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Lian X, Xiao P, Yang SC, Liu R, Henkelman G. Calculations of oxide formation on low-index Cu surfaces. J Chem Phys 2017; 145:044711. [PMID: 27475390 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Density-functional theory is used to evaluate the mechanism of copper surface oxidation. Reaction pathways of O2 dissociation on the surface and oxidation of the sub-surface are found on the Cu(100), Cu(110), and Cu(111) facets. At low oxygen coverage, all three surfaces dissociate O2 spontaneously. As oxygen accumulates on the surfaces, O2 dissociation becomes more difficult. A bottleneck to further oxidation occurs when the surfaces are saturated with oxygen. The barriers for O2 dissociation on the O-saturated Cu(100)-c(2×2)-0.5 monolayer (ML) and Cu(100) missing-row structures are 0.97 eV and 0.75 eV, respectively; significantly lower than those have been reported previously. Oxidation of Cu(110)-c(6×2), the most stable (110) surface oxide, has a barrier of 0.72 eV. As the reconstructions grow from step edges, clean Cu(110) surfaces can dissociatively adsorb oxygen until the surface Cu atoms are saturated. After slight rearrangements, these surface areas form a "1 ML" oxide structure which has not been reported in the literature. The barrier for further oxidation of this "1 ML" phase is only 0.31 eV. Finally the oxidized Cu(111) surface has a relatively low reaction energy barrier for O2 dissociation, even at high oxygen coverage, and allows for facile oxidation of the subsurface by fast O diffusion through the surface oxide. The kinetic mechanisms found provide a qualitative explanation of the observed oxidation of the low-index Cu surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Penghao Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Sheng-Che Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
| | - Renlong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Computational and Engineering Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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Gärtner S, Fiedler B, Bauer O, Marele A, Sokolowski MM. Lateral ordering of PTCDA on the clean and the oxygen pre-covered Cu(100) surface investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and low energy electron diffraction. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2055-64. [PMID: 25246964 PMCID: PMC4168817 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the adsorption of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (PTCDA) on the clean and on the oxygen pre-covered Cu(100) surface [referred to as (√2 × 2√2)R45° - 2O/Cu(100)] by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Our results confirm the (4√2 × 5√2)R45° superstructure of PTCDA/Cu(100) reported by A. Schmidt et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99,11770-11779]. However, contrary to Schmidt et al., we have no indication for a dissociation of the PTCDA upon adsorption, and we propose a detailed structure model with two intact PTCDA molecules within the unit cell. Domains of high lateral order are obtained, if the deposition is performed at 400 K. For deposition at room temperature, a significant density of nucleation defects is found pointing to a strong interaction of PTCDA with Cu(100). Quite differently, after preadsorption of oxygen and formation of the (√2 × 2√2)R45° - 2O/Cu(100) superstructure on Cu(100), PTCDA forms an incommensurate monolayer with a structure that corresponds well to that of PTCDA bulk lattice planes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gärtner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany ; Present address: Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Fiedler
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Bauer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Antonela Marele
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moritz M Sokolowski
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie der Universität Bonn, Wegelerstrasse 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Okada M. Surface chemical reactions induced by well-controlled molecular beams: translational energy and molecular orientation control. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2010; 22:263003. [PMID: 21386457 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/22/26/263003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
I review our recent studies of chemical reactions on single-crystalline Cu and Si surfaces induced by hyperthermal oxygen molecular beams and by oriented molecular beams, respectively. Studies of oxide formation on Cu induced by hyperthermal molecular beams suggest that the translational energy of the incident molecules plays a significant role. The use of hyperthermal molecular beams enables us to open up new chemical reaction paths, and to develop new methods for the fabrication of thin films. Oriented molecular beams also demonstrate the possibility for controlling surface chemical reactions by varying the orientation of the incident molecules. The steric effects found on Si surfaces hint at new ways of achieving material fabrication on Si surfaces. Controlling the initial conditions of incoming molecules is a powerful tool for creating new materials on surfaces with well-controlled chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Okada
- Renovation Center of Instruments for Science Education and Technology, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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Lahtonen K, Hirsimäki M, Lampimäki M, Valden M. Oxygen adsorption-induced nanostructures and island formation on Cu{100}: Bridging the gap between the formation of surface confined oxygen chemisorption layer and oxide formation. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:124703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2980347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lahtonen
- Surface Science Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Hirsimäki
- Surface Science Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Lampimäki
- Surface Science Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Valden
- Surface Science Laboratory, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
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Wang Y, Ge X, Schull G, Berndt R, Bornholdt C, Koehler F, Herges R. Azo Supramolecules on Au(111) with Controlled Size and Shape. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4218-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja710414b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Wang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Xin Ge
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guillaume Schull
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Bornholdt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Felix Koehler
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik and Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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Lampimäki M, Lahtonen K, Hirsimäki M, Valden M. Nanoscale oxidation of Cu(100): Oxide morphology and surface reactivity. J Chem Phys 2007; 126:034703. [PMID: 17249892 DOI: 10.1063/1.2424932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface oxidation of Cu(100) in O(2) has been investigated in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) as a function of surface temperature (T(S)=303-423 K) and O(2) pressure (p(O(2) )=3.7 x 10(-2)-213 mbars). Morphology of the oxide on the surface and in the near surface layers is characterized by utilizing STM and the inelastic electron background of the XAES O KLL signal. Analysis of the peak shape of the XAES Cu LMM facilitates the quantification of Cu, Cu(2)O, and CuO surface concentrations. The authors conclude that the surface oxidation of Cu(100) proceeds in three distinct steps: (1) Dissociative adsorption of O(2) and the onset of Cu-(2 square root 2 x square root 2)R45 degrees -O (theta(O)=0.5 ML) surface reconstruction, (2) initial formation of Cu(2)O and the appearance of 1.8 A high elongated islands that also adopt the Cu-(2 square root 2 x square root 2)R45 degrees -O structure, and (3) formation of highly corrugated Cu-O islands which together with the surface reconstruction strongly enhance the reactivity of the surface towards further oxide formation. Both Cu(2)O and CuO formations are enhanced by increased surface temperature, but no pressure dependence can be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lampimäki
- Surface Science Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 692, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
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Okada M, Moritani K, Yoshigoe A, Teraoka Y, Nakanishi H, Diño WA, Kasai H, Kasai T. Tuning of dissociative-adsorption processes on Cu{100} by controlling the kinetic energy of the impinging O2 molecule. Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Okada M, Moritani K, Goto S, Kasai T, Yoshigoe A, Teraoka Y. Actively controlled oxidation of Cu{100} with hyperthermal O2 molecular beam. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1615961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stolbov S, Rahman TS. Relationship between electronic and geometric structures of the O/Cu(001) system. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1511727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Pradier CM, Jacqueson E, Dubot P. Interaction of Sulfur Dioxide on Metallic and Oxidized Cu(100) and Cu(110) Surfaces Investigated by Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9847989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Pradier
- Physico-Chimie des Surfaces, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - E. Jacqueson
- Physico-Chimie des Surfaces, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris, 11 rue P. et M. Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - P. Dubot
- Centre d'Etudes de Chimie Métallurgique, 15 rue G. Urbain, 94400 Vitry/Seine, France
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Sueyoshi T, Sasaki T, Iwasawa Y. Oxygen Atoms on Cu(100) Formed at 100 K, Active for CO Oxidation and Water−Hydrogen Abstraction, Characterized by HREELS and TPD. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp970494v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sueyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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12
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Oxygen-induced step-edge faceting; a precursor to (410) planar faceting of Cu(100) vicinal surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(96)00753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fujita T, Okawa Y, Matsumoto Y, Tanaka K. Phase boundaries of nanometer scale c(2 x 2)-O domains on the Cu(100) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 54:2167-2174. [PMID: 9986067 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.54.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Colaianni ML, Syhler P, Chorkendorff I. H2S interaction with Cu(100)-(2 sqrt 2 x sqrt 2 )R45 degrees-O: Formation of a metastable ||05 52||-sulfur surface reconstruction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1995; 52:2076-2082. [PMID: 9981281 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.52.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Colaianni ML, Chorkendorff I. Scanning-tunneling-microscopy studies of the S-induced reconstruction of Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 50:8798-8806. [PMID: 9974900 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.8798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Besenbacher F, Sprunger PT, Ruan L, Olesen L, Stensgaard I, L�gsgaard E. Direct observations of changes in surface structures by scanning tunneling microscopy. Top Catal 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01492286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lin KC, Tobin RG, Dumas P. Adsorbate-induced changes in the broadband infrared reflectance of a metal: Oxygen on Cu(100). PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1994; 49:17273-17278. [PMID: 10010907 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.49.17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Adsorbate-Induced Restructuring of f.c.c. {100} Surfaces. PHASE TRANSITIONS AND ADSORBATE RESTRUCTURING AT METAL SURFACES 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81924-6.50017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Microscopic Studies of Adsorbate Restructuring at Metal Surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-81924-6.50019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Lederer T, Arvanitis D, Comelli G, Tröger L, Baberschke K. Adsorption of oxygen on Cu(100). I. Local structure and dynamics for two atomic chemisorption states. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:15390-15404. [PMID: 10008079 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.15390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Lederer T, Arvanitis D, Tischer M, Comelli G, Tröger L, Baberschke K. Structural determination of c(2 x 2)N/Cu(100): A multiple-scattering surface-EXAFS study. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:11277-11286. [PMID: 10007438 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.11277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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22
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Arvanitis D, Comelli G, Lederer T, Rabus H, Baberschke K. Characterization of two different adsorption states for O on Cu(100). Ionic versus covalent bonding. Chem Phys Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2614(93)80051-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spectra of Condensed, Chemisorbed, and Polymeric Molecules: An Overview. NEXAFS SPECTROSCOPY 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-02853-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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28
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The experimental evidence of the role of surface restructuring during catalytic reactions. Catal Letters 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00767185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Feidenhans'l R, Grey F, Johnson RL, Nielsen M. Determination of the Cu(110)-c(6 x 2)-O structure by x-ray diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 44:1875-1879. [PMID: 9999726 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.44.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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