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Yang TF, Zeng RG, Yang LH, Sulyok A, Menyhárd M, Tőkési K, Ding ZJ. Energy loss function of samarium. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3909. [PMID: 36890188 PMCID: PMC9995327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a combined experimental and theoretical work to obtain the energy loss function (ELF) or the excitation spectrum of samarium in the energy loss range between 3 and 200 eV. At low loss energies, the plasmon excitation is clearly identified and the surface and bulk contributions are distinguished. For the precise analysis the frequency-dependent energy loss function and the related optical constants (n and k) of samarium were extracted from the measured reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra by the reverse Monte Carlo method. The ps- and f-sum rules with final ELF fulfils the nominal values with 0.2% and 2.5% accuracy, respectively. It was found that a bulk mode locates at 14.2 eV with the peak width ~6 eV and the corresponding broaden surface plasmon mode locates at energies of 5-11 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - R G Zeng
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, P.O. Box 9071, Jiangyou, 621907, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - L H Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - A Sulyok
- Centre for Energy Research, Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, ELKH, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Menyhárd
- Centre for Energy Research, Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, ELKH, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Tőkési
- Institute for Nuclear Research, ELKH, P.O. Box 51, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Z J Ding
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China. .,Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Duwal S, McCoy CA, Dolan Iii DH, Melton CA, Knudson MD, Root S, Hacking R, Farfan B, Johnson C, Alexander CS, Seagle CT. Samarium: from a distorted-fcc phase to melting under dynamic compression using in-situ x-ray diffraction. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16777. [PMID: 36202947 PMCID: PMC9537147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lattice and electronic structure interactions for f-electrons are fundamental challenges for lanthanide equation of state development. Difficulties in first-principles calculations, such as density functional theory (DFT), emphasize the need for well-characterized experimental data. Here, we measure in-situ x-ray diffraction of shocked samarium (Sm) and temperature along the Hugoniot for the first time, providing direct evidence for phase transitions. We report direct evidence of a distorted fcc (dfcc) phase at 23 GPa. Shocked samarium melts from the dfcc phase starting at 33 GPa (1333 K), with complete melt at 40 GPa (1468 K). Previous work indicated shock melt at 27 GPa (1200 K), underscoring the significance of x-ray measurements for detecting phase transitions. Interestingly, our observed melting is in sharp contrast with the melting reported by a diamond anvil cell study. These experimental data can tightly constrain first principles calculations and serve as key touchstones for equation of state modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakun Duwal
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA.
| | - Chad A McCoy
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | | | - Cody A Melton
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | | | - Seth Root
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
| | - Richard Hacking
- Mission Support and Test Services, Albuquerque Operations, Albuquerque, NM, 87125, USA
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Samarium Monosulfide (SmS): Reviewing Properties and Applications. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080953. [PMID: 28813006 PMCID: PMC5578319 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we give an overview of the properties and applications of samarium monosulfide, SmS, which has gained considerable interest as a switchable material. It shows a pressure-induced phase transition from the semiconducting to the metallic state by polishing, and it switches back to the semiconducting state by heating. The material also shows a magnetic transition, from the paramagnetic state to an antiferromagnetically ordered state. The switching behavior between the semiconducting and metallic states could be exploited in several applications, such as high density optical storage and memory materials, thermovoltaic devices, infrared sensors and more. We discuss the electronic, optical and magnetic properties of SmS, its switching behavior, as well as the thin film deposition techniques which have been used, such as e-beam evaporation and sputtering. Moreover, applications and possible ideas for future work on this material are presented. Our scope is to present the properties of SmS, which were mainly measured in bulk crystals, while at the same time we describe the possible deposition methods that will push the study of SmS to nanoscale dimensions, opening an intriguing range of applications for low-dimensional, pressure-induced semiconductor-metal transition compounds.
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Johnson CR, Tsoi GM, Vohra YK. Magnetic transition temperatures follow crystallographic symmetry in samarium under high-pressures and low-temperatures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:065801. [PMID: 28002057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/6/065801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic ordering temperatures in rare earth metal samarium (Sm) have been studied using an ultrasensitive electrical transport measurement technique in a designer diamond anvil cell to high-pressure up to 47 GPa and low-temperature to 10 K. The two magnetic transitions at 106 K and 14 K in the α-Sm phase, attributed to antiferromagnetic ordering on hexagonal and cubic layers respectively, collapse in to one magnetic transition near 10 GPa when Sm assumes a double hexagonal close packed (dhcp) phase. On further increase in pressure above 34 GPa, the magnetic transitions split again as Sm adopts a hexagonal-hP3 structure indicating different magnetic transition temperatures for different crystallographic sites. A model for magnetic ordering for the hexagonal-hP3 phase in samarium has been proposed based on the experimental data. The magnetic transition temperatures closely follow the crystallographic symmetry during α-Sm → dhcp → fcc/dist.fcc → hP3 structure sequence at high-pressures and low-temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Johnson
- Department of Mathematics, Saint Augustine's University, Raleigh, NC 27610, USA
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Errandonea D, Boehler R, Ross M. Melting of the rare earth metals and f-electron delocalization. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2000; 85:3444-3447. [PMID: 11030917 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Melting curves for Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Y were measured in a diamond-anvil-cell to nearly 100 GPa and 4000 K. f-electron volume collapses are observed as triple points for Pr (24 GPa and 1400 K) and Gd (65 GPa and 3100 K). These pressures coincide with the volume collapses observed at room temperature. For Nd and Sm, the f-electron volume collapse has not been observed at room temperature but appears at approximately 2000-2500 K as a broad minimum in the melting curve, similar to that of Ce, near 50 GPa (Nd) and 70 GPa (Sm). The melting curve of Y goes smoothly along the entire rare earth sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Errandonea
- Max Planck Institute fur Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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Schulte O, Holzapfel WB. Effect of pressure on the atomic volume of Zn, Cd, and Hg up to 75 GPa. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1996; 53:569-580. [PMID: 9983006 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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