%. Above 650 K the surface is largely adsorbate-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Günther
- Department Chemie, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 11 E, 80377 München, Germany
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Haase J. SEXAFS und NEXAFS. Röntgen-Absorptionsspektroskopie an Adsorbat-bedeckten Oberflächen. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.19920260506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Liu Z, Yang Y, Liang J, Hu Z, Li S, Peng S, Qian Y. Synthesis of Copper Nanowires via a Complex-Surfactant-Assisted Hydrothermal Reduction Process. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036023s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Liu
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - You Yang
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liang
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhaokang Hu
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shu Li
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Peng
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yitai Qian
- Structure Research Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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Wang ZX, Tian FH. The Adsorption of O Atom on Cu (100), (110), and (111) Low-Index and Step Defect Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027784i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xin Wang
- Chemistry Department of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China, 250014
| | - Feng Hui Tian
- Chemistry Department of Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China, 250014
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Li WH, Wang Y, Ye JH, Li SFY. In Situ STM Study of Chloride Adsorption on Cu(110) Electrode in Hydrochloric Acid Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. H. Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore, and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - Y. Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore, and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - J. H. Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore, and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
| | - S. F. Y. Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore, and Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore
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11
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Oxygen-induced step-edge faceting; a precursor to (410) planar faceting of Cu(100) vicinal surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Titmuss S, Wander A, King DA. Reconstruction of Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Metal Surfaces. Chem Rev 1996; 96:1291-1306. [PMID: 11848790 DOI: 10.1021/cr950214c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Titmuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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13
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Chemically Adsorbed Layers on Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1573-4331(96)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Hofmann P, Rose KC, Fernandez V, Bradshaw AM, Richter W. Study of Surface States on Cu(110) Using Optical Reflectance Anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:2039-2042. [PMID: 10059193 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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15
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Liu W, Vu D, Mitchell K. LEED crystallographic determination for the restructured surface formed by phosphorus bonded at Cu(110). Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(95)00175-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Chapter I Surface crystallography: The experimental data base. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-7725(06)80002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Besenbacher F, Sprunger PT, Ruan L, Olesen L, Stensgaard I, L�gsgaard E. Direct observations of changes in surface structures by scanning tunneling microscopy. Top Catal 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01492286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Binsted N, Norman D. Multiple-scattering effects in polarization-dependent surface XAFS. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:15531-15543. [PMID: 10010683 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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19
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Microscopic Studies of Adsorbate Restructuring at Metal Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81924-6.50019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Ruan L, Besenbacher F, Stensgaard I, Laegsgaard E. Atom resolved discrimination of chemically different elements on metal surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1993; 70:4079-4082. [PMID: 10054041 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.70.4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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21
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Canepa M, Cantini P, Fossa F, Mattera L, Terreni S. O(2 x 1)-Ag(110) missing-row reconstruction: Structure determination by low-energy ion scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:15823-15829. [PMID: 10005979 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Dorenbos G, Breeman M, Boerma DO. Low-energy ion-scattering study of the oxygen-induced reconstructed p(2 x 1) and c(6 x 2) surfaces of Cu(110). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 47:1580-1588. [PMID: 10006174 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.47.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Dippel R, Woodruff DP, Hu X, Asensio MC, Robinson AW, Schindler K, Weiss K, Gardner P, Bradshaw AM. Adsorbate structures from photoelectron diffraction: Holographic reconstruction or real-space triangulation? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1992; 68:1543-1546. [PMID: 10045158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Becker L, Aminpirooz S, Schmalz A, Hillert B, Pedio M, Haase J. Missing-row reconstruction in the system (2 x 1)O/Ag(110): A surface extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:13655-13659. [PMID: 9999569 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Feidenhans'l R, Grey F, Johnson RL, Nielsen M. Determination of the Cu(110)-c(6 x 2)-O structure by x-ray diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:1875-1879. [PMID: 9999726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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27
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Dürr H, Schneider R, Fauster T. Added-row growth of the (2 x 1)O-Cu(110) reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:1802-1804. [PMID: 9997435 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.1802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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