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Zhang Q, Li J. Benchmark computational investigations for the basic model of the salt-water complex: NaCl(H 2O) and its anion NaCl(H 2O) . Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27215-27229. [PMID: 37791409 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The microsolvation of salts in water is a fundamental physicochemical process. In this work, the aqueous salt complex NaCl(H2O) and its anion NaCl(H2O)- were investigated using comprehensive calculations, including the costly and accurate CCSD(T)-F12a and focal point analysis (FPA) methods. For the neutral NaCl(H2O), three isomers exist, two of which are mirror-symmetric with almost identical structures and their corresponding anions are also mirror-symmetric. For the NaCl(H2O)- anion, there are four isomers. Several transition states are found for the first time. The structural rearrangements of neutral NaCl(H2O) and NaCl(H2O)- anions are mainly caused by breaking and forming of the hydrogen bonds and the enhancement and weakening of interactions between Na and O atoms. The distributions of the anion complexes from 15-300 K are computed and compared to recent experimental results. The analysis of the intermolecular weak interactions shows the weak van der Waals interactions between Na and O atoms, as well as hydrogen bonding between H and Cl. Moreover, the theoretically predicted anion photoelectron spectra are assigned and analyzed in detail, and they agree with experimental spectra satisfactorily. The Na-Cl stretching vibrational mode dominates the vibrational structure in both anion spectra with some minor contributions from the intermolecular motions between H2O and NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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Lu Y, Tang R, Zhang R, Ning C. Probing Isomerization Dynamics via a Dipole-Bound State. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8711-8716. [PMID: 36094393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The observation of molecular isomerization dynamics is a long-standing goal in physical chemistry. The loosely bound electron in a dipole-bound state (DBS) can be a messenger for probing the isomerization of the neutral core. Here we study the isomerization dynamics of the salt dimer (NaCl)2 from linear to rhombic via a DBS using cryogenic photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with ab initio calculations. Although the energy level of the DBS is below the electron affinity of the linear (NaCl)2, (NaCl)2- in its DBS can autodetach due to the linear-to-rhombic isomerization. (NaCl)2- in the ground DBS has a relatively long lifetime of a few nanoseconds due to the quantum tunneling through a potential barrier during the transformation from linear to rhombic. In contrast, the vibrationally excited DBS has a much shorter lifetime on the order of picoseconds. The energy distribution of autodetachment electrons has an unexpected characteristic of the thermionic emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Lu
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rulin Tang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chuangang Ning
- Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Suich DE, Caplins BW, Shearer AJ, Harris CB. Femtosecond Trapping of Free Electrons in Ultrathin Films of NaCl on Ag(100). J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3073-3077. [PMID: 26278263 DOI: 10.1021/jz501572z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the excited-state electron dynamics for ultrathin films of NaCl on Ag(100). The first three image potential states (IPSs) were initially observed following excitation. The electrons in the spatially delocalized n = 1 IPS decayed on the ultrafast time scale into multiple spatially localized states lower in energy. The localized electronic states are proposed to correspond to electrons trapped at defects in the NaCl islands. Coverage and temperature dependence of the localized states support the assignment to surface trap states existing at the NaCl/vacuum interface. These results highlight the importance of electron trapping in ultrathin insulating layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Suich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Benjamin W Caplins
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alex J Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles B Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, 419 Latimer Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Veličković SR, Veljković FM, Perić-Grujić AA, Radak BB, Veljković MV. Ionization energies of K2X (X=F, Cl, Br, I) clusters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:2327-32. [PMID: 21766375 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure and properties of dipotassiummonohalides are important for understanding the unique physical and chemical behavior of M(n)X systems. In the present study, K(2) X (here X=F, Cl, Br, I) clusters were generated in the vapor over salts of the corresponding potassium halide, using a magnetic sector thermal ionization mass spectrometer. The ionization energies obtained for K(2)F, K(2)Cl, K(2)Br, and K(2)I molecules were 3.82 ± 0.1 eV, 3.68 ± 0.1 eV, 3.95 ± 0.1 eV, and 3.92 ± 0.1, respectively. These experimental values of ionization energies for K(2) X (X=F, Br, and I) are presented for the first time. The ionization energy of K(2)Cl determined by thermal ionization corresponds to previous results obtained by photoionization mass spectrometry, and it agrees with the theoretical ionization energy calculated by the ab initio method. The presently obtained results support previous theoretical predictions that the excess electron in dipotassiummonohalide clusters is delocalized over two potassium atoms, which is characteristic for F-center clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Veličković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Fatemi FK, Dally AJ, Bloomfield LA. Photodesorption of alkali anions from alkali-halide cluster anions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 91:073401. [PMID: 12935016 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.073401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2002] [Revised: 05/19/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using photoelectron spectroscopy, we have observed alkali anion photodesorption from alkali-halide cluster anions that contain two weakly bound electrons. In the alkali iodides, we have found this type of desorption in almost every (MI)(n)M- cluster we have studied (M=Na, K, Cs; n<9), although it depends on the probe laser frequency and cluster temperature. Using pump-probe techniques, we have shown that the process occurs on a picosecond time scale by way of an electronic excitation of the cluster's spin-paired electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Fatemi
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Anusiewicz I, Skurski P. Negative Ion Formation in Sodium Chloride TrimerAn ab Initio Study. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022473t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Anusiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland and Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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Anusiewicz I, Skurski P, Simons J. First Evidence of Rhombic (NaCl)2-. Ab Initio Reexamination of the Sodium Chloride Dimer Anion. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021318b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Anusiewicz
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Skurski
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jack Simons
- Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, and Department of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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Fatemi FK, Fatemi DJ, Bloomfield LA. Thermal isomerization in isolated cesium–halide cluster anions. J Chem Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1063/1.478407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Fatemi DJ, Fatemi FK, Bloomfield LA. Spontaneous thermal isomerization in isolated alkali-halide clusters. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 54:3674-3677. [PMID: 9913899 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.54.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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10
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Yu N, Xia P, Bloomfield LA, Fowler M. Structure and electron localization of anionic NaCl clusters with excess electrons. J Chem Phys 1995. [DOI: 10.1063/1.469544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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